3rd Week Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Regulating Drugs

Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH)
Course Code and Name : PHARMACOLOGY

Course Week : Week 3
Course Day and Time : Frıday 09:00-10:50
Course Credit/ACTS
Information : 2/3
Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm and Final exam
Instructor’s Name & Surname : Assist.Prof. GLORIA NNADWA ALHASSAN
E-mail & Phone: : [email protected]
Instructor’s Room : B-Block Third floor
Office Hours : 12:00
GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-12132
ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index
AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/
| 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS |
| WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES |
By the end of this week, students will be able to:
1. Learn to solve Case Scenario

2. Understand what pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are and
why they are important for nursing practice.
3. Explain how drugs can affect the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
4. Identify common medications used to regulate fluids and electrolytes.
5. Understand the nursing responsibilities when administering these
drugs.
| ABOUT THE PREVIOUS COURSE |
1. Terminologies used in Pharmacology.
2. Definition and importance of pharmaceutical forms.
3. Classification of pharmaceutical forms.
4. Routes of drug administration Factors influencing route selection.
5. Understand drug safety and effectiveness like factors affecting drug action and
adverse
drug reactions.
| DAILY FLOW |
09.00-09.50/ 1st Hour

10.00-10.50/ 2nd Hour
What is Pharmacodynamics?
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body.
It explains the mechanisms of drug action, how drugs interact with receptors or
cells to produce effects.
Example:
When a painkiller like morphine binds to pain receptors in the brain, it blocks
the sensation of pain.
| Introduction|
What is Pharmacodynamics?
Key concepts:
• Therapeutic Effect: The therapeutic effects are the intended beneficial

effects of the drug while the side effects are the unwanted effects of the
drug. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like Advil, can
help ease minor aches and pains resulting from running around too much.
That's their therapeutic effect.
• Side Effects: Undesired effects that occur alongside the therapeutic effect.
• Therapeutic Index: A measure of drug safety the wider the index, the
safer the drug, The range between an effective dose and a toxic dose
(TI=TD50 / ED50).
How Drugs Work (Mechanisms of Drug Action)?
Agonists: Drugs that bind to receptors to activate them, Agonism drugs Mimics natural substances
for example insulin for diabetes.
Antagonists: Drugs that bind but do not activate, blocking other molecules, Antagonism drugs
Blocks receptors ( beta-blockers for hypertension)
Partial Agonists: Drugs that activate receptors but produce a lesser response, Partial Agonism
drugdPartially stimulates receptors (e.g., buprenorphine)
Dose-Response Relationship: Demonstrates how drug dose affects the body’s response.
Receptors : Types and Drug-Receptor Interactions
Types of Receptors:
1. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors.
2. G-Protein Coupled Receptors.
3. Nuclear Receptors.
Example: Albuterol activates G-protein coupled receptors in

asthma treatment to open airways.
Receptors : Types and Drug-Receptor Interactions
Types of Receptors:
1. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors: Affect membrane

potential .
2. G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Initiate a

signaling cascade
Mediate many body responses . example
Adrenergic receptors.
3. Nuclear Receptors: Regulate gene expression. example steroid receptors.
Pharmacokinetics Overview of ADME
Absorption: Movement of drug from administration site to bloodstream.
• Factors Affecting Absorption: Route (oral, IV), presence of food,

drug formulation.
Distribution: Movement through tissues and role of protein binding and

lipid solubility.
• Examples: Drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier (antideprssant,

antipsycotic drugs).
Metabolism: Conversion to active/inactive forms, Role of liver enzymes, especially CYP450.
• Effect of genetic variability on drug metabolism.
Excretion: Elimination from the body.
• Primary organ: Kidneys; alternate routes (biliary, fecal).
• Example: Nursing considerations for renal-impaired patients.

