Introduction to Journalism PYQ 2022

Q1. Define news. Explain the characteristics that qualify news.

Ans. Definition of News:
News is information about recent events or developments that is disseminated to the public through
various media outlets, such as newspapers, television, radio, websites, and social media. It is a
primary means of keeping the public informed about what is happening in the world, both locally
and globally.

Characteristics that Qualify News:

1. Timeliness: News is characterized by its immediacy and relevance to current events. It is
about what is happening now or has just happened. News stories are expected to be up-to-
date, reflecting recent developments.
2. Impact: News stories often focus on events or issues that have a significant impact on
individuals, communities, or society at large. They provide information that people need to
know to make informed decisions or understand the world around them.
3. Proximity: News typically centers on events or issues that are geographically or emotionally
close to the audience. Local news covers events in the immediate area, while national and
international news covers events of broader interest.
4. Conflict: Conflict, whether it's political, social, or personal, often drives news stories.
Conflicts between individuals, groups, or nations are newsworthy because they capture
public attention.
5. Prominence: News often features individuals or entities that are notable or influential.
Celebrities, political leaders, and public figures are frequently the subjects of news stories
due to their prominence.
6. Human Interest: News stories may focus on the human aspect of an event, highlighting
personal experiences, emotions, and the impact on individuals. These stories connect with
readers or viewers on an emotional level.
7. Novelty and Rarity: Unusual, rare, or unexpected events tend to attract attention and
become news. Stories that defy expectations or norms can be considered newsworthy.
8. Currency: News content must be relevant to the current social, political, economic, or
cultural context. It reflects the issues and concerns of the time in which it is presented.
9. Objectivity: News is typically presented in an objective, unbiased, and balanced manner.
Journalists strive to report facts without imposing their own opinions or biases.
10. Credibility and Accuracy: News must be credible and accurate. The credibility of news
sources and the accuracy of the information presented are essential for maintaining trust
with the audience.
11. Public Interest: News stories are selected based on their potential to serve the public
interest. Journalists and news organizations aim to inform the public about topics and events
that matter to society.
12. Multiple Perspectives: Quality news often presents multiple perspectives on an issue,
allowing the audience to gain a well-rounded understanding of the topic. This can involve
interviews with experts, witnesses, or stakeholders.
13. Continuity: News is an ongoing process. It is not limited to a single event but is part of a
continuous stream of information that keeps the audience informed about evolving
developments.
14. Conciseness: News stories are typically concise and to the point. They convey essential
information efficiently, recognizing that readers and viewers often have limited time and
attention.
 15. Relevance: News must be relevant to the audience it serves. It should align with the
interests, concerns, and needs of the target audience.
Overall, news is a dynamic and evolving form of communication that provides timely, relevant, and
objective information about events and issues that impact society. The characteristics mentioned
above help define what is considered newsworthy and guide the selection and presentation of news
stories by media outlets.

OR
What is the difference between hard news and soft news? Explain citing suitable examples.
Ans. Hard news and soft news are two distinct categories of news content that differ in terms of
their characteristics, topics, and style of reporting. Here's an explanation of the differences
between hard news and soft news, along with suitable examples:
Hard News:
1. Characteristics:
• Objective and Straightforward: Hard news is presented in a straightforward, factual,
and objective manner. It is typically written in an inverted pyramid style, with the
most important information presented at the beginning.
• Timely: Hard news focuses on current, often breaking, events and developments. It
is characterized by its timeliness, reflecting the latest information.
• Serious Tone: Hard news stories maintain a serious and formal tone. They prioritize
accuracy and objectivity, aiming to inform the audience about important events.
• Significance: Hard news stories cover events or issues of significant public interest,
often related to politics, crime, economics, international affairs, disasters, and major
societal developments.
2. Examples:
• Election Results: Reporting the outcome of a national election with a focus on the
winners, voter turnout, and potential implications.
• Natural Disasters: Coverage of a hurricane, earthquake, or other natural disasters,
including details on the impact, response efforts, and casualties.
• Economic Indicators: Reporting on stock market performance, unemployment rates,
inflation data, and other economic indicators that can have a direct impact on the
economy.
• Political Developments: Stories about government policy changes, political conflicts,
diplomatic negotiations, and significant legislative actions.
Soft News:
1. Characteristics:
• Human Interest: Soft news often focuses on human-interest stories, personal
profiles, and human emotions. It may include elements of storytelling and narrative.
• Less Timely: Soft news stories are less time-sensitive and may not be directly linked
to current events. They can be more evergreen in nature.
• Entertaining and Light-Hearted: Soft news stories tend to be more entertaining,
amusing, or heartwarming. They can be characterized by a lighter and more relaxed
tone.
• Broader Topics: Soft news covers a wide range of topics, including lifestyle, culture,
entertainment, celebrity gossip, travel, health, and feature stories.
2. Examples:
• Feature Profiles: Profiles of individuals with unique or inspiring life stories, such as a
cancer survivor, an artist, or a humanitarian worker.
• Entertainment News: Coverage of film and music awards, celebrity interviews, and
updates on the entertainment industry.
 • Travel and Lifestyle: Articles about travel destinations, food and restaurant reviews,
fashion trends, and health and wellness tips.
• Feel-Good Stories: Stories about acts of kindness, community events, and
heartwarming moments, such as a local charity event or a rescuer saving an animal.
Key Difference:
The primary difference between hard news and soft news lies in their subject matter and the
manner in which they are presented. Hard news focuses on serious and significant events presented
objectively and with a focus on timeliness. Soft news, on the other hand, encompasses a wide range
of topics, often presented in a more engaging and less time-sensitive manner. While hard news aims
to inform, soft news often aims to entertain, inspire, or provide a more relaxed and enjoyable
reading experience for the audience.

Q2. Differentiate between the following formats of writing news reports:

(i) Inverted Pyramid
Ans. The Inverted Pyramid and the 5Ws and 1H are two distinct formats for writing news reports,
each with its own structure and approach to presenting information. Here's a differentiation
between the two:
Inverted Pyramid:
1. Structure:
• The Inverted Pyramid structure places the most critical information at the beginning
of the news report, followed by progressively less important details.
• The core facts and key elements of the story are presented in the opening
paragraphs, and the report proceeds with additional information in descending
order of importance.
2. Priority:
• The Inverted Pyramid prioritizes brevity and clarity. It is designed to allow readers to
grasp the most critical aspects of the story quickly.
• This format acknowledges that readers may not read the entire article, so they
should still have the essential information even if they only read the first few
paragraphs.
3. Use Case:
• The Inverted Pyramid is commonly used for hard news stories, where the primary
objective is to deliver the critical facts efficiently. It is particularly suitable for
breaking news or news articles that require immediate understanding of the main
points.
4. Example:
• In a news report about a fire at a factory, the Inverted Pyramid would present the
headline, the location, the number of casualties, and the cause of the fire in the
opening paragraphs, followed by additional details, quotes, and context in
subsequent paragraphs.

