A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
Two High-Performance Schemes of Transmit Antenna
Selection for Secure Spatial Modulation
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award to the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by

M.ASHOK KUMAR 19351A0402

D.GOPI 19351A0412

K.NAGARJUNA 19351A0434

P.SASIDHAR REDDY 19351A0458

K.VENKATA NAGA SAI KUMAR 19351A0486

Under the Esteemed guidance of

SK.MASTAN VALI B.TECH, M.TECH
Assistant Prof of ECE Department

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DR. SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUKAKINADA & An ISO 9001-2000 Certified institute)
MARKAPUR – 523316, Prakasam-(dist.), AP

(2019-2023)
 DR. SAMUEL GEORGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUKAKINADA & An ISO 9001-2000 Certified institute)
MARKAPUR – 523316, Prakasam-(dist.), AP

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the project report entitles “Two High-Performance Schemes of Transmit Antenna
Selection for Secure Spatial Modulation “ submitted by by M.ASHOK KUMAR (19351AO402),
D.GOPI (19351A0412), K.NAGARJUNA (19351A0434), P.SASIDHAR REDDY (19351A0458),
K.VENKATA NAGA SAI KUMAR (19351A0486) in partial fulfilment of award to the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during the
academic year 2019-2023.

SIGNATURE OF THE PROJECT GUIDE SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SK. MASTAN VALI B.Tech, M.Tech Y.V. ADI SATYANARAYANA B.E, M.Tech, (PhD)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR HOD OF ECE

Signature of the External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our sincere thanks to the principal DR.Y.ESWARA RAO M.Tech, (PhD) to carry
out a part of the work outside the campus and hence providing us an out most congenial
atmosphere.
We express our gratitude to the Head of the department of ECE stream Sri
.Y.V.ADI SATYANARAYANA M.Tech., (PhD) for this encouragement and valuable
guidance in bringing shape to this dissertation.
We are highly indebted to the project supervisions Sri. SK. MASTAN VALI B.Tech,
M.Tech for providing the necessary expertise whenever necessary, we express our
sincere gratitude for this constant support and valuable suggestions and without your
suggestions the successful completion of this project would not be possible.
We would like to place on record of the deep sense of gratitude to the Hon’ble
Director of college Sri. ADIMULAPU VISHAL B.Tech., PGDRDM is affiliated to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University for providing necessary facilities to carry the
concluded project work.
We would like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff who directly
/indirectly helped to us in doing this project.
With all our hearts, we would express our thankfulness deeply to our parents and
our friends for their constant love, care, words of encouraging and wisdom.

Project Associates Roll Numbers Signature

M. ASHOK KUMAR 19351A0402

D. GOPI 19351A0412

K. NAGARJUNA 19351A0434

P. SASIDHAR REDDY 19351A0458

K. VENKATA NAGA SAI KUMAR 19351A0486

 Index
Title Page No

Abstract i

Chapter-1: Introduction 1-2

Chapter-2: Literature Survey 3-4

Chapter- 3: Problem Formulation 6-8

Chapter- 4: Multi input-Multi Output 9-25

Background of Multiple Input Multiple Output

Single Input Single Output VS MIMO Channel capacity

What is Mimo

Functions of Mimo

Representation of Mimo Channels

Channel Estimation Procedure

Channel Identification Algorithm

Chapter-5: Existing System 26-27

Block Diagram Transmitting Antenna Selection

System Model

Chapter-6: Conclusion 28

References 29-30
 Abstract
In this paper, a secure spatial modulation (SM) system with artificial noise (AN)-
aided is investigated. To achieve higher secrecy rate (SR) in such a system, two high-
performance schemes of transmit antenna selection (TAS), leakage-based and
maximum secrecy rate (Max-SR), are proposed and a generalized Euclidean distance-
optimized antenna selection (EDAS) method is designed. From simulation results and
analysis, the four TAS schemes have a decreasing order: Max-SR, leakage-based,
generalized EDAS, and random (conventional), in terms of SR performance. However,
the proposed Max-SR method requires the exhaustive search to achieve the optimal SR
performance, thus its complexity is extremely high as the number of antennas tends to
medium and large scale. The proposed leakage-based method approaches the Max-SR
method with much lower complexity. Thus, it achieves a good balance between
complexity and SR performance. In terms of bit error rate (BER), their performances are
in an increasing order: random, leakage-based, Max-SR, and generalized EDAS.
Index Terms—MIMO, secure spatial modulation, transmit antenna selection, signal-to-
leakage noise ratio, artificial noise.

(i)
Two High Performance Schemes of Transmit Antenna Selection for Secure Spatial Modulation 2019-2023

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

SPATIAL MODULATION (SM) is emerging as a promising multiple-input-multiple-

output (MIMO) communication technology, which exploits both the index of activated
transmit antenna and amplitude phase modulation (APM) signal to carry messages [1],
[2]. Due to the low complexity of transmitter and receiver, SM technology is applicable
to energy-efficient scenarios. However, in such a SM system, it is very possible that the
confidential messages are intercepted by unintended receivers due to the broadcast
nature of wireless channel. How to achieve a secure transmission in SM systems is
becoming a hot research topic in wireless networks. Recently, physical layer security in
MIMO systems have been widely investigated, which exploit the uniqueness and time-
varying characteristics of channel [3]–[6] or the polarization of antenna arrays [7], [8]
to obtain secure transmission against eavesdropper. Some literature focuses on the
investigation of SM systems for secure transmission [9]–[14]. The authors in [9] derived
the secrecy mutual information with finite alphabet input and proposed a precoding
scheme to improve the secrecy rate (SR) performance for SM systems. In [13], the
authors proposed an iterative algorithm of maximizing SR to improve the SR
performance for space shift keying (SSK) systems. Both [10] and [14] projected artificial
noise (AN) onto the null-space of the desired channel to interfere unknown
eavesdropper. Via transmitting AN at transmitter [10] or full-duplex receiver [14], a
high SR approaching to the spectral efficiency (SE) was achievable. In [11] and [12], the
authors generalized precoding-aided spatial modulation (PSM) to secrecy PSM by
constructing time-varying precoder [11] or optimizing the precoder of jointly
minimizing the receive power at eavesdropper while maximizing the receive power at
desired user [12]. PSM systems utilize the indices of receive antennas to carry bit
information, which reduces the complexity of receiver. However, all transmit antennas
are activated in PSM systems, which results in the problems of inter-channel
interference (ICI) and inter-antenna synchronization (IAS). On the other hand, transmit
antenna selection (TAS) for improving the performance of SM systems was firstly
investigated in [15]. The authors of [15] proposed two TAS methods: capacity-
optimized antenna selection (COAS) and Euclidean distance-optimized antenna
selection (EDAS). The EDAS scheme showed a better bit error rate (BER) performance