Case Study on Pharmacokinetics
Case Scenario: Managing a patient with liver

cirrhosis and altered drug metabolism.
What can you do ?
 Considerations for dosage

adjustments.
 Nursing Focus: Monitoring drug
effectiveness and potential toxicity.
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Regulating Drugs|
| Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Regulating Drugs|
 Every part of your body needs water to function.
 When you are healthy, your body is able to balance the amount of water
that enters or leaves your body.
 Water is the major body component, accounting 60% of the adult body
weight.
 2/3rd of the water is with in the cells. (intracellular fluid).
 1/3rd of body water is outside the cells(extracellular fluid).

Electrolytes Overview
 Electrolytes are minerals that give off an electrical charge when they
dissolve in fluids like blood and urine.
 Your body makes electrolytes. You also get these minerals from
foods, drinks and supplements.
 Electrolytes in blood, tissue, urine and other body fluids play a

critical role in balancing body fluids.
 regulating your heart rhythm and supporting nerve and muscle

function.
What do electrolytes do?
Electrolytes perform different functions in your body:
 Sodium controls fluid levels and aids nerve and muscle function.
 Potassium supports heart, nerve and muscle functions. It also moves

nutrients into cells and waste products out of them while supporting your
metabolism.
 Calcium helps blood vessels contract and expand to stabilize blood pressure.
It also secretes hormones and enzymes (proteins) that help the nervous
system send messages.
 Chloride helps maintain healthy blood levels, blood pressure and body
fluids.
What do electrolytes do?
 Magnesium aids nerve and muscle function. It also promotes the growth of
healthy bones and teeth.
 Phosphate supports the skeletal system, as well as nerve and muscle

function.
 Bicarbonate helps balance acids and basic alkaline compounds (bases) in

blood (pH balance). Bicarbonate also helps move carbon dioxide (a waste
product) through your bloodstream.
What are the types of high electrolyte imbalances?
1. Sodium: Hypernatremia.
2. Potassium: Hyperkalemia.
3. Calcium: Hypercalcemia.
4. Chloride: Hyperchloremia.
5. Magnesium: Hypermagnesemia.
6. Phosphate: Hyperphosphatemia.
7. Bicarbonate: Alkalosis (low alkaline base).

What are the types of LOW electrolyte imbalances?
1. Sodium: Hyponatremia.
2. Potassium: Hypokalemia.
3. Calcium: Hypocalcemia.
4. Chloride: Hypochloremia.
5. Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia.
6. Phosphate: Hypophosphatemia.
7. Bicarbonate: Acidosis (high acid levels).

Causes and Risk Factors Causes:
• Kidney disease
• Dehydration
• Excessive sweating
• and certain medications.
Risk Groups: Elderly, infants, those with kidney or liver

conditions.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment: IV fluids, oral rehydration,

electrolyte supplements.
Prevention: Hydration and monitoring

in at-risk groups.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Regulating Drugs
Types of Diuretics :
Mechanism of action of diuretics :
• They act by diminishing sodium

reabsorption at different sites in the
nephron, thereby increasing urinary
sodium and water losses.
• Diuretics make your kidneys take away
your body’s extra salt and water by putting
them into your urine
• Who needs diuretics?
People who have high blood pressure or have

too much fluid collecting in their bodies need
diuretics.
Also known as water pills

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Regulating Drugs
Types of Diuretics:
1. Loop Diuretics: Inhibit sodium, potassium, and chloride

reabsorption in the Loop of Henle, leading to strong diuresis. Used in
acute conditions like acute heart failure.
2. Thiazides: Block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule,

reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure, often used in
long-term hypertension management.
3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Prevent potassium loss by acting

on the distal tubules, often combined with other diuretics to maintain
potassium levels.
Conditions Treated: Hypertension, heart failure, and edema.!!!!!!

| WHAT TO TAKE HOME? |
1. Understand what pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are and why they

are important for nursing practice.
2. Explain how drugs can affect the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
3. Identify common medications used to regulate fluids and electrolytes.
4. Understand the nursing responsibilities when administering these drugs.

| QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS |
1. How does understanding pharmacokinetics help nurses in

medication administration?
2. Why is it important to monitor electrolytes when administering

diuretics or electrolyte supplements?
| RECOMMENDED DAILY STUDIES |
Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
| REFERENCES |
1.Goodman & Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
2. Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 5th Edition by Derek G.