(ii) 5Ws and 1H

Ans. 5Ws and 1H:
1. Structure:
• The 5Ws and 1H structure is based on answering six key questions: Who, What,
When, Where, Why, and How. Each of these questions is addressed in the news
report to provide a comprehensive understanding of the event or issue.
2. Priority:
 • The 5Ws and 1H format prioritizes completeness and thoroughness. It aims to
ensure that readers have a well-rounded view of the news story by addressing all six
questions.
3. Use Case:
• This format is often used for feature stories, investigative journalism, and in-depth
reporting, where the goal is to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed
account of an event, issue, or topic.
4. Example:
• In a news report about a new government policy, the 5Ws and 1H approach would
answer the following questions: Who implemented the policy, What the policy
entails, When it was introduced, Where it applies, Why it was introduced, and How
it will be implemented.
Key Difference:
The main difference between the Inverted Pyramid and the 5Ws and 1H formats lies in their
approach to information prioritization and depth of coverage. The Inverted Pyramid emphasizes
brevity and immediate comprehension, focusing on the most crucial facts at the beginning. The 5Ws
and 1H format, in contrast, prioritizes completeness and thoroughness, ensuring that all key
questions are answered to provide a comprehensive understanding of the news story. The choice of
format depends on the type of news and the level of detail required for the audience.

OR
Explain any two of the following:
(i) Penny press
Ans. The "Penny Press" refers to a significant development in the history of newspapers and
journalism that occurred in the early to mid-19th century in the United States. This term is used to
describe a new kind of newspaper that was sold at a very low cost, typically for one cent, making it
affordable and accessible to a much broader segment of the population. The Penny Press played a
pivotal role in transforming the newspaper industry and the way news was disseminated. Here's an
explanation of the Penny Press:
Key Characteristics and Significance:
1. Low Cost: The defining characteristic of the Penny Press was its affordability. Prior to the
Penny Press, newspapers were relatively expensive and often targeted a more affluent and
educated audience. The introduction of one-cent newspapers made them accessible to a
much wider demographic, including the working class.
2. Mass Circulation: The low cost of Penny Press newspapers led to a dramatic increase in
circulation. These newspapers were able to reach a mass audience, and they became an
integral part of American urban life, especially in rapidly growing cities.
3. Local News and Sensationalism: Penny Press newspapers focused on local news and
sensational stories. They reported on crime, scandals, human-interest stories, and other
topics that captured the public's attention. This approach helped boost readership.
4. Advertising: Penny Press newspapers played a key role in the development of modern
advertising. By expanding their circulation and targeting a diverse audience, they attracted
advertisers who saw the potential to reach a broad range of consumers.
5. Innovative Journalism: The Penny Press era saw the rise of innovative journalistic practices.
Reporters and editors aimed to engage readers and tell stories in a compelling way. This
approach contributed to the development of modern journalistic techniques and writing
styles.
6. Political Influence: Many Penny Press newspapers were affiliated with political parties, and
they used their publications to promote their respective political agendas. This played a
significant role in shaping public opinion and contributed to the era's political discourse.
 7. Competitive Nature: The proliferation of Penny Press newspapers led to intense
competition among publishers. This competition drove innovation, encouraged the pursuit
of compelling stories, and kept newspaper prices low.
Notable Penny Press Newspapers:
• The New York Sun: Founded in 1833 by Benjamin Day, The New York Sun was one of the
pioneering Penny Press newspapers. It is known for its coverage of local news and human-
interest stories.
• The New York Herald: Founded by James Gordon Bennett in 1835, The New York Herald was
another influential Penny Press newspaper that featured a mix of local news, sensational
stories, and innovations in journalism.
• The Philadelphia Public Ledger: This newspaper, founded in 1836, played a significant role in
the growth of the Penny Press in Philadelphia. It was known for its local news coverage.
The Penny Press era marked a democratization of news consumption, making information more
accessible to a broader segment of society. This transformation laid the groundwork for modern
newspaper practices, including the emphasis on engaging storytelling and advertising-driven
revenue models. The influence of the Penny Press continues to be felt in the journalism industry and
the way news is presented to the public.

(ii) Tabloid press

Ans. Tabloid press, also known as tabloid journalism, refers to a style of journalism and newspaper
publishing that is characterized by several distinct features. Tabloid newspapers are typically smaller
in size compared to broadsheet newspapers and are known for their focus on sensational and eye-
catching stories. Here are the key characteristics and aspects of tabloid press:
1. Compact Size: Tabloid newspapers are smaller in physical dimensions than broadsheets.
They are easier to handle and are often more convenient for readers on the go.
2. Sensationalism: Tabloids prioritize sensational and attention-grabbing stories. These stories
often include celebrity gossip, crime reports, scandalous revelations, and emotional human-
interest stories. The emphasis is on stories that can captivate and provoke strong reactions
from readers.
3. Eye-Catching Headlines: Tabloids use bold, large, and attention-grabbing headlines to draw
readers in. These headlines are often accompanied by photographs, graphics, or illustrations
that are meant to pique curiosity.
4. Shorter Articles: Articles in tabloid newspapers tend to be shorter and more concise than
those in broadsheets. The focus is on providing the core information quickly and in an
engaging manner.
5. Entertainment and Pop Culture: Tabloids place a heavy emphasis on entertainment,
including coverage of celebrities, film, television, and popular culture. They often feature
celebrity profiles, gossip columns, and coverage of entertainment events.
6. Less Emphasis on Politics: While tabloids may cover politics, their political reporting is
generally less extensive and in-depth compared to broadsheets. They may use a more
simplified and opinionated approach to political stories.
7. Human-Interest Stories: Tabloids are known for their coverage of human-interest stories
that elicit strong emotions, such as stories of survival, personal triumph, or tragedy.
8. Local Events and Scandals: Tabloids often focus on local events and scandals, catering to the
interests of the community in which they are published.
9. Daily Frequency: Many tabloid newspapers are published daily, providing readers with
frequent updates on the latest stories and events.
10. Advertising: Tabloids rely heavily on advertising revenue. The sensational and eye-catching
content is meant to attract readers and, in turn, advertisers.
Examples of Tabloid Newspapers:
 • The Sun (UK): Known for its sensational headlines and celebrity gossip.
• The National Enquirer (USA): Famous for its coverage of celebrity scandals and sensational
stories.
• The Daily Mail (UK): While it has some broadsheet elements, it also features tabloid-style
reporting, particularly in its online version.
• The New York Post (USA): A prominent tabloid newspaper in the United States known for its
bold headlines and celebrity coverage.
It's important to note that while tabloid press is often associated with sensationalism and
entertainment, not all tabloid newspapers follow the same editorial approach. Some may
incorporate elements of serious news reporting alongside their more sensational content. The
presentation and content of tabloid newspapers can vary widely, and their editorial choices reflect
the interests and preferences of their target audience.