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and higher complexity than COAS scheme. Therefore, some literature was intended to
reduce the computational and search complexity of the EDAS scheme [16]–[18]. To the
best of our knowledge, there is no research work concerning how to design TAS
methods for secure SM system. In this paper, we will focus on the aspect research and
make our effort to address this problem, our main contributions are summarized as
follows: 1) To reach the bound of SR, a maximum secrecy rate (Max-SR) method is
proposed with exhaustive search. In accordance with simulation results, it can achieve
the best SR performance in a large range of SNR compared to existing methods. 2) To
reduce the leakage power of the confidential messages for desired user to
eavesdropper, a leakage-based TAS method is proposed for secure SM system. Also, its
low complexity version, i.e., sorting-based solution, is presented to achieve the same SR
performance. Simulation results show that the proposed leakage-based method
provides a SR performance being close to that of the Max-SR method with far lower
complexity. 3) Finally, as a performance benchmark, we also generalize the
conventional EDAS method in non-secure SM systems and make it become a secure
EDAS for secure SM systems. Meanwhile, we analyze and compare the complexity for
the three TAS methods. The remainder is organized as follows. In Section II, we describe
secure SM system model and give a definition for its average SR. Subsequently, we
propose two TAS methods: leakage-based and Max-SR, and generalize the conventional
EDAS scheme to secure SM systems in Section III. In Section IV, numerical simulation
results are presented. Finally, we make our conclusions in Section V. Notation:
throughout the paper, matrices, vectors, and scalars are denoted by letters of bold
upper case, bold lower case, and lower case, respectively. Sign (·) −1 , and (·) H denote
inverse, and conjugate transpose, respectively. Notation E{·} stands for the expectation
operation. Matrix IN denotes the N × N identity matrix, and tr(·) denotes matrix trace

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SERVEY
Over the past few years, the popularity of smart phones, electronic tablets and video
streaming as well as the sharp rise in the number of service providers has led to an
explosive growth of data traffic in wireless networks. This increasing demand of
capacity in mobile broadband communications poses challenges for designing the next
generation of cellular networks (5G) in the near future [2]. Given this backdrop,
confidential and private transmission of data in the next generation of wireless
networks is of paramount importance. In this respect, physical layer security for 5G
wireless networks has gained significant attentions in recent years aiming for design of
reliable and secure transmission schemes [3], [4]. Unlike the traditional approaches
relying on cryptographic techniques [5], physical layer security provides secrecy by
exploiting the inherent characteristics of wireless channels. Although cryptographic
techniques employed in the upper layers of networks protect processed data securely,
physical layer security is a potential solution through the communication phase [6]
The basic model for physical layer security is the wiretap channel in which transmitted
messages to a legitimate receiver are being overheared by an eavesdropper. Wyner
demonstrated that secrecy is obtained in this setting as long as the legitimate receiver
communicates over a channel whose quality is better than the eavesdropper channel
[7]. Based on this framework, several techniques such as artificial noise generation [8],
[9] and cooperative jamming [10] were proposed for secrecy enhancement. The
extension of Wyner’s framework to MultipleInput Multiple-Output (MIMO) settings has
moreover shown a promising performance of such settings in the presence of
eavesdroppers [11]–[13]. In fact, in MIMO wiretap channels, also referred to as
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MultipleEavesdropper (MIMOME) channels, the Base
Station (BS) can focus its main transmit beam to the legitimate terminals, and thus,
reduce the information leakage to the eavesdroppers. This technique in massive MIMO
settings [14] asymptotically cancels out passive malicious terminals in the network
making these settings robust against passive eavesdropping [15]. Despite promising
characteristics of massive MIMO systems, they are known to pose high Radio Frequency
(RF)-cost and complexity. In fact, employing a separate RF chain per antenna in massive
MIMO systems imposes a burden from the implementational point of view [16]. This

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issue has introduced the antenna selection [17] along with other approaches such as
spatial modulation [18] and hybrid analog-digital precoding schemes [19], [20] as
prevalent strategies in massive MIMO. In antenna selection, only a subset of antennas is
set to be active in each coherence time. This subset is in general selected with respect to
some performance metric such as achievable transmission rate, outage probability or
bit error rate [17]. The optimal approaches to antenna selection however deal with an
exhaustive search which is not computationally feasible in practice. Alternatively,
several suboptimal, but complexity efficient, methods have been proposed in the
literature; see for example the approaches in [21]–[24]. The investigations have shown
that these suboptimal approaches do not impose a significant loss on the performance
for several MIMO settings [23], [25], [26]. In the context of massive MIMO systems,
recent studies have demonstrated that the large-system properties of these systems are
maintained even via simple antenna selection algorithms [27], [28]. In addition to
implementational complexity reduction, antenna selection was also observed to be
beneficial in MIMO systems with respect to some performance measures such as
secrecy rate [29], [30], energy efficiency [31] and effective rate [32] in some special
cases. For instance, it was shown in
[33] that single Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS), i.e., only one trannsmit antenna
being active, in a conventional MIMO setup can achieve high levels of security, especially
when the total number of transmit antennas increases. The study was later extended in
[34] to cases with multi-antenna eavesdroppers demonstrating that similar results hold
also in these settings. In [35], secure transmission in a general MIMOME channel was
investigated under single TAS. Such results were further extended in the literature for
other MIMOME settings. For example in [36], secure transmission was studied for
Nakagami-m fading channels under single TAS. The impacts of imperfect channel
estimation and antenna correlation were also investigated in [37]. The average secrecy
rate and secrecy diversity analysis for a simple single TAS scheme was moreover
studied in [38], [39]. In [40], TAS with outdated Channel State Information (CSI) was
analyzed for scenarios with single-antenna receivers. The effect of single TAS at the BS
in the presence of randomly located eavesdroppers with a fullduplex receiver was
moreover studied in [41]. In contrast to single TAS, the secrecy performance of
MIMOME channels under the multiple TAS, i.e., setting multiple transmit antennas to be
active, has not yet been addressed in the literature. In fact under multiple TAS, the