Waller BSc DM MBBS FRCP (Author), Anthony Sampson MA PhD
FHEA FBPhS
3. Dale's Pharmacology Condensed E-Book Book by C. P. Page and

Simon Pitchford
4. Undergraduate Pharmacology 2nd Edition by K. Mukhopadhyay

(Author)
5.Shayne CG. Introduction: drug Discovery in the 21stCentury. Drug

Discovery Handbook, Wiley Press, 2005; 1-10.
| ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK |
Week 4
Drug Metabolism, Drug Addiction and Treatment

“Victory is for those who can say "Victory is mine".
Success is for those who can begin saying "I will
succeed" and say "I have succeeded" in the end.”
― Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH)

Course Code and Name : PHARMACOLOGY

1. Learn to solve Case Scenario

2. Definition and importance of pharmaceutical forms.

3. Classification of pharmaceutical forms.

4. Routes of drug administration Factors influencing route selection.

09.00-09.50/ 1st Hour

• Therapeutic Effect: The therapeutic effects are the intended beneficial

1. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors.

2. G-Protein Coupled Receptors.

Example: Albuterol activates G-protein coupled receptors in

1. Ion Channel-Linked Receptors: Affect membrane

2. G-Protein Coupled Receptors: Initiate a

Absorption: Movement of drug from administration site to bloodstream.

• Factors Affecting Absorption: Route (oral, IV), presence of food,

Distribution: Movement through tissues and role of protein binding and

• Examples: Drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier (antideprssant,

Metabolism: Conversion to active/inactive forms, Role of liver enzymes, especially CYP450.

• Effect of genetic variability on drug metabolism.

Excretion: Elimination from the body.

• Primary organ: Kidneys; alternate routes (biliary, fecal).

• Example: Nursing considerations for renal-impaired patients.

Case Scenario: Managing a patient with liver

What can you do ?

 Considerations for dosage

 Every part of your body needs water to function.

 2/3rd of the water is with in the cells. (intracellular fluid).

 1/3rd of body water is outside the cells(extracellular fluid).

 Electrolytes in blood, tissue, urine and other body fluids play a

 regulating your heart rhythm and supporting nerve and muscle

 Potassium supports heart, nerve and muscle functions. It also moves

 Phosphate supports the skeletal system, as well as nerve and muscle

 Bicarbonate helps balance acids and basic alkaline compounds (bases) in

7. Bicarbonate: Alkalosis (low alkaline base).

7. Bicarbonate: Acidosis (high acid levels).

Risk Groups: Elderly, infants, those with kidney or liver

Treatment: IV fluids, oral rehydration,

Prevention: Hydration and monitoring

Mechanism of action of diuretics :

• They act by diminishing sodium

• Who needs diuretics?

People who have high blood pressure or have

Also known as water pills

1. Loop Diuretics: Inhibit sodium, potassium, and chloride

2. Thiazides: Block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule,

3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Prevent potassium loss by acting

Conditions Treated: Hypertension, heart failure, and edema.!!!!!!

1. Understand what pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are and why they

3. Identify common medications used to regulate fluids and electrolytes.

4. Understand the nursing responsibilities when administering these drugs.

1. How does understanding pharmacokinetics help nurses in

2. Why is it important to monitor electrolytes when administering

2. Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 5th Edition by Derek G.

3. Dale's Pharmacology Condensed E-Book Book by C. P. Page and

4. Undergraduate Pharmacology 2nd Edition by K. Mukhopadhyay

5.Shayne CG. Introduction: drug Discovery in the 21stCentury. Drug

Drug Metabolism, Drug Addiction and Treatment

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