Lecture No.

02 Fall-2024

Course: Functional English-I

Instructor: Ms. Sadia Kanwal

10/20/2024 1
 Road Map-Lecture Contents

WORD CLASSES
PRONOUNS

TYPES OF
PRONOUNS

PRACTICE EXERCISES
& WORK SHEET

10/20/2024 2
 PRONOUNS
Pronouns represent nouns, helping you to refrain from repeating the
same words. They may refer to people, places, and concepts.

A pronoun usually refers to a noun is called its antecedent.

John reads good books. He is a good student.

Noun Pronoun
Antecedent
10/20/2024 3
 Pronoun-antecedent agreement errors

ERROR CORRECTION

The box of pencils remained The box of pencils remained

in their place. in its place.
Each day will bring their own Each day will bring its own
challenges. challenges.
One should look out One should look out for oneself.
for themselves.

10/20/2024 4
 Function of Pronouns
The main function of pronoun is to replace nouns and avoid
repetition of nouns.
Pronouns usually refer back to a noun used earlier in the sentence.
We use pronouns to make sentences clearer, less awkward and
smoother.
Pronouns affirm gender identities and create safe spaces by
referring to people in the way that feels most accurate to them.

10/20/2024 5
 Cases/Forms
Pronouns have three cases/ forms: subjective, objective and
possessive/genitive.

• The girl sang a song. She sang a song. (Subjective/Nominative)

• Ahmed thanked Ali. Ahmed thanked him. (Objective)
• This is my computer. This computer is mine. (Possessive or
genitive )
• Genitive case is the most familiar to English speakers as the
case that expresses possession: “my cat ” or “Harry’s house”

10/20/2024 6
 ACTIVITY
Create one sentence with each case.
• Nominative/Subjective (I, you, he ,she, it, we, they, you)
• Objective (me, you, him, her, us, them, it)
• Possessive ( mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, its)

10/20/2024 7
 Types of Pronouns
 Personal Pronouns
 Relative Pronouns
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Intensive/Emphatic Pronouns
 Interrogative Pronouns
 Indefinite Pronouns
 Possessive Pronouns
 Reciprocal Pronouns
 Demonstrative Pronouns
Note: Practice via shared worksheets
10/20/2024 8
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS

10/20/2024 9
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The personal pronoun is the most well-known because it is the type of pronoun a
person uses to identify himself, people being spoken to, and people being spoken
about.
• I like your dress. He is my friend.
• It is raining. She is on holiday.
• We love our country . They came from UK.

Personal pronouns have traditionally been divided into the subjective or the
objective case, singular or plural form, and first, second, or third person, as follows:

10/20/2024 10
 FORMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

10/20/2024 11
 Relative Pronouns

10/20/2024 12
Continued…
A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned
previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas.
Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.
There are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most
common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and whom. In
some situations, the words what, when, and where can also function as
relative pronouns. Because there are only a few of them, there are also just
a few rules for using relative pronouns.
When relative pronouns introduce restrictive relative clauses, no comma is
used to separate the restrictive clause from the main clause.

10/20/2024 13
Examples
• The cyclist who won the race trained hard.
• The dress that I bought yesterday was already stained.
• The four team leaders, whoever the committee selects, will be at
tomorrow’s meeting.
• Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s
favorite meals.
• Where did you buy the dress that you wore last week?
• The book, which was finally returned, was torn and stained.

10/20/2024 14
Practice:
1. The festival, ______________ lasted all day, ended with a
banquet.
2. I am looking for someone __________ can watch my dog while I
go on vacation.
3. The police needed details _____________ could help identify the
robber.
4. I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent
coffee.
5. The clubhouse, in __________ the dance was held, housed about
200 people.

10/20/2024 15
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to show that the
subject of the sentence is receiving the action of the verb or the
action done by the subject reflects back(turns back) upon the subject.
A reflexive pronoun functions as the direct object of a sentence. The
reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, themselves).
For example: 1. I hurt myself.
2. Hina reminded herself to do her homework.
NOTE: The meaning of the sentence is not complete without a
reflexive pronoun.

