LP_IV (STQA) Oral Questions

1. What is Software testing?

Software testing involves evaluating and verifying a software product's

functionality. Basically, it checks whether the software product matches anticipated
requirements and makes sure it is defect-free. It can be said that testing enhances
the quality of the product by preventing bugs, reducing development costs, and
reducing performance issues.

2. What are the different types of testing?

You can test the software in many different ways. Some types of testing are
conducted by software developers and some by specialized quality assurance staff.
Here are a few different kinds of software testing, along with a brief description of
each.

Type Description
A programmatic test that tests the internal working of a unit of
Unit Testing
code, such as a method or a function.
Integration Ensures that multiple components of systems work as expected
Testing when they are combined to produce a result.
Regression Ensures that existing features/functionality that used to work are not
Testing broken due to new code changes.
Complete end-to-end testing is done on the complete software to
System Testing
make sure the whole system works as expected.
Type Description
A quick test performed to ensure that the software works at the
most basic level and doesn’t crash when it’s started. Its name
Smoke Testing
originates from the hardware testing where you just plug the device
and see if smoke comes out.
Ensures that the software performs according to the user’s
Performance
expectations by checking the response time and throughput under
Testing
specific load and environment.
User- Ensures the software meets the requirements of the clients or users.
Acceptance This is typically the last step before the software is live, i.e. it goes to
Testing production.
Ensures that the performance of the software doesn’t degrade when
the load increases. In stress testing, the tester subjects the software
Stress Testing
under heavy loads, such as a high number of requests or stringent
memory conditions to verify if it works well.
Measures how usable the software is. This is typically performed
Usability
with a sample set of end-users, who use the software and provide
Testing
feedback on how easy or complicated it is to use the software.
Now more important than ever. Security testing tries to break a
Security software’s security checks, to gain access to confidential data.
Testing Security testing is crucial for web-based applications or any
applications that involve money.

3. What are the principles of software testing?

Software testing is governed by seven principles:

 Absence of errors fallacy: Even if the software is 99% bug-free, it is

unusable if it does not conform to the user's requirements. Software needs
to be bug-free 99% of the time, and it must also meet all customer
requirements.
 Testing shows the presence of errors: Testing can verify the presence of
defects in software, but it cannot guarantee that the software is defect-free.
Testing can minimize the number of defects, but it can't remove them all.
 Exhaustive testing is not possible: The software cannot be tested
exhaustively, which means all possible test cases cannot be covered. Testing
can only be done with a select few test cases, and it's assumed that the
software will produce the right output in all cases. Taking the software
through every test case will cost more, take more effort, etc., which makes it
impractical.
  Defect clustering: The majority of defects are typically found in a small
number of modules in a project. According to the Pareto Principle, 80% of
software defects arise from 20% of modules.
 Pesticide Paradox: It is impossible to find new bugs by re-running the same
test cases over and over again. Thus, updating or adding new test cases is
necessary in order to find new bugs.
 Early testing: Early testing is crucial to finding the defect in the software. In
the early stages of SDLC, defects will be detected more easily and at a lower
cost. Software testing should start at the initial phase of software
development, which is the requirement analysis phase.
 Testing is context-dependent: The testing approach varies depending on
the software development context. Software needs to be tested differently
depending on its type. For instance, an ed-tech site is tested differently than
an Android app.

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4. What is regression testing in software testing?

The dictionary definition of regression is the act of going back to a previous place
or state. In software, regression implies that a feature that used to work suddenly
stopped working after a developer added a new code or functionality to the
software.

Regression problems are pervasive in the software industry, as new features are
getting added all the time. Developers don't build these features in isolation,
separate from the existing code. Instead, the new code interacts with the legacy
code and modifies it in various ways, introducing side effects, whether intended or
not.

As a result, there is always a chance that introducing new changes may negatively
impact a working feature. It's important to keep in mind that even a small change
has the potential to cause regression.

Regression testing helps ensure that the new code or modifications to the existing
code don't break the present behaviour. It allows the tester to verify that the new
code plays well with the legacy code.

5. What is exploratory testing?

Imagine a tourist in a foreign city. There are two ways in which they can explore the
city.

 Follow a map, itinerary, or a list of places they should visit

 Explore randomly, following the streets as they lead them to new places

With the first approach, the tourist follows a predetermined plan and executes it.
Though they may visit famous spots, they might miss out on hidden, more exciting
places in the city. With the second approach, the tourist wanders around the city
and might encounter strange and exotic places that the itinerary would have
missed.