(iii) Yellow Journalism

Ans. Yellow journalism is a style of journalism that emerged in the late 19th century, characterized
by sensationalism, exaggeration, and the use of bold, eye-catching headlines and illustrations to
attract readers. It often prioritizes shocking and scandalous stories over objective reporting and is
associated with the unethical practices of the time. The term "yellow journalism" is often used to
refer to sensationalistic and tabloid-like reporting. Here are the key characteristics and aspects of
yellow journalism:
1. Sensationalism: Yellow journalism is known for sensational and exaggerated stories that
prioritize shock value and entertainment over accuracy and objectivity. Stories are often
embellished or even fabricated to captivate readers.
2. Dramatic Headlines: Bold, large headlines are used to draw readers' attention to the most
sensational aspects of a story. These headlines are designed to provoke strong emotional
reactions.
3. Emotional Appeals: Yellow journalism often relies on emotional appeals to readers. Stories
may be emotionally charged, and the use of vivid language is common.
4. Use of Illustrations: Yellow journalism incorporates illustrations, photographs, and drawings
to visually enhance and dramatize stories. These visuals are intended to further engage the
audience.
5. Exaggeration: Facts may be distorted, exaggerated, or taken out of context to create a more
sensational narrative. Exaggeration is used to make stories seem more exciting or alarming.
6. Conflict and Scandals: Yellow journalism often focuses on conflict, scandals, and personal
disputes. It frequently includes stories related to crime, celebrity scandals, and political
controversies.
7. Political Influence: Historically, yellow journalism was associated with promoting the
interests of certain political factions and using news coverage to advance particular agendas.
8. Competition: Yellow journalism was driven by fierce competition among newspapers for
readership. Newspapers engaged in sensationalism to outsell their rivals and increase
circulation.
9. Ethical Concerns: Yellow journalism was criticized for its disregard of journalistic ethics,
including accuracy, fairness, and truthfulness. It was often seen as prioritizing profit and
sensationalism over responsible reporting.
Origins and Historical Context:
Yellow journalism became prominent in the late 19th century, particularly during the circulation
wars between two New York City newspapers, the New York World (owned by Joseph Pulitzer) and
the New York Journal (owned by William Randolph Hearst). Both publications engaged in sensational
reporting to boost sales, with headlines and stories designed to appeal to a broad audience.
One of the most famous examples of yellow journalism was the coverage of the sinking of the USS
Maine in 1898, which played a role in building public support for the Spanish-American War. The
sensationalized reporting contributed to shaping public opinion, and the war followed.
While yellow journalism has historical significance, it is generally viewed negatively in the context of
responsible journalism. Today, the term is often used to criticize sensational and unethical reporting
practices that prioritize profit and entertainment value over journalistic integrity and accuracy.

Q3. Elucidate the differences between print and online journalism. Cite examples to explain the
same.
Ans. Print journalism and online journalism are two distinct forms of news reporting, each with its
unique characteristics, advantages, and challenges. Here are the key differences between the two,
along with examples to illustrate these distinctions:
1. Medium of Publication:
• Print Journalism: Print journalism primarily involves newspapers, magazines, and other
physical publications. It is based on traditional, tangible formats that readers hold in their
hands.
• Online Journalism: Online journalism, also known as digital journalism, is delivered through
the internet. It encompasses news websites, blogs, social media, and other digital platforms.
Example: A print newspaper like The New York Times in its traditional paper format represents print
journalism. In contrast, The New York Times website, with its online articles, videos, and multimedia
content, exemplifies online journalism.
2. Speed of Delivery:
• Print Journalism: Print publications have set publication schedules (daily, weekly, or
monthly). They provide news that is typically not as up-to-the-minute as online sources.
• Online Journalism: Online news is immediate and constantly updated. News websites can
provide real-time updates on breaking stories and events.
Example: A daily print newspaper like The Washington Post delivers news with a delay due to its
publication schedule. In contrast, The Washington Post's online version continuously updates news
throughout the day.
3. Interactivity:
• Print Journalism: Print publications are static and non-interactive. Readers have limited
opportunities to engage with the content or provide feedback.
• Online Journalism: Online journalism allows for interactivity. Readers can comment on
articles, share content on social media, and participate in discussions or polls related to
news stories.
Example: The print edition of National Geographic offers a static experience. On the other hand, the
National Geographic website allows readers to comment on articles, share content, and interact
with multimedia features.
4. Multimedia Content:
• Print Journalism: Print publications typically rely on text and still images. They have limited
capacity for audio and video content.
• Online Journalism: Online journalism incorporates multimedia elements, including videos,
podcasts, interactive graphics, and live streams. It offers a more immersive and visually
engaging experience.
Example: A print magazine like Time primarily features written articles and static images. Time's
online version, however, includes videos, multimedia presentations, and interactive infographics.
5. Accessibility and Reach:
• Print Journalism: Print publications have a limited geographic reach and are often
constrained by distribution logistics. They may not be accessible to a global audience
without international distribution.
 • Online Journalism: Online news has a global reach and is accessible to a wide audience. It
can be instantly accessed by anyone with an internet connection.
Example: The print edition of The Guardian is primarily available in the UK and select international
locations. In contrast, The Guardian's website is accessible to a worldwide audience.
6. Monetization and Advertising:
• Print Journalism: Print publications traditionally rely on subscription fees and advertising
revenue. Advertisements are static and have space limitations.
• Online Journalism: Online news often offers free access to readers, supported by digital
advertising. Digital advertising can include various formats, such as banners, video ads, and
sponsored content.
Example: The print version of Forbes generates revenue through subscriptions and display
advertisements. Forbes' online presence utilizes digital advertising, including banner ads and native
advertising.
7. Archive and Searchability:
• Print Journalism: Print publications may require physical archives for access to past issues,
and searching for specific articles can be time-consuming.
• Online Journalism: Online articles are easily archived, searchable, and retrievable. Readers
can quickly locate and access past news stories.
Example: A print edition of The New Yorker may require physical storage for past issues. In contrast,
The New Yorker's online archive allows readers to search for and access articles dating back to its
inception.
These differences illustrate how print and online journalism offer distinct ways of delivering news,
each with its own advantages and challenges. While print journalism has a traditional and tangible
appeal, online journalism provides immediacy, interactivity, and a global reach that caters to the
digital age and evolving reader preferences.

OR
How is traditional journalism different from online journalism?
Ans. Traditional journalism and online journalism represent two distinct approaches to the practice
of news reporting, each with its own characteristics and methodologies. Here's how they differ:
Traditional Journalism:
1. Medium of Publication: Traditional journalism primarily involves print publications
(newspapers, magazines) and broadcast media (television and radio). It is based on tangible,
physical formats.
2. Scheduled Delivery: Traditional journalism follows set publication schedules. Newspapers
are typically delivered daily, weekly, or monthly, while television and radio news programs
have specific time slots.
3. Editorial Process: In traditional journalism, the editorial process is meticulous and typically
involves a team of editors and fact-checkers. Stories go through several layers of review
before publication or broadcast.
4. Content Focus: Traditional journalism tends to focus on in-depth reporting and analysis.
Articles and stories are typically longer and more detailed, offering comprehensive coverage
of events.
5. Monetization: Revenue in traditional journalism primarily comes from sources such as
subscriptions, newsstand sales, and advertising in print publications. In broadcast media,
advertising plays a significant role.
6. Limited Interactivity: Traditional journalism is less interactive. Readers or viewers have
limited opportunities to provide feedback or engage with the content.
 7. Distribution: Traditional journalism relies on physical distribution channels, such as
newspaper delivery and broadcast towers. Distribution logistics and costs can be a
significant challenge.
8. Geographic Reach: Traditional media can have limited geographic reach. Local newspapers,
for example, may serve a specific region or community.
Online Journalism:
1. Medium of Publication: Online journalism, also known as digital journalism, is delivered
through the internet. It includes news websites, blogs, social media, and digital-only
publications.
2. Immediate Delivery: Online journalism provides real-time news updates. Stories can be
published and accessed instantly, making it well-suited for breaking news.
3. Digital Tools: The editorial process in online journalism often incorporates digital tools and
content management systems. Stories can be published quickly, and updates can be made in
real-time.
4. Content Focus: Online journalism may feature shorter articles and multimedia content,
including videos, interactive graphics, and live streams. It is designed for a fast-paced online
environment.
5. Monetization: Revenue in online journalism often comes from digital advertising, sponsored
content, and, in some cases, subscription models. Advertisements can take various digital
forms, such as banner ads and video ads.
6. Interactivity: Online journalism is highly interactive. Readers can comment on articles, share
content on social media, participate in discussions, and engage with multimedia features.
7. Global Reach: Online journalism has a global reach. It can be accessed by a worldwide
audience with an internet connection, making it accessible to a diverse and broad
readership.
8. Archiving and Searchability: Online articles are easily archived, searchable, and retrievable.
Readers can quickly locate and access past news stories.
9. Adaptive Reporting: Online journalism often adapts to the digital environment by
incorporating data journalism, audience engagement, and analytics to tailor content and
improve reader experience.
Example: A print newspaper like The Wall Street Journal represents traditional journalism. Its online
counterpart, The Wall Street Journal's website, exemplifies online journalism, offering real-time
news updates, multimedia content, and a global reach.
These differences highlight how traditional journalism and online journalism cater to different
reader preferences and technological advancements. Traditional journalism often emphasizes in-
depth reporting and established editorial processes, while online journalism offers immediacy,
interactivity, and multimedia content in a digital environment.

