Data Flow Diagrams

Recap
• DFD
– Where
– Why
• Elements
• Labelling
• Notation
• Balancing
Elements / Labeling
Notation
 Contents
• DFD Examples
 Data Flow Diagram

Context-level DFD for SafeHome security function

 Identifying operations
• The SafeHome security function enables the homeowner to configure the security
system when it is installed, monitors all sensors connected to the security system, and
interacts with the homeowner through the Internet, a PC, or a control panel.
• During installation, the SafeHome PC is used to program and configure the system. Each
sensor is assigned a number and type, a master password is programmed for arming and
disarming the system, and telephone number(s) are input for dialing when a sensor event
occurs.
• When a sensor event is recognized, the software invokes an audible alarm attached to
the system. After a delay time that is specified by the homeowner during system
configuration activities, the software dials a telephone number of a monitoring service,
provides information about the location, reporting the nature of the event that has been
detected. The telephone number will be redialed every 20 seconds until a telephone
connection is obtained.
• The homeowner receives security information via a control panel, the PC, or a browser,
collectively called an interface. The interface displays prompting messages and system
status information on the control panel, the PC, or the browser window. Homeowner
interaction takes the following form…
 Verbs from the description
• The SafeHome security function enables the homeowner to configure the security
system when it is installed, monitors all sensors connected to the security system, and
interacts with the homeowner through the Internet, a PC, or a control panel.
• During installation, the SafeHome PC is used to program and configure the system. Each
sensor is assigned a number and type, a master password is programmed for arming and
disarming the system, and telephone number(s) are input for dialing when a sensor event
occurs.
• When a sensor event is recognized, the software invokes an audible alarm attached to
the system. After a delay time that is specified by the homeowner during system
configuration activities, the software dials a telephone number of a monitoring service,
provides information about the location, reporting the nature of the event that has been
detected. The telephone number will be redialed every 20 seconds until a telephone
connection is obtained.
• The homeowner receives security information via a control panel, the PC, or a browser,
collectively called an interface. The interface displays prompting messages and system
status information on the control panel, the PC, or the browser window. Homeowner
interaction takes the following form…
Level 2 DFD that refines the monitor sensors process
 Example# 1: DFD Level 0
• A club sends out annual reminders to the members to pay their
subscription for another year. An analysis of the member types (family,
junior, senior) is made to be presented at the annual meeting.

Member Member detail Name & Treasurer

Payment

1
club
Payment Number &
reminder categories of
members

Annual
Member general
meeting
A context diagram or top level DFD
(Level 0)
 Level 1 DFD
• A level 1 DFD can then be drawn showing a process to handle each
incoming data flow and a process to generate.

Treasurer
Name & Treasure
Payment
Member details
r
1 Amount
Name & 2
Payment
Due
Send
reminders
Member Record
payment
Number &
categories of
members

Member
at AGM
Level 1 DFD
 Example 2: Gift-Online
Gifts Online provides online purchasing facilities so guests who have
been invited to an occasion can select gifts from lists that have been
prepared by the host(s) of the occasions. This will include ordering,
provision of purchasing facilities, provision of secure e-commerce
transactional facilities through to wrapping and delivery. After guest
has entered their username and password, the user can select the
name of the person(s) for whom the occasion is being held from a
keyword search facility. The system provides the user with the gifts
that the host would like guests to look at. The user can view and
select one or more gifts by looking at the Price, category, and details.
After the user has placed the gift(s) in the shopping trolley the user
confirms the order. At this point a Secure Payment Gateway
connection is established and the user is required to enter credit card
details. After finally submitting the order, the coms inventory and
payments databases are updated and the user is sent an email with
order confirmation and delivery details.
 Credit card Transaction
details Detail

Gift Secure
Payment
Guest Online Gateway

Transaction Confirmation
Confirmation Detail

Level 0 DFD (Context Diagram) Gift-Online System

Level 1 DFD: Gift-Online System
Screen Shot
Level 2 DFD Gifts-Online (Confirm Payment)
 Creating DFDs / Lemonade Stand Example
Example Steps:
The operations of a simple 1. Create a list of activities
lemonade stand will be used
• Old way: no Use-Case Diagram
to demonstrate the creation
of dataflow diagrams. • New way: use Use-Case Diagram
2. Construct Context Level DFD
(identifies sources and sink)
3. Construct Level 0 DFD
(identifies manageable sub processes )
4. Construct Level 1- n DFD
(identifies actual data flows and data stores )