Both approaches have their pros and cons.

A tester is similar to a tourist when they are testing software. They can follow a
strict set of test cases and test the software according to them, with the provided
inputs and outputs, or they can explore the software.

When a tester doesn't use the test scripts or a predefined test plan and randomly
tests the software, it is called exploratory testing. As the name suggests, the tester
is exploring the software as an end-user would. It's a form of black-box testing.

In exploratory testing, the tester interacts with the software in whatever manner
they want and follows the software's instructions to navigate various paths and
functionality. They don't have a strict plan at hand.

Exploratory testing primarily focuses on behavioural testing. It is effective for

getting familiar with new software features. It also provides a high-level overview of
the system that helps evaluate and quickly learn the software.

Though it seems random, exploratory testing can be powerful in an experienced

and skilled tester's hands. As it's performed without any preconceived notions of
what software should and shouldn't do, it allows greater flexibility for the tester to
discover hidden paths and problems along those paths.

6. What is end-to-end testing?

End to End testing is the process of testing a software system from start to finish.
The tester tests the software just like an end-user would. For example, to test a
desktop software, the tester would install the software as the user would, open it,
use the application as intended, and verify the behavior. Same for a web
application.
There is an important difference between end-to-end testing vs. other forms of
testing that are more isolated, such as unit testing. In end-to-end testing, the
software is tested along with all its dependencies and integrations, such as
databases, networks, file systems, and other external services.

7. What is unit testing?

Unit testing is the process of testing a single unit of code in an isolated manner.
The unit of code can be a method, a class, or a module. Unit testing aims to focus
on the smallest building blocks of code to get confidence to combine them later to
produce fully functioning software.

A unit test invokes the code and verifies the result with the expected result. If the
expected and actual outcomes match, then the unit test passes. Otherwise, it fails.

A good unit test has the following characteristics:

1. It should test a single piece of functionality.

2. It is fully automated and repeatable.
3. It should run quickly and provide immediate feedback.
4. It should be isolated and shouldn’t interact with external dependencies such
as network, database, or file system unless needed. You can use the mocking
technique to simulate the external dependencies and isolate the code under
test.

8. What is an API?

API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is a means of communication

between two software components. An API abstracts the internal workings and
complexity of a software program and allows the user of that API to solely focus on
the inputs and outputs required to use it.
When building software, developers rarely write software from scratch and make
use of other third-party libraries. An API allows two software components to talk to
each other by providing an interface that they can understand.

Another use of an API is to provide data required by an application. Let's say you
are building a weather application that displays the temperature. Instead of
building the technology to collect the temperature yourself, you'd access the API
provided by the meteorological institute.

9. What is a test environment?

A test environment consists of a server/computer on which a tester runs their tests.

It is different from a development machine and tries to represent the actual
hardware on which the software will run; once it’s in production.

Whenever a new build of the software is released, the tester updates the test
environment with the latest build and runs the regression tests suite. Once it
passes, the tester moves on to testing new functionality.

10. Explain how does a test coverage tool work?

When software is being tested, the code coverage measures how much of the
program's source code is covered by the test plan. Code coverage testing runs in
parallel with actual product testing. Using the code coverage tool, you can monitor
the execution of statements in your source code. A complete report of the pending
statements, along with the coverage percentage, is provided at the end of the final
testing.
11. Can you describe the different types of test coverage techniques?

Among the different types of test coverage techniques are:

 Statement/Block Coverage: Measures how many statements in the source

code have been successfully executed and tested.
 Decision/Branch Coverage: This metric measures how many decision
control structures were successfully executed and tested.
 Path Coverage: This ensures that the tests are conducted on every possible
route through a section of the code.
 Function coverage: It measures how many functions in the source code
have been executed and tested at least once.

12. Explain black-box testing, white-box testing, and grey-box

testing.

 Black-box testing in software testing: In black-box testing, the system is

tested only in terms of its external behaviour; it does not consider how the
software functions on the inside. This is the only limitation of the black-box
test. It is used in Acceptance Testing and System Testing.
 White-box testing in software testing: A white-box test is a method of
testing a program that takes into account its internal workings as part of its
review. It is used in integration testing and unit testing.
 Grey-box testing in software testing: A Gray Box Testing technique can be
characterized as a combination of a black box as well as a white box testing
technique used in the software testing process. Using this technique, you can
test a software product or application with a partial understanding of its
internal structure.

13. Is Automation testing in agile methodology useful?

It is extremely beneficial to use automation testing when using the agile model in
software testing. It helps in achieving maximum test coverage in a lesser time of the
sprint.