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growth in the number of transmit antennas is beneficial to both the legitimate receiver
and the eavesdropper, and therefore, its effect on the overall secrecy performance is not
clear. This paper intends to study the impact of multiple TAS in massive MIMOME
settings. Contributions and Organization We study the secrecy performance of a
MIMOME channel in which the BS employs a computationally simple TAS algorithm to
select a fixed number of transmit antennas. For this setting, the distribution of the
instantaneous secrecy rate in the large-system limit, i.e., when the number of transmit
antennas grows large, is accurately approximated. This approximation is then utilized to
investigate the secrecy performance in two different scenarios: Scenario (A) in which
the eavesdropper’s CSI is available at transmit side, and Scenario (B) in which the BS
does not know the eavesdropper’s CSI. Our investigations demonstrate that in both
scenarios, there exist cases in which the secrecy performance is optimized when the
number active antennas are less than the total number of transmit antennas. In other
words, the growth in the number of selected antennas in some cases enhances the
secrecy performance up to an optimal value; however, it becomes destructive if the
number of the active antennas surpasses this optimal value. Invoking our large-system
results, we develop a framework to derive analyti
cally this optimal value. The consistency of our approach is then confirmed through
numerical investigations. The remaining parts of this manuscript is structured as
follows: Section II describes the system model. In Section III, we conduct analyses for
large dimensions. The impacts of TAS on the secrecy performance is investigated in
Section IV where we also give some numerical results and discussions. Finally, the
concluding remarks are given in Section VI. The proofs of the main theorems are
moreover provided in the appendices. Notations: Throughout the paper, scalars, vectors
and matrices are denoted by non-bold, bold lower case, and bold upper case letters,
respectively. C represents the complex plain. The Hermitian of H is indicated with HH,
and IN is the N × N identity matrix. The determinant of H and Euclidean norm of x are
shown by |H| and kxk, respectively. ⌊ x⌉ refers to the integer with minimum Euclidean
distance from x. The binary and natural logarithm are denoted by log (·) and ln (·),
respectively, and 1{·} represents the indicator function. E {·} is the mathematical
expectation, and Q(x) and φ(x) denote the standard Q-function and the zero-mean and
unit-variance Gaussian distribution, respectively.

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CHAPTER-3
PROBLEM FORMULATION
We consider a Gaussian MIMOME wiretap setting in which the transmitter, the
legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper are equipped with multiple antennas
represented by M, Nr and Ne, respectively. The main channel, from the transmitter to
the legitimate receiver, and the eavesdropper channel, from the transmitter to the
eavesdropper, are assumed to be statistically independent and experience quasi-static
Rayleigh fading. The CSI of the both channels are considered to be available at the
receiving terminals. The transmitter is moreover assumed to know the CSI of the main
channel. In practice, the CSI is obtained at the respective terminals by performing
channel estimation which depends on the duplexing mode of the system. Massive MIMO
settings are usually considered to operate in the time division duplexing mode in which
it is sufficient to estimate the channel only in the uplink training mode due to the
channel reciprocity. More details on channel estimation in massive MIMO settings are
found in [42, Chapter 3]. Based on the availability of the eavesdropper’s CSI at the
transmitter, we consider two different scenarios in this paper: (A) The eavesdropper’s
CSI is available at the transmitter. (B) The transmitter does not know the
eavesdropper’s CSI.

Beixiong Zheng et al.“Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM with Index Modulation:

Low-Complexity Detector Design”, in this paper proposed two low-complexity detectors
derived from the SMC theory for the MIMO-OFDMIM system. The first proposed
subblock-wise detector draws samples at the subblock level, exhibiting near-optimal
performance for the MIMO-OFDMIM system. The second proposed subcarrier-wise
detector draws samples at the subcarrier level, exhibiting substantially reduced
complexity with a marginal performance loss. An effective legality examination method
has been also developed to couple with the subcarrier wise detector. Computer
simulation and numerical results have validated the outstanding performance and the
low complexity of both proposed detectors.

ErtugrulBasaret al.“Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM with Index Modulation”, A

novel scheme called MIMOOFDM with index modulation has been proposed as an
alternative multicarrier transmission technique for 5G networks. It has been shown via

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extensive computer simulations that the proposed scheme can provide significant BER
performance improvements over classical MIMO-OFDM for several different
configurations. The following points remain unsolved in this study:

i) performance analysis,

ii) the selection of optimal N and K values,

iii) diversity techniques for MIMO-OFDM-IM, and

iv) Implementation scenarios for high mobility. ErtugrulBasar et al. “On Multiple-
Input Multiple-Output OFDM with Index Modulation for Next Generation Wireless
Networks”, In this study, the recently proposed MIMO-OFDM-IM scheme has been
investigated for next generation 5G wireless networks. For the MIMO-OFDM-IM
scheme, new detector types such as ML, near-ML, simple MMSE, MMSE-LLR-OSIC
detectors have been proposed and their ABEP have been theoretically examined. It
has been shown via extensive computer simulations that MIMO-OFDM-IM scheme
provides an interesting trade-off between complexity, spectral efficiency and error
performance compared to classical MIMO-OFDM scheme and it can be considered as
a possible candidate for 5G wireless networks. The main features of MIMO-OFDM-IM
can be summarized as follows:

i) better BER performance,

ii) flexible system design with variable number of active OFDM subcarriers and

iii) better compatibility to higher MIMO setups. However, interesting topics such
as diversity methods, generalized OFDM-IM cases, high mobility
implementation and transmit antenna indices selection still remain to be
investigated for the MIMO-OFDM-IM scheme.

Ertugrul Bas¸ et al. “Performance of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM with

Index Modulation”, In this paper, proposed ML and near-ML detectors for the
recently introduced MIMO-OFDM-IM scheme to improve its error performance
compared to MMSE based detection. The ABEP upper bound of the MIMO-OFDM-IM
scheme with ML detection has been derived and it has been shown that the derived
theoretical upper bound can be used as an efficient tool to predict the BER
performance of the MIMO-OFDMIM scheme. It has been shown via computer
simulations that MIMO- FDM-IM scheme can provide significant improvements in

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BER performance over classical MIMO-OFDM using different type of detectors and
MIMO configurations.

Beixiong Zheng et al. “Low-Complexity ML Detector and Performance Analysis for

OFDM With In-Phase/Quadrature Index Modulation”, In this letter, we've planned a
low-complexity detector supported the milliliter criterion, that dispenses with a
priori data of the noise variance and also the potential realizations of the active
subcarrier indices. supported the framework of OFDM-I/Q-IM using the planned
milliliter detector, the straight line ABEP and also the actual coding gain achieved by
OFDMI/Q-IM are derived, that absolutely matches the simulation results. Moreover,
the exact coding gain including the spectral efficiency price has provided a clear
plan of a basic trade-off between the system performance and also the spectral
efficiency of OFDM-I/Q-IM by the adjustment of the quantity of active subcarriers.