Section-B
Q4. How does a news reporter utilize news sources for writing a news story? Explain. Also, discuss
the significance of "cultivating' news sources for journalists.
Ans. News reporters rely on a variety of news sources to gather information and data for writing
news stories. The utilization of news sources is a critical aspect of the news gathering process. Here's
how news reporters utilize news sources and why cultivating these sources is significant:
Utilization of News Sources:
1. Primary Sources: News reporters seek information from primary sources, which are
individuals or organizations directly involved in or knowledgeable about an event or issue.
These sources can include government officials, eyewitnesses, experts, and those directly
affected by the news.
 2. Official Statements: Reporters often obtain information from official statements, press
releases, and public documents issued by government agencies, corporations, or
organizations. These documents provide official information and statements related to an
event.
3. Interviews: News reporters conduct interviews with key individuals who can provide insight
into the news story. Interviews can take place in person, over the phone, or via email.
Reporters may interview experts, eyewitnesses, and relevant stakeholders.
4. Public Records: News reporters access public records, such as court documents, government
reports, and public databases, to gather facts and statistics related to their news stories.
Public records can provide essential background information.
5. Background Research: Reporters use libraries, online databases, and archives to conduct
research on the topic. This research helps reporters build context and depth in their
reporting.
6. Social Media and Crowdsourcing: Social media platforms can serve as sources of
information, particularly for breaking news. Reporters monitor social media for updates,
user-generated content, and eyewitness accounts. Crowdsourcing may also be used to
gather information from the public.
7. News Agencies and Wire Services: Journalists often rely on news agencies and wire services
like the Associated Press (AP) or Reuters for breaking news alerts, syndicated articles, and
updates from around the world.
8. Anonymous Sources: In some cases, reporters may use information from anonymous
sources who provide sensitive or confidential information. The use of anonymous sources is
subject to ethical considerations and journalistic standards.
Significance of "Cultivating" News Sources:
1. Access to Exclusive Information: Building and maintaining relationships with sources can
grant reporters access to exclusive information and insights. Sources may provide valuable
tips or inside information that is not available to other reporters.
2. Verification and Fact-Checking: Trusted sources can help verify the accuracy of information.
Reporters can cross-reference data and statements with their sources to ensure the
credibility of their stories.
3. Context and Analysis: Cultivated sources can offer valuable context and analysis, helping
reporters understand the deeper implications of a story and providing expert opinions and
insights.
4. Timely Updates: Sources can provide real-time updates on evolving situations, enabling
reporters to provide up-to-the-minute coverage of breaking news.
5. Enhanced Reporting: By building relationships with sources, journalists can enhance the
depth and quality of their reporting. They can gain access to multiple perspectives and
diverse viewpoints, resulting in more balanced and comprehensive news stories.
6. Ethical Considerations: Maintaining ethical standards in journalism is crucial. Cultivating
sources allows reporters to build trust and ethical rapport with individuals and
organizations, ensuring responsible and ethical news reporting.
7. Professional Growth: Developing relationships with sources can enhance a reporter's
professional growth and reputation within the journalism community. Sources may
recommend reporters for future opportunities and collaborations.
In summary, news reporters utilize a wide range of news sources to gather information, data, and
quotes for their news stories. Cultivating these sources, or building and maintaining relationships
with them, is significant because it enhances access to exclusive information, fosters ethical
reporting, and provides valuable context and analysis, ultimately contributing to high-quality
journalism. It also allows reporters to provide their audience with timely and accurate news
coverage.
 OR
What are the various components of a news story? State differences between, by-line, credit line
and date line with suitable examples.
Ans. A news story typically consists of several components that are essential for conveying
information to the audience in a clear and structured manner. These components include the
headline, by-line, lead, body text, and additional elements such as the credit line and date line.
Here's an explanation of each component and the differences between the by-line, credit line, and
date line, along with suitable examples:
Components of a News Story:
1. Headline: The headline is a concise and attention-grabbing title that summarizes the main
point of the news story. It serves as the first point of engagement for readers, and it should
convey the most important aspect of the story.
2. By-Line: The by-line, also known as the byline, is the line that identifies the author or
reporter responsible for the story. It appears at the beginning or end of the article, indicating
who wrote the news report.
3. Lead: The lead, or lede, is the opening paragraph of the news story. It should provide the
most crucial information, answering the who, what, when, where, why, and how questions
in a concise and engaging manner. The lead is designed to capture the reader's attention
and convey the essence of the story.
4. Body Text: The body of the news story contains the main content and details. It provides a
comprehensive account of the news event, including quotes, facts, and relevant information.
The body text is organized in paragraphs and follows the inverted pyramid structure, with
the most important details at the beginning and less critical information following.
5. Credit Line: The credit line is a line that appears at the end of the news story, giving credit to
the source of the information or data used in the article. It acknowledges the origin of the
content that the reporter has used.
6. Date Line: The date line specifies the location from which the story is reported and the date
on which it was written. It helps readers understand the geographical context and timeliness
of the news.
Differences Between By-Line, Credit Line, and Date Line:
1. By-Line:
• The by-line identifies the author or reporter responsible for writing the news story.
• It typically appears at the beginning or end of the article.
• The by-line helps readers know who wrote the article and provides accountability
for the content.
• Example: "By John Smith" or "Reported by Jane Doe."
2. Credit Line:
• The credit line acknowledges the source of information or data used in the article.
• It appears at the end of the news story, near the credits or acknowledgments.
• The credit line is used to give credit to organizations or individuals who provided
information or contributed to the article.
• Example: "Additional reporting by Associated Press" or "Data from the Department
of Health."
3. Date Line:
• The date line specifies the location where the news story is reported and the date it
was written.
• It is typically placed at the beginning of the article, following the headline.
• The date line provides the geographic context and indicates the timeliness of the
news event.
• Example: "New York, October 15, 2023" or "London, 2 hours ago."
In summary, the by-line identifies the author or reporter, the credit line acknowledges sources, and
the date line provides the location and date of the news report. These components help readers
understand the authorship, sources, and context of a news story, contributing to transparency and
credibility in journalism.

Q5. Trace the use of archives in the practice of news reporting.