14. Explain test scenarios, test scripts, and test cases in software
testing.

 Test Case: Test Cases are a series of actions executed during software
development to verify a particular feature or function. A test case consists of
test steps, test data, preconditions, and postconditions designed to verify a
specific requirement.
  Test Scenario: Usually, a test scenario consists of a set of test cases covering
the end-to-end functionality of a software application. A test scenario
provides a high-level overview of what needs to be tested.
 Test Scripts: When it comes to software testing, a test script refers to the set
of instructions that will be followed in order to verify that the system under
test performs as expected. The document outlines each step to be taken and
the expected results.

15. What is a bug in software testing?

A software bug is an error in the software that produces wrong results. A software
tester tests the software to find bugs in it.

There are many causes for the bugs—for example, poor design, sloppy
programming, lack of version control, or miscommunication. Throughout
development, developers introduce hundreds or thousands of bugs in the system.
The goal of the tester is to uncover those bugs.

You can find a bug in many different ways, regardless of your role. When building
the software, the software developer might notice the bug in another module,
written by another developer or by themselves. The tester actively tries to find the
bugs as part of a routine testing process. Finally, the users could see the bugs when
the software is in production.

All bugs, no matter how they are found, are recorded into a bug-tracking system. A
triage team triages the bugs and assigns a priority to the bug, and assigns the bug
to a software developer to fix it. Once the developer resolves the problem, they
check in the code and mark that bug as ready for testing. Once a bug is ready for
testing, it goes to the tester, who tests the software to verify if it’s indeed fixed. If it
is, then it’s closed. If not, they assign it to the same developer with a description of
the exact steps to reproduce the bug. Some examples of popular bug-tracking
systems include BugZilla, FogBugz, etc.

Trivia:

The first software bug was discovered by Admiral Grace Hopper, on September 9,
1947. After they opened a malfunctioning piece of hardware, they found an insect
stuck in the relay. Image Source: Link
First Software Bug

16. State the difference between bugs and errors

Bugs and errors differ in the following ways:

Bugs Errors
Software bugs are defects, which occur
Errors in code are caused by problems with
when the software or an application
the code, which means that the developer
does not work as intended. A bug
could have misunderstood the requirement
occurs when there is a coding error,
or the requirement was not defined
which causes the program to
correctly, leading to a mistake.
malfunction.
Errors are raised by test engineers and
The bug is submitted by the testers.
developers.
Syntactic error, error handling error, error
Logic bugs, resource bugs, and handling error, user interface error, flow
algorithmic bugs are types of bugs. control error, calculation error, and testing
error are types of errors.
Bugs Errors
The software is detected before it is The error occurs when the code is unable
deployed in production. to be compiled.

17. What is a Test Plan? What does it include?

A test plan is basically a dynamic document monitored and controlled by the

testing manager. The success of a testing project totally depends upon a well-
written test plan document that describes software testing scope and activities. It
basically serves as a blueprint that outlines the what, when, how, and more of the
entire test process.

A test plan must include the following details:

 Test Strategy
 Test Objective
 Test Scope
 Reason for Testing
 Exit/Suspension Criteria
 Resource Planning
 Test Deliverables.

18. What is a Test Report? What does it include?

Test report is basically a document that includes a total summary of testing
objectives, activities, and results. It is very much required to reflect testing results
and gives an opportunity to estimate testing results quickly. It helps us to decide
whether the product is ready for release or not. It also helps us determine the
current status of the project and the quality of the product. A test report must
include the following details:

 Test Objective
 Project Information
 Defect
 Test Summary

19. What do you mean by Test Deliverables?

Test deliverables, also known as test artifacts, are basically a list of all of the
documents, tools, and other components that are given to the stakeholders of a
software project during the SDLC. Test deliverables are maintained and developed
in support of the test. At every phase of SDLC, there are different deliverables as
given below:

Before Testing Phase

 Test plans document.

 Test cases documents
 Test Design specifications.

During Testing Phase

 Test Scripts
 Simulators.
 Test Data
 Test Traceability Matrix
 Error logs and execution logs

After testing Phase

 Test Results/reports
 Defect Report
  Installation/ Test procedures guidelines
 Release notes

20. What are different categories of debugging?

Different categories of debugging include:

 Brute force debugging

 Backtracking
 Cause elimination
 Program slicing
 Fault tree analysis

21. Write some common mistakes that lead to major issues.

Some common mistakes include:

 Poor Scheduling
 Underestimating
 Ignoring small issues
 Not following the exact process
 Improper resource allocation

22. What is a user story?

All software has a target user. A user story describes the user's motivations and
what they are trying to accomplish by using the software. Finally, it shows how the
user uses the application. It ignores the design and implementation details.