Sheng Wu et al.“Low-Complexity Iterative Detection for Large-Scale Multiuser

MIMO-OFDM Systems Using Approximate Message Passing”, For the detection of
large-scale multiuser MIMO-OFDM systems, we have proposed a range of low-
complexity approximate message passing algorithms that can offer desirable
tradeoff between performance and complexity. It is verified through extensive
simulations that our proposed approximate message passing algorithms can
achieve near optimal performance with low complexity. Compared with existing
turbo detection algorithms, the proposed schemes can achieve or even outperform
the performance of some complex algorithms, such as the iterative decoding based
on STS-SD and MMSESIC. In addition, the number of iterations required to achieve
near-optimal performance is small and does not increase with the system
dimension.

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CHAPTER 4
MULTI INPUT-MULTI OUTPUT
The demand of high bit rate has increased in recent wireless communication
networks. Theories by various engineers have proven that the Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) technology has the ability to improve the problem of traffic capacity in
the wireless networks. MIMO systems can be defined as the use of multiple antennas at
both the transmitting and receiving ends of a wireless communication network. The
systems take advantage of multipath transmission paths. Although various efforts have
been made by engineers to improve the data rate, the capacity is never enough for
users. Users of mobile wireless devices like to be able to use their devices in streaming
live programs, playing more online games and streaming an online movie which
involves a high data rates. Telecommunication companies and Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) as example in Africa find it difficult to provide high data rate Internet
services to their network users, especially mobile users, due to environmental factors.
The only option to most of these companies is to provide Internet with a high data rate
wirelessly. With the limited bandwidth in space, MIMO technology will be of great
benefit to these companies in providing high data rate Internet services to their
customers. Currently cellular systems, such as the third generation (3G) cellular system,
satellite communication systems and video broadcasting systems have experienced a
great increase in capacity in the implementation of MIMO channel technology. Access
point devices such as wireless local area networks (WLAN) routers have also
experienced a great change in transmission techniques, with a few using MIMO
technology. The main goal of this project is to explain and illustrate the operation of
MIMO channel technology.

Background of Multiple Input Multiple Output:

The multiple input multiple output channel technology is aimed to increase the capacity
in the wireless communication network. With the invention of MIMO, the technology
seems to gain popularity as it is being implemented in the current commercial wireless
products and networks such as broadband wireless access systems, wireless local area
networks (WLAN), 3G networks, etc. Figure 1 shows a line of sight (LOS) antenna setup
of a MIMO system.

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The main idea behind MIMO is that, the sampled signals in spatial domain at both the
transmitter and receiver end are combined so that they form effective multiple parallel
spatial data streams which increase the data rate. The occurrence of diversity also
improves the quality that is the bit-error rate (BER) of the communication

Single Input Single Output versus MIMO channel capacity:

In communication systems, input discrete source symbols are mapped into a sequence
of channel symbols which are then transmitted through the wireless channel. The
transmission of channel symbols through the wireless channel is by nature random and
random noise is added to the channel symbols. The measure of how much information
that can be transmitted and received with minimum probability of error is called the
channel capacity. A Single Input Single Output system involves the use of one antenna
both at the transmitter and receiver end. To a telecommunications engineer, there exit a
limit at which reliable transmission of information is not possible for a given
transmission bandwidth and power. These limits where discovered by Claude Shannon
in 1948 when he established the principles of information and communication theory
on his various publications.

Shannon also established the conditions that enable the transmission of information
over a noisy channel at a given rate, for a given power of the signal and noise. These
limiting factors are the finite bandwidth and the S/N of the channel. This is because for a
communication channel to accommodate the signal spectrum, enough transmission

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bandwidth is needed otherwise there will be distortion. “The higher data rate is to be
transmitted, the shorter digital pulses must be used and the shorter digital pulses are
used for transmission, the wider bandwidth is required”. For a deterministic channel
with a bandwidth (B) with additive noise, Shannon proved that information with a rate
of r bits per second (bps) can be transmitted with a small error probability provided
that the bit rate is less than the capacity of the channel r <C . The Shannon formulae that
can be applied to determine the maximum capacity C of the channel is of the form C =
Blog[1 +Τ ] [(bits s)/H Τ]

where S/N, the signal-to-noise ratio and B the bandwidth of the transmission channel.
The above Equation informs us of how power and bandwidth are related. Assuming we
have a channel with additive noise N and that we have some freedom of choosing the
average transmission power S, to set up a reliable transmission link to send r bits per
second. From the Shannon theorem, the data rate r cannot exceed capacity C, r < C as in
equation, but we still have one degree of freedom in the choice of bandwidth B and
power S. It can be realized that, for a given signal-to-noise ratio S/N, if we wish to
double C, we have to double the bandwidth B. On the other hand, if we double C, for a
given B we have to evaluate the S/N.

WHAT IS MIMO?
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless
communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter)
and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the communications circuit
are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms
of smart antenna technology, the others being MISO (multiple input, single output)
and SIMO (single input, multiple output). In conventional wireless communications, a
single antenna is used at the source, and another single antenna is used at the
destination. In some cases, this gives rise to problems with multipath effects. When an
electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as hills, canyons,
buildings, and utility wires, the wavefronts are scattered, and thus they take many paths
to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered portions of the signal causes
problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception (picket
fencing). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can cause a
reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of two or more

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antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each antenna) at the
source and the destination, eliminates the trouble caused by multipath wave
propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect.