10/20/2024 16
 INTENSIVE/EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
Like Reflexive Pronouns, Emphatic Pronouns also end in self or selves
for example myself, yourselves, etc. These pronouns are used after
nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis. It may come after the
subject or at the end of the clause or sentence.
Examples:
• He himself did it.
• Ali himself spoke before the group.
• I did it myself.
Note: The meaning of the sentence is complete even without the
emphatic pronoun.

10/20/2024 17
 Activity

10/20/2024 18
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used only in reference
to a question (who, what, which, whom, whose).

For example:
• Which one of these pens is yours?
• Who is that girl?
• Whom did you see?

10/20/2024 19
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite Pronouns are pronouns that are used in reference to a person or
thing that is not specific or not known.
Indefinite pronouns are also used to identify a general group of people or
things (i.e. everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, somebody, most, all,
each every, some, none, one, few, both, many, several).
For example:
Everybody has to take the Writing Proficiency Examination in order to
graduate.
All of the seniors were excited for graduation.
Note: Singular indefinite pronouns must always take singular verbs.
However, some are used either singular or plural depending upon the
context.

10/20/2024 20
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership; in other
words, something belongs to someone (my/mine, your/yours, his,
her/hers, its, our/ours, their/theirs).
For example:
• That book is mine .
• Their shoes are under the bed.
• The house is theirs and its paint is flaking.

10/20/2024 21
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
The term, ‘reciprocal’ is defined as “involving two people or groups
who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each
other”, according to the Oxford Learners’ Dictionary.
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a reciprocal pronoun is
defined as “a pronoun (such as each other) used when its referents
are predicted to bear the same relationship to one another.”
Reciprocal pronouns are used to indicate that the actions in a
sentence are reciprocated.

10/20/2024 22
Continued…
Have a look at the following examples of reciprocal pronouns and
how to use them in sentences.

Reciprocal Pronouns Examples

Each other Ali and Hassan never liked each other.

I encourage my students to interact

One another with one another in class

10/20/2024 23
 Test Your Knowledge of Reciprocal Pronouns

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate reciprocal pronouns:

1. They were not able to see __________
2. Davis and Ally could not help __________
3. The children were fighting with ____________
4. Fred and Jess gave ___________ gifts.
5. The criminals blamed _______________

10/20/2024 24
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun used to point to specific people or
things. For example, imagine there was a chair right next to you and a chair
across the room from you. When talking about the chair nearer to you, you would
say This is a chair. When talking about the chair far away from you, you would
point to it and say That is a chair. In these sentences, the words this and that are
demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns can be used to refer to either people, animals, or
objects.
For example,
 People: This is my friend Lance.
 Animals: That looks like a poisonous snake.
 Objects: The cars in the front are worth more than those in the back.

10/20/2024 25
 Practice makes you Perfect!

“I hear and I forget

I see and I remember
I do and I understand.”
(Confucius)

Our brain is in the constant state

of forgetting. You have to help it
by revision on a daily or weekly
basis.

10/20/2024 26
 LET’S PRACTICE!

10/20/2024 27
Exercise 1
Use a subject pronoun as the subject of each sentence based on the word(s) in
parentheses.
1. ____ works at National Bank. (Mary)
2. ____ are in the cupboard. (the cups)
3. ____ lives in Oakland, California. (Hassan)
4. ____ enjoy watching movies on Friday evenings. (My brother and I)
5. ____ is on the table. (the magazine)
6. ____ is working at the moment. (Mary)
7. ____ study French at university. (Peter, Anne and Frank)
8. ____ are good friends. (Tom and I)
9. ____ went to school yesterday. (Anna)
10. ____ think this exercise is difficult. (the students)

10/20/2024 28
Exercise-2
Use a possessive pronoun in the gap in each sentence based on the word(s) in parentheses.
1. The book is ____. (John)
2. I think we should go in ____. (The boy's car)
3. That house is ____. (Kathy)
4. Do you hear the telephone? I think it's ____. (my telephone)
5. I'm sure it's ____. (the computer that belongs to my sister and me)
6. Look at that car. It's ____. (Mary and Peter)
7. That dog over there is ____. (Henry)
8. Those bicycles are ____. (Jack and Peter)
9. No, that one is ____. (you)
10. Yes, that one is ____. (I)

10/20/2024 29
 Any Questions?

10/20/2024
10/20/2024 30
30