A user story aims to focus on the value provided to the end-user instead of the
exact inputs they might enter and the expected output.

In a user story, the tester creates user personas with real names and characteristics
and tries to simulate a real-life interaction with the software. A user story often
helps fish out hidden problems that are often not revealed by more formal testing
processes.

23. List some of the popular software testing tools/frameworks,

providing a brief description of each.

1. Selenium: a web browser automation tool that automates the test suites you
need to run on a web browser.
 2. Protractor: An end-to-end test framework for Angular and AngularJS
applications. Protractor runs tests against your application running in a real
browser, interacting with it as a user would.
3. Cypress: A modern front-end testing tool built for the modern web. Though
it’s similar to Selenium and Protractor, it’s architecturally different from them.
4. Jasmine: This is an open-source JavaScript testing framework that allows you
to write behaviour-driven tests.
5. JUnit and NUnit: These are unit testing frameworks for Java and C#
programming languages, respectively.

24. What is A/B testing?

A/B testing is the process of testing two or more different versions of your software
with users to assess which performs better. It is a low-risk way of testing variations
of a new or existing functionality.

You can choose a part of your users to use feature A. The other group uses feature
B. Then user feedback and response are evaluated using statistical testing to decide
the final version of the feature.

Typically, A/B testing is used to test the user experience of different interfaces. This
allows the team to quickly gather feedback and test their initial hypothesis.

25. What is defects in software testing?

The term defect refers to a system error that prevents the intended action from
being accomplished. Testing is most important when it comes to finding defects.
Testing needs to begin early in the development process since defects can be
found throughout. As shown in the following figure, defects are divided into three
main categories:

 Wrong: It implies incorrect implementation of requirements. There is a

variance between the specifications and what was expected, resulting in this
defect.
 Missing: This indicates that a specification has not been implemented, or a
requirement of the customer has not been properly noted.
 Extra: In this case, the defect is caused by a requirement incorporated into
the product that was not provided by the end-user.

26. What is spice in software testing?

SPICE stands for Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination. In

the field of software development processes, SPICE is a standard framework for
assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of the development process. IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission) and ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) jointly developed SPICE.

27. What do you mean by latent defect and masked defect?

 Latent Defect: Latent defects are defects that exist but have not yet been
invoked because the conditions required to invoke them have not been met.
As a systematic flaw, it encompasses the entire production process of the
software, including all pre-production testing and extended testing. When
users perform a particular task in an unusual or rare situation or without the
presence of usual scenarios, latent defects are revealed.
 Masked Defect: These are the defects that have not yet resulted in a failure
since another defect hides that portion of the code from being executed. It
can only be discovered when the defect hiding it is exposed by the user
through a specific operation. There are defects that are hidden or marked by
another defect and remain hidden until the other defect is detected.

28. Can you explain sanity testing in software testing?

The term 'sanity testing' refers to a subset of regression testing. The sanity testing
ensures that the changes made to the code do not adversely affect the system's
performance. After the software build is received, a sanity test is conducted to
ensure that the changes made to the code are working correctly. As a checkpoint,
this testing is used to determine whether the build can proceed with further testing.
Sanity testing focuses on validating the functionality of the application rather than
detailed testing.

Features

 It focuses on a smaller section of the application and is a subset of

regression testing.
 The process is undocumented.
 Sanity testing is often unscripted.
 In this approach, limited functionalities are deeply tested.
 A tester is usually responsible for performing this task.

29. What is the purpose of TestNG?

The TestNG framework for Java is an open-source advanced test automation

framework that is designed to benefit both testers and developers. The purpose of
TestNG is to provide an easy-to-use, readable, structured, maintainable, and user-
friendly environment for automated tests. NG stands for 'Next Generation' in
TestNG. The high-end annotations, such as data providers, make cross-browser
testing easier since you can test across multiple devices and browsers. Furthermore,
the framework has an inbuilt mechanism for handling exceptions that prevent the
program from terminating unexpectedly.

30. Is it possible to skip a method or a code block in TestNG?

Yes, you can skip a particular test method or code by setting the 'enabled'
parameter to ‘false’ in test annotations.

@Test(enabled = false).