MIMO technology has aroused interest because of its possible applications in

digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area
networks (MANs), and mobile communications.In radio, multiple-input and multiple-
output, or MIMOis a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple
transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has
become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE
802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), WiMAX , and Long-Term-
Evolution .Morerecently,MIMOhasbeenappliedto power-line communication for 3-wire
installations as part of standard and HomePlugAV2 specification.At one time, in
wireless the term "MIMO" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter
and the receiver. In modern usage, "MIMO" specifically refers to a practical technique
for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio
channel by exploiting multipath propagation. MIMO is fundamentally different from
smart antenna techniques developed to enhance the performance of a single data signal,
such as beamforming and diversity.MIMO technology has been standardized
for wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, and 4G mobile phone networks and is
now in widespread commercial use. Greg Raleigh and V. K. Jones founded Airgo
Networks in 2001 to develop MIMO-OFDM chipsets for wireless LANs. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created a task group in late 2003 to develop
a wireless LAN standard delivering at least 100 Mbit/s of user data throughput. There
were two major competing proposals: TGn Sync was backed by companies including
Intel and Philips, and WWiSE was supported by companies including Airgo
Networks, Broadcom, and Texas Instruments. Both groups agreed that the 802.11n
standard would be based on MIMO-OFDM with 20 MHz and 40 MHz channel
options. TGn Sync, WWiSE, and a third proposal (MITMOT, backed
by Motorola and Mitsubishi) were merged to create what was called the Joint
Proposal. In 2004, Airgo became the first company to ship MIMO-OFDM
products. Qualcomm acquired AirgoNetworks in late 2006. The final 802.11n standard

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supported speeds up to 600 Mbit/s (using four simultaneous data streams) and was
published in late 2009.

Surendra Babu Mandava and ArogyaswamiPaulraj founded Beceem Communications in

2004 to produce MIMO-OFDM chipsets for WiMAX. The company was acquired by
Broadcom in 2010. Wi-MAX was developed as an alternative to cellular standards, is
based on the 802.16e standard, and uses MIMO-OFDM to deliver speeds up to 138
Mbit/s. The more advanced 802.16m standard enables download speeds up to 1
Gbit/s. A nationwide WiMAX network was built in the United States by Clearwire, a
subsidiary of Sprint-Nextel, covering 130 million points of presence (PoP) by mid-
2012. Sprint subsequently announced plans to deploy LTE (the cellular 4G standard)
covering 31 cities by mid-2013 and to shut down its Wi-MAX network by the end of
2015.

The first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004. Long term
evolution (LTE) is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s,
uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s, and quality of service parameters such as low latency. LTE
Advanced adds support for picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier channels up to
100 MHz wide. LTE has been embraced by both GSM/UMTS and CDMA operators.

The first LTE services were launched in Oslo and Stockholm by TeliaSonera in
2009. There are currently more than 360 LTE networks in 123 countries operational
with approximately 373 million connections (devices).

FUNCTIONS OF MIMO:

Precoding is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition. In more general

terms, it is considered to be all spatial processing that occurs at the transmitter. In
(single-stream) beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit
antennas with appropriate phase and gain weighting such that the signal power is
maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the
received signal gain by making signals emitted from different antennas add up
constructively and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In line-of-sight propagation,
beamforming results in a well-defined directional pattern. However, conventional
beams are not a good analogy in cellular networks, which are mainly characterized

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by multipath propagation. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit
beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive
antennas, and precoding with multiple streams is often beneficial. Note that precoding
requires knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and the
receiver.

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial

multiplexing, a high-rate signal is split into multiple lower-rate streams and each stream
is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these
signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures
and the receiver has accurate CSI, it can separate these streams into (almost) parallel
channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel
capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams
is limited by the lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial
multiplexing can be used without CSI at the transmitter, but can be combined
with precoding if CSI is available. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous
transmission to multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple access or multi-
user MIMO, in which case CSI is required at the transmitter. The scheduling of receivers
with different spatial signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the
transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial
multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time
coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near
orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple
antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there
is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding. Diversity coding can be
combined with spatial multiplexing when some channel knowledge is available at the
transmitter.Electronic beam steering with greater efficiency is a vibrant feature of a
phased array antenna, but for all the range cells, it is fixed at a specific angle. To mitigate
this problem, frequency diverse array (FDA) antenna was proposed. This study presents
a review on the development of FDA technology in radar and navigation applications.
FDA is different from a conventional phased array antenna radar in a sense that it uses a
small frequency offset across the array, which helps to generate a range, angle and time-
dependent beam pattern. This pattern assures the energy transmission towards the

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desired angle and range cell. In addition, this study also focuses the research on getting
range-angle uncoupled beam patterns along with diverse hybrid cognitive FDA design,
available in the literature, for improved radar performance. Radar systems provide an
important remote sensing capability, and are crucial to the layered sensing vision; a
concept of operation that aims to apply the right number of the right types of sensors, in
the right places, at the right times for superior battle space situational awareness. The
layered sensing vision poses a range of technical challenges, including radar, that are yet
to be addressed. To address the radar-specific design challenges, the research
community responded with waveform diversity; a relatively new field of study which
aims reduce the cost of remote sensing while improving performance. Early work
suggests that the frequency diverse array radar may be able to perform several remote
sensing missions simultaneously without sacrificing performance. With few techniques
available for modeling and characterizing the frequency diverse array, this research
aims to specify, validate and characterize a waveform diverse signal model that can be
used to model a variety of traditional and contemporary radar configurations, including
frequency diverse array radars. To meet the aim of the research, a generalized radar
array signal model is specified. A representative hardware system is built to generate
the arbitrary radar signals, then the measured and simulated signals are compared to
validate the model. Using the generalized model, expressions for the average transmit
signal power, angular resolution, and the ambiguity function are also derived. The
range, velocity and direction-of-arrival measurement accuracies for a set of signal
configurations are evaluated to determine whether the configuration improves
fundamental measurement accuracy.

The main importance of MIMO channel technique is to improve the capacity of

the channel and therefore it is important to compare the capacity of a SISO system to
MIMO system. In SISO a system, the Shannon formula in equation can be applied to
determine the capacity of the system. However, for a precise comparison, it is important
that the MIMO system is transmitting with a power the same as that of a SISO system.
Therefore if the power radiated by a SISO system is Ps (SNR), then the power radiated
from each antenna of a MIMO system with NTX transmit antennas must be Ps/N.

Hence, for a MIMO system with NTX and MRX antennas using diversity at
transmitter and receiver end, the capacity of the system can be determined by the
formula means transpose-conjugate of H and H is the M x N channel matrix. IM indicates

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the identity matrix of dimension N x M, in this case M = N =2 or more. However, since

signals transmitted over MIMO channel have to be linearly independent and orthogonal,
interference averages to zero. Hence from equation it can be seen that if the signal
power Ps and the noise level N are the same then the more multiple antennas are used
at the receiver, the more power is collected increasing the channel capacity and
bandwidth.