Ans. Archives play a vital role in the practice of news reporting by providing journalists with access
to historical records, past news stories, and a wealth of information that can be used for research,
fact-checking, and context in contemporary news reporting. Here's how archives are used in the
field of news reporting:
1. Research and Background Information: Journalists use archives to research background
information on various topics. They can access historical news stories, reports, and
documents to gain a deeper understanding of current events or issues. This background
research helps reporters provide context and historical perspective in their articles.
2. Fact-Checking: Archives serve as valuable resources for fact-checking. Reporters can cross-
reference current information with archived records to verify the accuracy of claims,
statistics, and statements made in news stories.
3. Retrieving Historical Data: Archives are essential for retrieving historical data and statistics
that can be incorporated into news reports. This data may include economic indicators,
demographic information, or historical trends that can be used to support current news
stories.
4. Obituary and Tribute Writing: When writing obituaries or tribute pieces, journalists consult
archives to gather information about the life, accomplishments, and contributions of the
deceased. Archival records, past articles, and historical background are used to create
comprehensive obituaries.
5. In-Depth Features: For in-depth feature stories and investigative journalism, archives offer a
treasure trove of information. Journalists can delve into historical records, documents, and
old news stories to uncover hidden details and provide a comprehensive account of a
particular issue.
6. Documentary and Historical Reporting: Some news organizations produce documentary and
historical reports that rely heavily on archived material. Journalists may explore historical
archives to produce documentaries that provide insights into the past.
7. Revisiting and Updating Stories: Archives allow reporters to revisit and update previous
stories. For example, they can follow up on old investigations, assess the impact of past
policies, or reevaluate historical events in the context of current developments.
8. Comparative Analysis: Archives facilitate comparative analysis by allowing journalists to
compare past and present situations. This approach can help readers understand how
events or trends have evolved over time.
9. Obtaining Quotes and Testimonials: Archives are a source of quotes, testimonials, and
historical accounts that can be incorporated into news stories. Journalists may consult past
interviews, speeches, or written statements.
10. Legacy and Anniversary Coverage: Journalists often use archives to celebrate anniversaries,
historical events, or milestones. They can access past articles, photographs, and
commentary to commemorate significant dates or events.
11. Legal and Investigative Reporting: In legal and investigative reporting, archives may be used
to gather evidence, court records, and historical documents that support the reporting of
legal cases or investigations.
 12. Correction of Errors: Archives are invaluable in correcting errors and retractions. If a news
organization discovers an error in a previous report, they can use archives to issue
corrections or updates.
The availability of digital archives has significantly enhanced the accessibility and convenience of
these resources for journalists. Digital archives have made it easier to search for specific information
and access historical records from various sources. This has streamlined the research process and
allowed reporters to work more efficiently in the fast-paced world of news reporting.

OR
Elaborate on the principles of clear writing of news as given by Robert Gunning.
Ans. Robert Gunning, a communication consultant and writer, is known for developing the Gunning
Fog Index, a readability formula used to assess the clarity and understandability of written content,
including news articles. Gunning's principles of clear writing, as reflected in the Gunning Fog Index,
emphasize simplicity, clarity, and readability. These principles are particularly relevant in news
writing to ensure that information is easily comprehensible to a broad audience. Here are the key
principles of clear news writing according to Robert Gunning:
1. Short Sentences: Gunning recommends using short sentences to make content more
accessible and reader-friendly. Short sentences are easier to understand, and they prevent
information from becoming overly complex.
2. Short Words: The use of short and familiar words is encouraged. This enhances clarity and
ensures that the message is easily comprehensible. Avoid jargon and overly technical terms
when simpler alternatives are available.
3. Active Voice: Employ the active voice in news writing. The active voice emphasizes the
subject performing the action, which is generally more direct and easier for readers to follow
than the passive voice.
4. Direct Statements: News writing should convey information directly and concisely. Avoid
overly complex or convoluted sentences that may confuse readers.
5. Avoid Redundancy: Eliminate redundant words or phrases. Redundancy can clutter a
sentence and make it less clear. Be concise and to the point.
6. Use Specific Examples: When providing details or explanations, use specific examples and
concrete details to illustrate your points. This makes the content more relatable and
understandable.
7. Consistent Tone and Style: Maintain a consistent tone and style throughout the article.
Consistency helps readers follow the narrative and makes the content flow more smoothly.
8. Headings and Subheadings: Use clear and descriptive headings and subheadings to break up
the text and guide readers through the article. This enhances the organization and
readability of the content.
9. Avoid Ambiguity: Ensure that sentences are not ambiguous or open to multiple
interpretations. Clarity is achieved by using precise language and eliminating vagueness.
10. Punctuation and Grammar: Proper punctuation and adherence to grammatical rules are
essential. Errors in punctuation and grammar can disrupt the flow of the content and
confuse readers.
11. Engage the Reader: News writing should engage the reader by providing relevant and
interesting information. Use hooks, anecdotes, and attention-grabbing headlines to draw
readers into the story.
12. Define Acronyms and Abbreviations: If you use acronyms or abbreviations, define them
upon first use to ensure readers understand their meaning. Subsequent references can use
the abbreviation alone.
 13. Clarity Over Complexity: Opt for simplicity and clarity over complexity. News writing should
prioritize conveying the message clearly and effectively rather than showcasing elaborate
language or complex sentence structures.
14. Audience-Centered: Keep the audience in mind and write with their interests and needs in
focus. Address the "who, what, when, where, why, and how" in news stories to provide a
complete and reader-centric perspective.
15. Editing and Proofreading: Careful editing and proofreading are crucial to ensure that the
writing is error-free, concise, and coherent.
By adhering to these principles of clear writing, news reporters can make their content more
accessible and understandable to a wide readership. This not only benefits the audience but also
enhances the credibility and effectiveness of news reporting.

Q6. Do you agree that there are differences in the nature of the language used by Print, Electronic,
and Online media? Elucidate.
Ans. Yes, there are differences in the nature of the language used by print, electronic (broadcast),
and online media. Each medium has its unique characteristics and audience expectations, which
influence the language and style of communication. Here's an elucidation of these differences:
Print Media:
1. Formal Language: Print media often employs a formal and structured style of language.
Newspapers, magazines, and print publications aim to maintain a sense of authority and
credibility, which is reflected in their language.
2. In-Depth Coverage: Print media has more space for in-depth reporting, allowing for detailed
explanations and comprehensive analysis. This leads to longer articles with a focus on
context and background information.
3. Editing and Proofreading: Print media typically undergoes thorough editing and
proofreading processes to ensure the highest standards of grammar and language use.
4. Headlines and Headings: Headlines and subheadings are designed to be clear and concise,
summarizing the main points of the story. They use formal language and adhere to style
guidelines.
5. Clarity and Precision: Print media prioritizes clarity and precision in language use. Journalists
aim to convey information accurately and effectively, avoiding ambiguity and complexity.
Electronic (Broadcast) Media:
1. Conversational Style: Broadcast media, including television and radio, often use a
conversational and informal style of language. Broadcast journalists aim to communicate
with viewers and listeners in a relatable manner.
2. Soundbites: Broadcast news often includes soundbites, which are short, quotable
statements from interviews or reports. These are designed to be catchy and memorable.
3. Visual Elements: Television news, in particular, relies on visual elements to convey
information. The use of images, video clips, and graphics complements the spoken language.
4. Time Constraints: Broadcast news has limited time for each story, so language must be
concise and to the point. There's an emphasis on delivering key information quickly.
5. Scripted Narration: Television and radio news scripts are carefully crafted to be spoken
aloud. The language is designed for oral communication, with attention to pronunciation
and pacing.
Online Media:
1. Brevity and Scannability: Online media, including news websites and social media, often use
shorter sentences and paragraphs for scannability. Online readers tend to skim content.
2. Multimedia Integration: Online media frequently integrates multimedia elements, such as
videos, images, and interactive features, to complement written content.
 3. Interactivity: Online news allows for reader interaction, including comments, likes, shares,
and discussions. The language may reflect a conversational tone in response to reader
comments.
4. Hyperlinks: Online articles commonly include hyperlinks to additional resources, providing
context and background information.
5. Headlines for SEO: Online headlines often prioritize search engine optimization (SEO) to
increase discoverability. This may influence the choice of keywords and phrasing.
6. Real-Time Updates: Online media allows for real-time updates, which can result in rapid
changes to the language as stories develop.
7. Diverse Platforms: Online media includes various platforms, from traditional news websites
to social media, each with its own language conventions. Social media, for instance,
encourages brevity and hashtags.
In summary, the nature of language used in print, electronic, and online media varies due to the
unique characteristics and audience expectations of each medium. While print media emphasizes
formality and in-depth reporting, electronic media adopts a conversational style with a focus on
visuals, and online media prioritizes brevity, interactivity, and multimedia integration. The choice of
language in each medium is adapted to meet the specific demands of its audience and platform.