31. What is the best way to set priority for test cases in TestNG?

Prioritizing the order of your test methods can be accomplished by defining a

priority order. Consequently, the test will execute in accordance with the priority
set.

Syntax: @Test(priority=2)

Example: The following code demonstrates how to set the priority of a test case in
TestNG.

package TestNG;
import org.testng.annotations.*;
public class SettingPriority {
@Test(priority=0)
public void scalermethod1() {
}
@Test(priority=1)
public void scalermethod2() {
}
@Test(priority=2)
public void scalermethod3() {
}
}

Test Execution Sequence:

ScalerMethod1
ScalerMethod2
ScalerMethod3

32. What is Object Repository?

Object Repository is a collection of web elements and their locators that belong to
the Application Under Test (AUT). The QAs maintain all element locators in a
separate file known as the property file (. properties) in Selenium. During execution,
it serves as a means of identifying objects between the test script and the
application.

33. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?

The following steps can assist in resolving issues during testing:

 Record: Keep track of any problems that arise and resolve them.
 Report: Inform higher-level managers of the issues.
 Control: Establish a process for managing issues.

34. What qualities a software tester should have?

Any software tester's goal is to find out as many bugs and problems in the system
so that the customers don't have to. Hence, a good software tester should have a
keen eye for detail. They should know the ins and outs of the software they are
testing and push every aspect of the software to its limits, to identify bugs that are
hard to find with the software's regular use.

Having the domain knowledge of the application is essential. If a tester doesn't

understand the specific problems the software is trying to solve, they won't be able
to test it thoroughly.

A good tester should keep the end-user in mind when they are testing. Having
empathy with the end-user helps the tester ensure that the software is accessible
and usable. Simultaneously, the tester should possess basic programming skills to
think from a developer's perspective, which allows them to notice common
programming errors such as null-references, out-of-memory errors, etc.

Communication, both written and verbal, is an essential skill for a tester. A tester
will frequently have to interact with both the developers and the management.
They should be able to explain the bugs and problems found during testing to the
developers. For each bug found, a good tester should provide a detailed bug report
consisting of all the information a developer would need to fix that problem. They
should be able to make a good case to the management if they are uncomfortable
releasing the software if it contains unresolved issues.

Software Testing Interview Questions for

Experienced
35. Explain boundary value analysis in software testing.

BVA (Boundary Value Analysis) is a black box software testing technique that uses
boundary values to create test cases. Input values near the boundary have a higher
probability of error, so BVA is used to test boundary values. BVA includes values at
the boundaries in the test cases. If the input falls within the boundary range, then
the test is positive; if it falls outside, then it is negative. There are several types of
values, including maximum or minimum, inside or outside edge, and typical or error
values.

36. Explain the role of testing in software development?

Software testing comes into play at different times in different software

development methodologies. There are two main methodologies in software
development, namely Waterfall and Agile.

In a traditional waterfall software development model, requirements are gathered

first. Then a specification document is created based on the document, which drives
the design and development of the software. Finally, the testers conduct the testing
at the end of the software development life cycle once the complete software
system is built.
Waterfall Software Development Model

An agile software development model works in small iterations. You test the
software in parallel as it is getting built. The developers build a small functionality
according to the requirements. The testers test it and get customer feedback, which
drives future development.
37. How much testing is sufficient? Or, is it possible to do exhaustive
testing of the software?

It is impossible to exhaustively test software or prove the absence of errors, no

matter how specific your test strategy is.

An extensive test that finds hundreds of errors doesn’t imply that it has discovered
them all. There could be many more errors that the test might have missed. The
absence of errors doesn’t mean there are no errors, and the software is perfect. It
could easily mean ineffective or incomplete tests. To prove that a program works,
you’d have to test all possible inputs and their combinations.

Consider a simple program that takes a string as an input that is ten characters
long. To test it with each possible input, you’d have to enter 2610 names, which is
impossible. Since exhaustive testing is not practical, your best strategy as a tester is
to pick the test cases that are most likely to find errors. Testing is sufficient when
you have enough confidence to release the software and assume it will work as
expected.

38. Why developers shouldn’t test the software they wrote?

Developers make poor testers. Here are some reasons why:

 They try to test the code to make sure that it works, rather than testing all
the ways in which it doesn't work.
 Since they wrote it themselves, developers tend to be very optimistic about
the software and don't have the correct attitude needed for testing: to break
software.
 Developers skip the more sophisticated tests that an experienced tester
would perform to break the software. They follow the happy path to execute
the code from start to finish with proper inputs, often not enough to get the
confidence to ship software in production.