Representation of MIMO channel:

The first channel model to be considered in this project will be a 2 x 2 MIMO

system that is a system with 2 transmits (TX) and 2 receive (RX) antennas where
different independent data streams are transmitted from multiple antennas to multiple
receive antennas. This channel model will be extended to a 3 x 3 MIMO system and even
more to illustrate the channel characteristics in relation to the increase in the number of
antennas. The signals considered in the MIMO systems of this project are baseband
signals ignoring modulation processes and concentrating on the up and down frequency
conversion. Therefore the signals on the i-th transmit antenna will be denoted x while
the received signal on the j-th receive antenna denoted as y. Figure 2 shows the
antenna set-up and the various unknown channel coefficients.

Since the coefficient of the unknown in the channel matrix Wc and the number of
transmitted signal X is equal to the number of received signal Y, the equation can be
solved if the channel Wc is inversed which in this case a 2 x 2 matrix inversion.

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Operational principles of a MIMO system:

To derive the channel characteristics, MIMO system transmits specified and

known training signals regularly from all transmitters of the system and these
transmitted signals are received at the receiver. Based on the received signals, the
receiver calculates the characteristics of all channel paths from each transmitted
antenna to each receiving antenna. In order to prove that MIMO work, the transmitted
signal X has to be solved from the group of equations in equation below. We also assume
that the system is noise free and line of sight (LOS). Reference to figure 3 below, if the
transmitted signal is represented to be X and the received signal Y. If the channel
characteristics matrix is Wc, we may write Y=X Wc . If the channel matrix has N rows as
many as there are transmitting antennas with index i. Then transmitted signal vector is
written as X = [x1, x2,…xN] . Also if the channel matrix has M columns, as there are
receiving antennas with index j. Then the received signal vector is Y = [y1, y2,…yM].
These vectors are extended later to matrixes by inserting K samples into each column.

Channel estimation procedure:

In order to estimate the channel characteristics, we expand each transmitted and

received signals in time and write into signal matrix columns K discrete samples in time.
The signals matrixes get K rows and as many columns as we have antennas, N or M. In
general a MIMO system involves multiple antennas at the transmitting end and multiple
receivers at the receiving end. Figure 4 show a general representation of a 3 x 3 general
MIMO system.

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In order to determine the characteristic of the channel, both the transmitted signal X
and the received signal Y have to be known. If the transmitted and received signals are
of the form. If the channel transfer matrix Wc can be determine, then it means the
transmitted signals can also be determine because the received signal Y is known. We
may write the expression between these vector signals as Y = X Wc. In order to
determine the transmitted signals, the channel transfer matrix, Wc -1 have to be
inverted and then multiplied with the received signal matrix Y. X = Y Wc -1 The channel
transfer matrix that we have to solve with the help of known training signal X and the
received signal Y has the form. The channel transfer matrix is calculated periodically
with the help of the known training signals and remains constant over information
transmission time. It is then recalculated when new information is being transmitted.
The channel characteristics in equation are defined for each signal path at discrete time
instants 1,2,...K. However, we need to derive Wc and this can be derived with the help of
the transmitted signals X and the corresponding known received signals Y measured at
the receiver. Equation expresses the channel matrix Wc which do not need to be a
square matrix. Because, for example if we have a 4x4 MIMO system with 100 samples,
we do not need to have a 100x100 channel matrix. However, 5 samples can be

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transmitted from the four (4) antennas at a time. The next section explains the
procedures required in order to estimate the channel transfer matrix.

Channel identification algorithm:

To model the transfer channel a common space matrix (orthonormal basis matrix Ux) is
first generated and then used to map both the transmitted and received signals that
vary in space (multiple antennas) and in time (samples in time). This common
orthonormal basis matrix is obtained by decomposing either the transmitted signal X or
the received signal Y. Hence, MIMO channel problem can be solved using four step
approach under a condition where there is no noise (N = 0) and if the transmitted
signals are orthogonal. These steps are summarized as follows:

(1) Finding an orthonormal basis Ux of the transmitted signal matrix X using the Gram-
Schmidt procedure.

(2) In the K-dimensional signal vector space spanned by Ux, we express the N column
vectors of the transmitted signal X by the projection onto the orthogonal axes of Ux. Wx
= Ux X.

(3) In the K-dimensional signal vector space spanned by Ux, we express the M column
vectors of the received signal matrix Y by their projection onto the orthogonal axes of
Ux. Wy = Ux Y (4.2.2)

(4) Calculate the inverse or the pseudo inverse of the Fourier coefficients of the
transmitted signal Wx and find an estimate of channel transfer matrix Oc = Wx -1 Wy or
Oc = Wx + Wy.

Orthonormal basis Ux estimation:

To be able to estimate the transfer channel matrix Oc, a common space matrix is
required to map both the transmitted signal X and the received signal Y together. The
orthonormal base matrix Ux serves as the common space matrix needed to map the
transmitted signal X to the received signal Y. It is important to know that, the
orthonormal basis needed for the mapping can be derived either using the transmitted
signal X or the received signal Y. Hence, the orthonormal basis Ux of the transmitted
signal X is calculated by taking the matrix Ux obtained from the decomposition of
transmitted signal X. In linear algebra, a matrix such as the transmitted signal X can be
decomposition into the product X= Ux R where Ux is an orthogonal matrix in this case

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the orthonormal basis and R an upper triangular matrix. It should be noted that, the
format of the matrix X is K-by-N while the size of the orthonormal base matrix Ux is
always K-by-K. Gram-Schmidt procedure is one way to decompose a column rank
matrix and this procedure will be used in this project. There are also other methods of
decomposing a matrix such as QR-decomposition, LU decomposition, Cholesky
decomposition, etc. See appendix 1 for Gram-Schmidt process. Fourier coefficients of
transmitted signal Wx After determining the orthonormal basis Ux, we have to map the
known transmitted signal X to the orthonormal space matrix Ux and this is done by
calculating the generalized Fourier coefficients of the transmitted signal Wx. The
mapping of the transmitted signal X with respect to the orthonormal basis Ux is
expressed Wx = Ux X. The generalized Fourier coefficients are coefficients of any
orthogonal set of functions over which signals are split up. Therefore the generalized
Fourier coefficients of the transmitted signal Wx tell us how much each column (signal)
of the transmitted signal X contains each orthogonal column component in the
orthonormal base matrix Ux. In this case we are splitting the transmitted signal with the
help of the orthonormal basis Ux. It should be noted that the multiplication of UxUx T = I
where I is a K-by-K identity matrix and size of Wx is K-by-N.