OR
Describe the contribution of citizen journalism to development.
Ans. Citizen journalism, also known as participatory journalism, refers to the practice of ordinary
individuals who are not professional journalists or reporters contributing to the process of news
gathering, reporting, and dissemination. It has made several significant contributions to
development in various ways:
1. Diverse Perspectives: Citizen journalism brings diverse voices and perspectives to the
forefront. It allows marginalized or underrepresented communities to share their stories and
concerns. This diversity helps in shedding light on issues that might not receive adequate
attention from mainstream media.
2. Local News Coverage: Citizen journalists often focus on hyper-local news that mainstream
media may overlook. This coverage can be crucial for local communities, helping them stay
informed about events and developments that affect their daily lives.
3. Faster Reporting of Breaking News: With the ubiquity of smartphones and social media,
citizen journalists can report on breaking news and events in real time. This rapid reporting
can be instrumental in alerting authorities and the public to emergencies or significant
events.
4. Accountability and Transparency: Citizen journalism acts as a check on power and authority.
It allows individuals to hold governments, institutions, and corporations accountable by
documenting and sharing information on wrongdoings, corruption, and abuses of power.
5. Amplifying Underreported Issues: Citizen journalists often cover issues that are
underreported or ignored by traditional media. This can include environmental concerns,
social justice issues, and human rights violations. By bringing attention to these topics, they
contribute to awareness and potential solutions.
6. Community Empowerment: Citizen journalism empowers communities by giving them a
platform to discuss, debate, and advocate for local issues. It can facilitate grassroots
organizing and community mobilization.
7. Crowdsourced Data and Research: Citizen journalists contribute to data collection and
research. For instance, they can document environmental changes, monitor elections, or
compile information on public services and infrastructure. This data can be used for policy
advocacy and decision-making.
 8. Citizen Engagement: By participating in citizen journalism, individuals become more
engaged in civic life and the issues affecting their communities. This engagement can lead to
greater community cohesion and participation in development efforts.
9. Social Change and Activism: Citizen journalism can spark social change and activism.
Exposing social injustices and advocating for change can lead to policy reforms and
improvements in various areas, such as education, healthcare, and civil rights.
10. Global Connections: Citizen journalism is not limited by geographic boundaries. It enables
global networking and collaboration among individuals with shared concerns. This can lead
to international solidarity and cooperation on global development issues.
11. Training and Skill Development: Engaging in citizen journalism provides individuals with
valuable skills in research, storytelling, digital literacy, and media production. These skills can
improve employability and educational opportunities.
12. Alternative Media: Citizen journalism contributes to the diversity of media sources. This
diversity ensures that citizens have access to a range of perspectives, countering potential
media monopolies and biases.
While citizen journalism offers numerous benefits to development, it is not without challenges.
Issues like accuracy, ethics, and credibility need to be addressed. However, when practiced
responsibly and ethically, citizen journalism can be a powerful tool for promoting social and
economic development by amplifying voices, fostering transparency, and facilitating positive change
in communities around the world.

Q7. The Internet has changed the style, pace and variety in news reporting. Do you agree? Explain
with relevant examples.
Ans. Yes, the internet has fundamentally transformed the style, pace, and variety in news reporting.
Here's an explanation with relevant examples:
1. Style:
• Diverse Writing Styles: The internet allows for a more diverse range of writing styles in news
reporting. Traditional print media often adheres to a formal and structured style, while
online news outlets can offer a mix of styles, from formal to conversational, depending on
the target audience and content. For example, while The New York Times maintains a formal
style, online platforms like BuzzFeed use a more casual and engaging tone to connect with
younger readers.
• Multimedia Integration: Online news incorporates multimedia elements, including videos,
images, interactive graphics, and live streams. This multimedia style enriches the news
experience and provides information in various formats. News websites like CNN or BBC
frequently use video reports to complement written articles, allowing readers to engage
with news in a visual and auditory manner.
2. Pace:
• Real-Time Reporting: The internet enables real-time reporting, particularly through social
media and news websites. As events unfold, news outlets can provide instant updates, live
feeds, and breaking news alerts. Twitter, for instance, has become a powerful platform for
real-time reporting, with users and news organizations providing live updates on events.
• Constant Updates: Online news platforms can continuously update stories as new
information becomes available. This is particularly evident in coverage of breaking news
events. For example, during a natural disaster or a major political development, news
websites like The Guardian or The Washington Post update their stories with the latest
information as it emerges.
3. Variety:
• Diverse Content Formats: The internet offers a wide variety of content formats beyond
traditional text-based articles. This includes podcasts, webinars, interactive data
 visualizations, and long-form multimedia features. For example, NPR's podcast "Planet
Money" delves into economic topics in an engaging and informative way.
• Global News Sources: The internet provides access to a diverse array of news sources from
around the world. People can access news articles and reports from international sources,
fostering a global perspective. Platforms like Al Jazeera English offer international news
coverage to a global audience.
• Niche News Outlets: Online news allows for the proliferation of niche news outlets and
specialized reporting. Individuals can access news on topics ranging from technology and
science to specific hobbies and interests. Websites like TechCrunch and Wired focus on
technology news, while AutoWeek specializes in automotive news.
• User-Generated Content: The internet encourages user-generated content, such as blogs
and citizen journalism. Platforms like Medium provide a space for individuals to share their
own news analysis, commentary, and personal experiences.
• Personalization: Online news platforms often offer personalized news recommendations
and content based on user preferences. For example, news aggregators like Flipboard allow
users to curate their news sources and tailor their news feeds to their interests.
In summary, the internet has revolutionized news reporting by diversifying writing styles, facilitating
real-time updates, and providing a vast array of content formats and news sources. These changes
have led to a more dynamic and engaging news ecosystem that caters to the preferences and needs
of a broad and global audience.