However, it doesn't mean that developers shouldn't test the software before
sending it to the tester. Developer testing helps find many bugs that are caused by
programming errors. These are hard to find for a tester because they don't always
have access to the source code.

39. What is SDLC in software testing?

In short, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) enables the development of high-
quality, low-cost software with the shortest possible development time. A major
objective of the SDLC is to produce high-quality software that meets and exceeds
the expectations of customers. SDLC provides a detailed plan with a series of
stages, or phases, that encompass their own processes and deliverables. By
adhering to the SDLC, developers can enhance the speed of their projects and
minimize risks and costs.

40. What is the software testing life cycle?

Similar to software development, testing has its life cycle. During the testing, a
tester goes through the following activities.
1. Understand the requirements: Before testing software or a feature, the
tester must first understand what it is supposed to do. If they don’t know
how the software is supposed to work, they can’t test it effectively.
2. Test Planning and Case Development: Once the tester has a clear
understanding of the requirements, they can create a test plan. It includes
the scope of testing, i.e., part of software under test and objectives for
testing. Various activities are involved in planning the test, such as creating
documentation, estimating the time and efforts involved, deciding the tools
and platforms, and the individuals who will be conducting the tests.
3. Prepare a test environment: The development happens in a development
environment, i.e., on a developer’s computer that might not represent the
actual environment that the software will run in production. A tester
prepares an environment with the test data that mimics the end user’s
environment. It assists with realistic testing of the software.
4. Generate the test data: Though it is impossible to do exhaustive testing of
the software, the tester tries to use realistic test data to give them the
confidence that the software will survive the real world if it passes the tests.
5. Test Execution: Once the tester has a complete understanding of the
software and has a test environment set up with the test data, they execute
the test. Here, execution means that the tester runs the software or the
feature under test and verifies the output with the expected outcome.
6. Test Closure: At the end of the test execution, there can be two possible
outcomes. First, the tester finds a bug in the part of the software under test.
In this case, they create a test record/bug report. Second, the software works
as expected. Both these events indicate the end of the test cycle.
41. What is functional testing?

Functional testing is a form of black-box testing. As the name suggests, it focuses

on the software's functional requirements rather than its internal implementation. A
functional requirement refers to required behavior in the system, in terms of its
input and output.

It validates the software against the functional requirements or the specification,

ignoring the non-functional attributes such as performance, usability, and reliability.

Functional testing aims to answer the following questions, in particular:

 Does the software fulfill its functional requirements?

 Does it solve its intended users' problems?

42. What is non-functional testing?

Non-functional testing tests the system's non-functional requirements, which refer

to an attribute or quality of the system explicitly requested by the client. These
include performance, security, scalability, and usability.

Non-functional testing comes after functional testing. It tests the general

characteristics unrelated to the functional requirements of the software. Non-
functional testing ensures that the software is secure, scalable, high-performance,
and won't crash under heavy load.

43. What is a bug report?

During testing, a tester records their observations, findings, and other information
useful to the developers or the management. All this data belongs to a test record,
also called a bug report.

A detailed bug report is an important artifact produced during testing. It helps the
team members with:

 Understand the problem,

 Steps to reproduce the problem,
 The environment and the specific conditions under which it happens, and
 The resolution if/when the developers fix the problem.

Here are a few bits of information that a good bug report should contain. Image
Source: Bugzilla
Field Description
Title A short headline that summarizes the problem. It shouldn’t be too
long but just to give just the right information to the reader. It should
be specific and accurate.
Description The description should answer all the questions that are not
explained by the title. It contains a detailed summary of the bug, its
severity, and impact, steps to reproduce, expected results vs. the
actual output.
Version A lot of time can be wasted in trying to reproduce a bug in the
wrong version of the product. Knowing the exact product version or
the build number on which this bug was found is very useful to the
developer in reproducing the bug.
Status At any point, a bug can be either ‘Active’, ‘Ready for Testing’, or
‘Closed’. A bug becomes active when it is found, is ready for testing
once the developer fixes it. A tester can mark it closed if the
developer fixed it, or active if not.
Steps to Though the steps to reproduce the problem can be provided in the
Reproduce description, sometimes having a distinct field force the tester to think
about them. They include each step one must take to successfully
reproduce the problem.
Assigned To Name of the developer or the tester to whom this bug is assigned.
Resolution When a developer fixes the bug, they should include the cause for
the bug and its resolution. It helps the team in the future when a
similar bug resurfaces.