Fourier coefficients of training (received) signal Wy The received signal Y is also

mapped to the orthonormal space matrix Ux by multiplying the received signal Y with
the orthonormal base matrix Ux. This means that we have to split the received signal Y
with the help of the orthonormal basis Ux. Hence, the calculation the Fourier coefficients
of the received signal as Wy = Ux Y Where the size of Wy is K-by-M. Transfer channel
matrix estimation Oc Finally, we derive the most favorable estimate of the channel
transfer matrix from the expression Oc = Wx -1 Wy. If the Fourier coefficient of the
transmitted signal Wx is not a square matrix then we use the expression Oc = Wx + Wy
where Wx + the pseudo inverse of Wx. This follows from the formula Y = X OcOc = X-1 Y
=Wx -1 Ux Y =Wx -1 UxUx -1Wy = Wx -1 Wy From equation again it can be seen that to
estimate the channel transfer matrix Oc, the inverse of the generalized Fourier
coefficients of the transmitted signal Wx is needed since it is a square matrix. However,
in the case where Wx is not a square matrix, the pseudo inverse of Wx is calculated. The
orthonormal basis Ux plays an important role in determining the channel
characteristics and therefore it is important to develop an algorithm to generate Ux. Not
only to generate the orthonormal basis matrix but to illustrate the entire matrixes

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required to estimate the transfer channel. Hence, Microsoft Excel is used to develop an
algorithm for Gram-Schmidt procedure to generate Ux, the Fourier coefficients of both
transmitted and received signals as well as the transfer channel. This algorithm can be
accessed from a compact disk (CD) attached to this project. The next chapter explains
with an example how to determine the orthonormal basis Ux using Gram-Schmidt
procedure by decomposing the transmitted signal X and applying this procedure to two
different scenarios. First the calculation of the orthonormal basis Ux in the case where
the transmitted signal X is a square matrix and in the second case where the transmitted
signals X is not a square matrix.

Orthonormal space concept:

Orthonormal basis is a coordination system where we can present as many dimensions

as is the maximum number of antennas of the transmitted and received signals. The
main reason why we need the orthonormal base is to have a common coordinated
system in order to combine the transmitted signal X and the received signal Y. The
number of dimension of the orthonormal base matrix depends on the maximum
number of antennas at both the transmitted and the receiver end of the MIMO system. It
does not actually matter what kind of signal (X or Y) used in generating the orthonormal
space but it is most convenient to use the transmitted training signal X which is defined
to contain linearly independent column signals. Suppose K = 3 time samples per
transmitted signal X and per received signal Y respectively of a 3 x 3 channel
transmission system were observed. Figure shows a Line of Sight (LOS) MIMO system
made up of three transmitters and three receivers.In figure 6, N = 3 transmitted signals
and M = 3 received signals, the format of the unknown channel transfer matrix Oc would
be 3 x 3. Assume that all signals are real valued and the transmitted signals and received
signals are observed as signal matrices. Then we need the orthonormal basis matrix Ux
to solve for an estimated channel transfer matrix Oc. It is easier to calculate the
orthonormal base matrix Ux of a square matrix; therefore in the next section we
estimate the channel model by calculating first the orthonormal basis matrix Ux of a
simple 2 x 2 MIMO system and then proceed to a more complex 3 x 3 MIMO system.

This section explains how to calculate the orthonormal basis Ux of a 2 x 2 MIMO system
with the help of the transmitted signal X. To demonstrate the steps in subchapter, we
will have a numerical example to explain how to generate the orthonormal basis Ux of a

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full rank square matrix using linearly independent transmitted signals in X. The Gram-
Schmidt procedure will be used in the decomposition of the transmitted signal X. See
appendix 1 for Gram-Schmidt procedure. The equation to decomposed in our
calculation is of the form X = Ux R; R = Ux -1 X. In equation the transmitted signal X is
divided into two components, Ux the orthonormal basis and R the upper triangular
matrixes. The upper triangular matrix R is calculated by first finding the inverse of the
orthonormal basis matrix Ux and multiplying it with the transmitted signal X. However,
the upper triangular matrix R will is not needed in our analysis. The next very simple
example explains how Gram Schmidt procedure can be applied to generate orthonormal
base Ux of the transmitted signal X.

The transmitted known training signals are used in modelling the transfer channel Oc as
shown in examples. Therefore it is important to estimate the channel output if the
transmitted signals are transmitted. The next example derives the received signal U in
two different scenarios. In both scenarios, the transmitted signals are the same but
different transfer channels. This will help us estimate the received signals produced by
the different transfer channels.

To further understand the operational principles of MIMO channel, we extend the same
principles listed in subchapter 4.2 to a case of a 3 x 3 MIMO system where there are
three antennas at both transmit and receive ends. Assuming three column transmitted
signals and three column received signals each are observe over K uniformly spaced
discrete time instances The channel can be estimated by first calculating the common
signal space matrix (orthonormal base matrix). In the next example, the orthonormal
base of the transmitted signal X is calculated using Gram-Schmidt procedure

Based on the Gram Schmidt process, the orthonormal basis Ux matrix is an orthogonal
matrix. The column signals of the orthonormal base Ux in equation are orthogonal and
the inner product of any pair of the column vectors result zero. The column vectors are
orthonormal and the norm of every column vector signal result value 1. To prove that
the column signals of the orthonormal base Ux are orthogonal, the inner product of
theses column signals.

The results obtained from the inner product calculations prove that the column signals
of the orthonormal base Ux are really orthogonal. It should be noted that the results

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obtained in example (5.3.2) are not exactly zero due to the rounding of values in
calculating the orthonormal basis matrix

. LARGE-SYSTEM SECRECY PERFORMANCE

The secrecy performances in Scenarios A and B are quantified via different metrics. In
Scenario A, since the BS knows the eavesdropper’s CSI, it transmits with rate Rs (S) in
each coherence time; thus, the secrecy performance is measured by the achievable
ergodic secrecy rate. When the eavesdropper’s CSI is not available at the BS, the
transmitter assumes the secrecy rate to be Ro. In this case, the secure transmission is
guaranteed as long as Rm − Re > Ro. Consequently, in Scenario B, the secrecy
performance is properly quantified by the secrecy outage capacity; see [44] for further
discussions. Based on above discussions, the performance of the setting in both
Scenarios A and B is described by statistics of Rs(S). We hence derive an accurate large-
system approximation for the distribution of Rs(S) in Theorem 1. Here by the
largesystem limit we mean M ↑ ∞. To state Theorem 1, we define the “asymmetrically
asymptotic regime of eavesdropping”. Definition 1 (asymmetrically asymptotic regime
of eavesdropping): The eavesdropper is said to overhear in the asymmetrically
asymptotic regime of eavesdropping when the number of eavesdropper’s antennas per
active antenna, defined as βe := Ne/L, reads either βe ≪ 1 or βe ≫ 1. In Definition 1, βe
≪ 1 describes scenarios in which the eavesdropper is a regular mobile terminal with
finite number of antennas. Moreover, βe ≫ 1 represents MIMOME settings with
sophisticated eavesdropping terminals such as portable stations in cellular networks. In
the sequel, we assume that the understudy setting operates in the asymmetrically
asymptotic regime of eavesdropping. However, our numerical investigations later
depict that the results are valid even when the system does not operate in this regime of
eavesdropping.