OR
Write notes on any two of the following:
(a) Attribution
Ans. Attribution in the context of journalism and writing refers to the practice of crediting the
original source or author of information, quotes, statistics, or ideas that are used in a news article or
any form of content. It is an essential component of responsible and ethical journalism, as it helps
maintain transparency, credibility, and integrity in reporting. Here are some key points related to
attribution:
1. Crediting Sources: Attribution involves acknowledging the sources of information that
contribute to a news story. It typically appears in the form of a citation, reference, or
mention within the text of the article.
2. Types of Attribution:
• Direct Quotes: When quoting someone directly, it's essential to attribute the quote
to the person by including their name and, if applicable, their title or affiliation.
• Indirect Quotes and Paraphrasing: Even when paraphrasing or indirectly quoting a
source, it's crucial to attribute the information to the original source.
• Data and Statistics: Any statistical data used in a news story should be attributed to
the organization, report, or study that provided the data.
• Ideas and Concepts: Attribution is not limited to direct quotes or data. If an idea or
concept originated from a specific source, it should be credited to that source.
3. Maintaining Accuracy: Attribution helps ensure the accuracy of news reporting. By crediting
sources, journalists provide readers with a way to verify the information and assess the
credibility of the story.
4. Ethical Considerations: Ethical journalism practices, including transparency and
accountability, are closely associated with attribution. Plagiarism, which involves using
someone else's work without proper attribution, is considered a breach of journalistic ethics.
5. Protection from Legal Issues: Proper attribution can also protect journalists and media
organizations from legal issues related to defamation or copyright infringement. When
information is accurately attributed, it is less likely to lead to legal disputes.
 6. Balancing Sources: Attribution helps balance the diversity of sources in news reporting. It
ensures that credit is given to the individuals, experts, or organizations that contribute to a
well-rounded and informed narrative.
7. Common Attribution Styles: Different media outlets and writing styles have specific
conventions for attribution. For example, some may use in-text citations (e.g., "According to
John Smith..."), while others may use footnotes or endnotes.
8. Placing Attribution: In news articles, attribution is typically placed near the information it
refers to, often within the same sentence or paragraph. This helps readers immediately
identify the source of the information.
9. Variations by Medium: Attribution practices may vary by medium. In print journalism,
attribution is usually more formal, while online journalism allows for hyperlinks to the
original sources, offering readers direct access to the cited material.
10. Best Practices: Journalists are expected to follow best practices for attribution, which
include clearly and accurately crediting sources, avoiding overuse of quotes, and ensuring
that all relevant information is attributed appropriately.
In summary, attribution is a fundamental aspect of responsible journalism that involves crediting the
sources of information, quotes, and ideas used in news reporting. It is integral to maintaining the
credibility and integrity of journalism while adhering to ethical standards and legal requirements.

(b) News values

Ans. News values, also known as news criteria or news factors, are the principles and criteria that
guide editors and journalists in determining what is considered newsworthy and should be included
in news coverage. These values help prioritize and select stories for publication or broadcast. News
values can vary across different media outlets, but some common news values include:
1. Timeliness: Stories that are recent or unfolding in real-time tend to be considered more
newsworthy. Timeliness is a crucial news value because news is expected to provide up-to-
date information. Events that have just occurred or are ongoing often take precedence.
2. Proximity: Stories that happen locally or have a direct impact on the audience are typically
given priority. Local news, such as community events or issues, is more likely to be
considered newsworthy than distant events.
3. Prominence: News involving well-known individuals, public figures, or celebrities is often
deemed newsworthy due to the inherent interest in such people. Stories about leaders,
politicians, or influential personalities often receive significant coverage.
4. Significance or Impact: Stories that have a substantial impact on society, the economy, or a
large number of people are considered newsworthy. Major events, policy changes, or
natural disasters fall into this category.
5. Conflict or Controversy: News values often prioritize stories involving conflict, controversy,
or confrontation. These stories tend to generate public interest and debate. Examples
include political disputes, social conflicts, or legal battles.
6. Human Interest: Human interest stories highlight the emotional or personal aspects of an
event. These stories often focus on individual experiences, triumphs, challenges, or
heartwarming moments. They engage the audience on a more personal level.
7. Novelty or Oddity: Unusual or bizarre events that deviate from the norm can capture
attention. Stories that are unique, strange, or unexpected tend to be newsworthy, even if
they are not of significant consequence.
8. Relevance: News is more likely to be considered newsworthy if it directly relates to the
interests and needs of the target audience. Relevance is a crucial factor in determining what
stories are chosen for coverage.
 9. Trends and Patterns: Stories that reveal trends, patterns, or emerging issues are often of
interest to journalists. Analyzing and explaining trends can provide valuable insights for the
audience.
10. Magnitude or Scale: Stories with a large scale or magnitude, such as disasters or global
events, are often deemed newsworthy because of their significant impact on a wide
audience.
11. Currency: Stories that align with current topics or trends may receive priority. Editors and
journalists consider the news agenda and select stories that are currently relevant.
12. Proximity to Audience Interest: News values may prioritize stories that align with the
interests and values of the audience, whether it's a specific community, demographic, or
readership.
These news values are not mutually exclusive, and news stories often encompass multiple values.
Editors and journalists use their judgment to assess the prominence of these values in determining
which stories to cover and how to present them to the public. The specific importance assigned to
each news value may vary depending on the editorial policy, target audience, and the overall
editorial approach of a media organization.

(c) Print Media in India

Ans. Print media in India has a rich and diverse history, serving as a significant medium for news
dissemination, information sharing, and public discourse. Here are some key points about the print
media landscape in India:
1. Early Beginnings: The history of print media in India dates back to the early 18th century
when the first newspapers were published. "The Bengal Gazette," published by James
Augustus Hickey, is considered India's first newspaper, which started in 1780.
2. Languages and Diversity: India's print media is incredibly diverse and multilingual. It
encompasses publications in various languages, including Hindi, English, regional languages,
and even minority languages. This linguistic diversity reflects the country's multicultural
nature.
3. Prominent Publications: Some of the prominent English-language newspapers in India
include "The Times of India," "The Hindu," "The Indian Express," and "Hindustan Times."
Hindi-language newspapers like "Dainik Jagran" and "Dainik Bhaskar" have large readerships.
4. Regional Publications: India boasts numerous regional newspapers catering to specific
states and languages. These include "Ananda Bazar Patrika" (Bengali), "Mathrubhumi"
(Malayalam), "Lokmat" (Marathi), and "Punjab Kesari" (Punjabi), among others.
5. Print Circulation: India has one of the largest print media markets in the world, with a
considerable number of newspapers and magazines in circulation. While digital media is on
the rise, print media continues to have a substantial readership.
6. Political Influence: Several newspapers have historically had political affiliations. Some
publications have been aligned with political parties, while others maintain editorial
independence.
7. Impact and Reach: Print media has played a significant role in shaping public opinion,
influencing policies, and contributing to social and political discourse in India. It remains a
trusted source of information for many.
8. Challenges: The print media industry has faced challenges due to the rise of digital media.
Advertisers and readers have increasingly shifted to online platforms, impacting the
revenues of print publications.
9. Digital Transition: Many print publications have adapted by establishing a digital presence.
Newspapers and magazines now have online editions and apps to cater to the growing
digital readership.
 10. Language Dailies: Regional language newspapers have a substantial readership, often
surpassing English-language newspapers. They cater to a wide array of local news and
regional interests.
11. Magazine Industry: India has a vibrant magazine industry that covers a wide range of topics,
including lifestyle, culture, business, politics, and entertainment. Prominent magazines
include "India Today," "Outlook," and "The Week."
12. Censorship and Freedom of the Press: India has a relatively free and vibrant press, with
editorial independence and freedom to express diverse viewpoints. However, concerns
about censorship and self-censorship have arisen at times.
13. Reader Engagement: Print media engages readers with in-depth reporting, long-form
journalism, editorials, and opinion pieces. It provides a platform for in-depth analysis and
commentary.
In summary, India's print media landscape is characterized by its linguistic diversity, regional
publications, political influence, and continued relevance despite the digital transition. It continues
to serve as a crucial source of news and information for a wide and varied readership.