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 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 1. Create a list of activities

Think through the activities

that take place at a lemonade
stand.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment
Produce Product
Store Product
 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 1. Create a list of activities

Also think of the additional

activities needed to support
the basic activities.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment
Produce Product
Store Product
Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials
Pay for Labor
 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 1. Create a list of activities

Group these activities in

some logical fashion,
possibly functional areas.
Customer Order
Serve Product
Collect Payment

Produce Product
Store Product

Order Raw Materials

Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 2. Construct Context Level DFD
(identifies sources and sink)
Create a context level
diagram identifying the Context Level DFD
sources and sinks (users).
Sales Forecast
Order 0.0
Customer Order CUSTOMER Lemonade Production Schedule EMPLOYEE
Product Served System Pay
Serve Product Payment Time Worked
Collect Payment Received Goods
Payment
Purchase Order
Produce Product
Store Product
VENDOR

Order Raw Materials

Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 3. Construct Level 0 DFD
Create a level 0 diagram (identifies manageable sub processes )
identifying the logical Level 0 DFD
subsystems that may exist.
1.0
Sale
Customer Order Customer Order Sales Forecast

Serve Product Product Ordered

Collect Payment Payment
2.0 Production
CUSTOMER EMPLOYEE
Production Schedule
Product Served
Produce Product
Store Product Received Goods Inventory
3.0
VENDOR Procure- Order
Order Raw Materials Purchase Order ment Decisions
Pay for Raw Materials Payment
Pay Time Worked

Pay for Labor 4.0

Payroll
 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 4. Construct Level 1- n DFD
Create a level 1 (identifies actual data flows and data stores )
decomposing the processes Level 1 DFD
in level 0 and identifying
CUSTOMER
data stores.
Customer Order
ORDER
Request for Forecast
Customer Order
1.1
Serve Product Record
Collect Payment Order 1.3
Produce
Severed Order Sales
Produce Product Payment Forecast
Sales Forecast
Store Product
1.2
Receive PAYMENT
Payment
Order Raw Materials
Pay for Raw Materials

Pay for Labor

 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes Level 1 DFD
in level 0 and identifying
Product Order
data stores.
ORDER

Customer Order 2.1

Serve Quantity Severed
Serve Product Product
Collect Payment RAW
Production
MATERIALS
Schedule
Produce Product 2.2
Store Product Produce Quantity Used
Product

INVENTORTY
Order Raw Materials Production Data
Pay for Raw Materials
2.3 Quantity Produced &
Store Location Stored
Pay for Labor Product
 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes Level 1 DFD
in level 0 and identifying Order Decision
PURCHASE
data stores. 3.1 ORDER
Produce
Purchase
Order Quantity On-Hand
Customer Order
RAW
Serve Product Quantity MATERIALS
Collect Payment Received Received
Goods
3.2
Receive
Produce Product Items
RECEIVED
Store Product ITEMS
Payment Approval
Order Raw Materials VENDOR
3.3
Pay for Raw Materials Pay
Vendor

Pay for Labor

Payment
 Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Example 4. Construct Level 1 (continued)
Create a level 1
decomposing the processes Level 1 DFD
in level 0 and identifying Time Worked

data stores. 4.1 TIME CARDS

Record
Time
Customer Order Worked Employee ID

Serve Product EMPLOYEE

Collect Payment Payroll Request

4.2
Unpaid time cards
Produce Product Calculate
Payroll
Store Product PAYROLL

Payment Approval
Order Raw Materials
4.3
Pay for Raw Materials Pay
Employe
e PAYMENTS
Pay for Labor
Payment
 Process Decomposition
1.1 1.2
1.0
Record Receive
Sale
Order Payment

2.1 2.2 2.3

2.0
Serve Produce Store
Production
Product Product Product

0.0
Lemonade
System
3.1
3.0 3.2 3.3
Produce
Procure- Receive Pay
Purchase
ment Items Vendor
Order

4.1 4.3
4.2
4.0 Record Pay
Calculate
Payroll Time Employe
Payroll
Worked e

Context Level Level 0 Level 1

 Summary
• DFDs basics
• Examples
 Reference
• Lemonade Stand Example
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