Multipair multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relayingnetworks have recently

attracted considerable attention sincethey can provide a cost-effective way of achieving
performancegains in wireless systems via coverage extension andmaintaining a uniform
quality of service. In such a systemmultiple sources simultaneously exchange
information withmultiple destinations via a shared multiple-antenna relay. Hence,
multi-user interference is the primary system bottleneck. The deployment of massive

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antenna arrays at the relay has been proposed to address this issue due to their ability
to suppress interference, provide large array and spatialmultiplexing gains, and in turn
to yield large improvements in spectral and energy efficiency. There has recently been
considerable research interest in multipair massive MIMO relaying systems. For
example, derived the ergodic rate of the system when maximum
ratiocombining/maximum ratio transmission (MRC/MRT) beamformingis employed
and showed that the energy efficiency gain scales with the number of relay antennas in
Rayleigh fading channels.
Then, extended the analysis to the Riceanfading case and obtained similar power scaling
behaviour. For full-duplex systems, analytically compared the performance of
MRC/MRT and zero-forcing reception/transmission and characterized the impact of the
number of user pairs on the spectral efficiency.All the aforementioned works are based
on the assumptionof perfect hardware. However, a large number of antennas at the
relay implies a very large deployment cost and significant energy consumption if a
separate RF chain is implemented for each antenna in order to maintain full beam
forming flexibility. In particular, the fabrication cost, chip area and power consumption
of the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and the digital-to-analog converters (DACs)
grow roughly exponentially with the number of quantization bits. Thecumulative cost
and power required to implement a relay witha very large array can be prohibitive, and
thus it is desirable to investigate the use of cheaper and more energy-efficient
components, such as low-resolution (e.g., one bit) ADCs and DACs. Fortunately, it has
been shown in that large arrays exhibit a certain resilience to RF hardware
impairmentsthat could be caused by such low-cost components.

Massive MIMO replaces costly instrument-grade 40 Watt transceivers with a

large number of low-power and possibly low-precision units. Ideally each antenna
would be contained in an inexpensive module containing all electronics, signal
processing, and a small power amplifier and as many of these modules as desired could
be assembled like Lego bricks. This represents an entirely new design philosophy for
which a low cost solution is needed. Massive MIMO will likely require new standards.
Most Massive MIMO research has focused on the physical layer. Higher layers are a
possible challenge. For example, when a new user joins the system, the base station
cannot utilize the full selectivity of the array until after the preliminary handshaking

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tasks have been completed, and the user has been assigned a pilot sequence. Massive
MIMO automatically provides great gains in radiated energy efficiency. To achieve total
energy efficiency there has to be a commensurate reduction in internal power
consumption, for which there has been little incentive in the past. Massive MIMO relies
on favourable propagationV vector-valued channels to different users grow
asymptotically orthogonal with the increasing numbers of antennas. Experiments so far
support this hypothesis but many more experiments are required. Although there is a
great deal of theoretical and simulation evidence for the vast superiority of Massive
MIMO over 4G technology, public demonstrations of Massive MIMO on a sufficiently
large scale will be required to convince many people of its potential.

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CHAPTER 5

EXISTING SYSTEM

BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSMITTING ANTENNA SELECTION

EXPECTED RESULTS

SECURE SPATIAL MODULATION

ANTENNA SELECTION AND ARTIFICIAL NOISE

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SYSTEM MODEL:
A. Secure Spatial Modulation Consider a typical secure SM system as shown in Fig. 1. In
the system, there are a transmitter (Alice) equipped with N transmit antennas, a
desired user (Bob) with Nb receive antennas, and an eavesdropper (Eve) with Ne
receive antennas, respectively. Without loss of generality, it is assumed that N is not
a power of two, thus we have to select Nt = 2 ⌊ logN 2 ⌋ ,Nt> Nb, out of N transmit
antennas for mapping the bits to the antenna index. Notice that there are total Q = (
NNt ) patterns, represented as {Ω1, · · · , ΩQ}, where Ωk denotes the antennas set of
the kth pattern. After Alice chooses one pattern from pattern set and shares it with
Bob through a low speed forward link, she activates one of Nt transmit antennas to
emit M-ary APM symbol and uses the index of activated antenna to convey spatial
bits. As a result, the SE is log2MNt bits per channel use (bpcu). Referring to the
secure SM system model in [10], the transmit baseband signal with the aid of AN can
be expressed as x = β1 √ PSensm + β2 √ PSPAN n (1) where en is the nth column of
INt for n ∈ {1, 2, · · · ,Nt}, and sm denotes the input symbol equiprobably drawn from
discrete M-ary APM constellation for m∈ {1, 2, · · · , M}. We normalize the input
symbol power to unit, i.e., E|sm| 2 = 1. In (1), matrix PAN ∈ C Nt×Nt is the AN
projection matrix, n ∼ CN (0, INt ) is the random AN vector, PS is the total transmit
power, β1, and β2 are the power allocation factors with β 2 1 + β 2 2 = 1. Here, it is
particularly noted that all selected Nt transmit antennas are used to emit AN but
only one of them transmits APM symbol. Therefore, such secure SM system
alleviates the problems of ICI and IAS compared to conventional secure MIMO
systems.

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CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have made an extensive investigation of TAS methods in
secure SM systems. Then, two high performance TAS schemes: leakage-
based and Max-SR, have been proposed to improve the SR performance,
and the EDAS method has been generalized to provide a secure
transmission. From simulation results and complexity analysis, the
proposed Max-SR is the optimal TAS scheme among the three TAS methods
in terms of SR performance while the proposed leakage-based method
achieves a SR performance near to the proposed Max-SR method with far
lower complexity. By means of BER performance, the generalized EDAS
method substantially outperforms the remaining two methods due to its
main goal to maximize minimum Euclidean distance, which makes a direct
improvement on BER performance.

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