(d) Objectivity in Journalism

Ans. Objectivity in journalism is a fundamental ethical principle that calls for impartiality, fairness,
and neutrality in reporting and presenting news. The concept of objectivity is essential in
maintaining the credibility and trustworthiness of news organizations and journalists. Here are some
key points related to objectivity in journalism:
1. Balanced Reporting: Objectivity requires journalists to present information in a balanced
and unbiased manner. This means providing fair and equal representation to all relevant
perspectives and sides of a story. Journalists should refrain from taking sides, showing
favoritism, or promoting their personal beliefs.
2. Verification and Accuracy: Objectivity is closely tied to the accuracy of reporting. Journalists
are expected to verify information from multiple sources to ensure that it is reliable and
factually correct. This includes checking facts, confirming quotes, and corroborating details
before publishing a story.
3. Avoiding Personal Bias: Journalists are expected to set aside their personal beliefs, opinions,
and biases when reporting on news. They should not allow their own values or judgments to
influence the way they cover or present a story.
4. Multiple Sources: Objectivity is promoted by consulting multiple sources to gather diverse
viewpoints and cross-check information. Relying on a single source can lead to a biased or
one-sided story.
5. Transparency: Maintaining transparency about sources and potential conflicts of interest is
part of objective reporting. If a journalist has any relevant relationships or financial interests
in a story, it should be disclosed to the audience.
6. Editorial Independence: Editors and newsroom leadership play a vital role in upholding
objectivity. They should avoid exerting editorial pressure that could compromise the
neutrality and fairness of a story.
7. Distinguishing News and Opinion: Objectivity requires a clear separation between news
reporting and opinion pieces. News articles should present facts and avoid interjecting
personal opinions or commentary.
8. Accountability: Journalists are accountable for their work, and if errors are made, they
should be corrected promptly and transparently. Correcting mistakes is a key aspect of
maintaining credibility and objectivity.
9. Ethical Codes and Guidelines: Many news organizations have established ethical codes and
guidelines that explicitly emphasize the importance of objectivity. These codes provide clear
standards for journalists to follow.
 10. Public Trust: Objectivity is crucial for maintaining public trust in journalism. When the
audience perceives news as biased or slanted, it erodes trust in the media and its role in
providing accurate and impartial information.
11. Challenges to Objectivity: Objectivity can face challenges in the form of political pressure,
sensationalism, and the commercial interests of media organizations. Journalists may also
grapple with unconscious biases.
12. Cultural and Societal Influences: Objectivity is not a one-size-fits-all concept. It can be
influenced by cultural and societal norms. What is considered objective in one culture or
society may differ from another.
13. The Quest for Fairness: While objectivity is an ideal, some argue that absolute objectivity is
unattainable, and the pursuit of fairness and balance may be a more realistic goal.
In summary, objectivity in journalism is the ethical commitment to fairness, neutrality, and accuracy
in reporting. It is a cornerstone of responsible journalism and is crucial for maintaining public trust in
the media. While the application of objectivity can be challenging, it remains a fundamental principle
of journalism ethics.

(e) Principles of news selection

Ans. The principles of news selection are the criteria and guidelines that editors and journalists use
to determine which stories are considered newsworthy and deserving of coverage. These principles
help prioritize news topics and shape the editorial choices made by media organizations. While
there can be variations in the application of these principles, the following are commonly
recognized criteria for news selection:
1. Timeliness: Stories that are recent or unfolding in real time are considered more
newsworthy. Timely reporting is crucial to keep the audience informed about current
events.
2. Impact: Stories that have a significant impact on society, the economy, or a large number of
people are prioritized. Major events, policy changes, and natural disasters often fall into this
category.
3. Prominence: News involving well-known individuals, public figures, or celebrities is often
deemed newsworthy due to the inherent interest in such people. Stories about leaders,
politicians, or influential personalities often receive significant coverage.
4. Proximity: Stories that happen locally or have a direct impact on the audience are typically
given priority. Local news, such as community events or issues, is more likely to be
considered newsworthy than distant events.
5. Conflict or Controversy: Stories involving conflict, controversy, or confrontation are often
prioritized. These stories tend to generate public interest and debate. Examples include
political disputes, social conflicts, or legal battles.
6. Human Interest: Human interest stories highlight the emotional or personal aspects of an
event. These stories often focus on individual experiences, triumphs, challenges, or
heartwarming moments. They engage the audience on a more personal level.
7. Novelty or Oddity: Unusual or bizarre events that deviate from the norm can capture
attention. Stories that are unique, strange, or unexpected tend to be newsworthy, even if
they are not of significant consequence.
8. Relevance: News is more likely to be considered newsworthy if it directly relates to the
interests and needs of the target audience. Relevance is a crucial factor in determining what
stories are chosen for coverage.
9. Magnitude or Scale: Stories with a large scale or magnitude, such as disasters or global
events, are often deemed newsworthy because of their significant impact on a wide
audience.
 10. Currency: Stories that align with current topics or trends may receive priority. Editors and
journalists consider the news agenda and select stories that are currently relevant.
11. Trends and Patterns: Stories that reveal trends, patterns, or emerging issues are often of
interest to journalists. Analyzing and explaining trends can provide valuable insights for the
audience.
12. Significance for the Target Audience: News organizations consider the demographics and
interests of their audience when selecting stories. Stories that resonate with the target
audience's values and concerns are prioritized.
13. Editorial Judgment: Editorial teams use their judgment to assess the significance of news
stories based on the principles mentioned above. Editors play a critical role in determining
the news agenda and deciding which stories make the final cut.
These principles guide news selection and help shape the content presented to the public. Editors
and journalists use their expertise and judgment to apply these criteria to the wide range of
potential news stories, ultimately determining which stories are given priority and coverage.

(f) Rudolf Flesch Formula of news writing

Ans. The Rudolf Flesch Formula, often referred to as the Flesch-Kincaid readability test, is a method
for assessing the readability of written content, including news articles. It was developed by Rudolf
Flesch, an author and writing consultant, and later refined by J. Peter Kincaid. The formula primarily
focuses on the complexity of the language and sentence structure in a text. Here are the key
components of the Flesch Formula of news writing:
1. Readability Assessment: The Flesch Formula assesses the readability of a text based on
factors such as sentence length and the number of syllables in words. It provides a
readability score that indicates how easy or difficult a text is to read and understand.
2. Reading Ease Score: The formula calculates a Reading Ease score, often represented as a
numerical value. This score is on a scale, with higher values indicating easier readability. The
Flesch Reading Ease score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores denoting easier texts.
3. Formula Components:
• Sentence Length: Shorter sentences contribute to higher readability. Longer,
complex sentences can lower the Reading Ease score.
• Syllables per Word: The formula considers the average number of syllables in
words. Words with fewer syllables are more reader-friendly.
• Total Words: The overall length of the text is also taken into account. Longer texts
may have lower readability scores.
4. Calculation: The Flesch Formula uses the following equation to calculate the Reading Ease
score:
Reading Ease = 206.835 - (1.015 x Average sentence length) - (84.6 x Average syllables per
word)
5. Interpretation: The calculated Reading Ease score is then interpreted to determine the
readability level of the text. For example, a score of 90-100 is considered very easy to read
(suitable for a 5th-grader), while a score of 0-30 is extremely difficult (suitable for college
graduates). News articles typically aim for a mid-range Reading Ease score to cater to a
broad audience.
6. Applicability in News Writing: In the context of news writing, the Flesch Formula can be a
useful tool for editors and journalists to assess the accessibility of their articles. It ensures
that news content is comprehensible to a wide readership.
7. Considerations: While readability is essential, it's not the only factor in news writing.
Journalists must also balance readability with the need to convey complex information
accurately and comprehensively. News articles often include a mix of straightforward
language and terminology that may be more specialized.
 8. Online Tools: Many online writing and editing tools offer Flesch-Kincaid readability scores
for texts. These tools can help journalists and writers fine-tune their articles for optimal
readability.
The Flesch Formula is a valuable tool for ensuring that news articles are clear and accessible to the
intended audience. It is particularly useful in the context of education, where readability levels are
important for ensuring that students can understand and engage with the content. However, in
journalism, it is just one of many considerations, alongside accuracy, fairness, and timeliness, in
producing high-quality news reporting.