I M.

Sc Mathematics
Ordinary Differential Equations -21-1PMS03
UNIT I
PART-A
1. In general, second order linear non-homogeneous differential equation
is_____
(a)y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=R(x) (b) y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=R(x)
(c) y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=0 (d) y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=0
2. If two functions f(x) and g(x) are defined on [a,b] and have the property that
one is a constant multiple of other then they are said to be _____ on [a,b]
(a)Linear (b)Non-Linear
(c)Linearly independent (d)Linearly dependent
3. The two independent solutions of y-3y+2y=0 are _____
(a)ex & e2x (b) sinx & cosx c)sin2x & cos3x d) e-x & e2x
4.If y1 =1, y2=log x are the solutions of the equation xy+y=0 then the
general solution is ____
(a)y=c1x2+c2logx (b) y=c1+c2logx
2
(c)y=c1logx +c2 (d)y=c1log x2 +c2log x
5. The general solution of x2 y-2xy+2 y =0 is _____
(a) y=c1x+c2 (b)y=c1x+c2x2
(c)y=c1ex +c2 e2x (d) y=c1+c2logx
6. The general solution of y+y=0 is ______
(a) y=c1ex +c2 e2x (b)y=c1+c2logx
(c)y=c1sinx+c2cosx (d)y=c1+c2x
7. The general solution of y+y=0 is ______
(a)y=c1ex +c2 e2x (b)y=c1+c2 e-x
(c)y=c1+c2 ex (d)y=c1ex +c2x
8.For y=c1sinx+c2cosx,W(y1,y2) is______
(a)0 b)1 c)-1 d)2
9.By eliminating constants c1& c2 the differential equation of y=c1x+c2x-1
is____
(a) x2y-xy-y=0 (b)x2 y+xy+y=0
(c)x2 y-xy+y=0 (d) x2y-2xy+y=0
10.The general solution of x2 y-x(x+2)y+(x+2) y =0 is _____
(a)y=c1x+c2 eX (b)y=c1x+c2 xex
(c)y=c1x +c2 x2 (d)y=c1+c2x
11. The differential equation of y=c1x +c2 x2by eliminating c1& c2 is ________
(a) x2 y-xy- y =0 (b) x2 y+xy- y =0
(c) x2 y-2xy+2 y =0 (d) x2 y+2xy-2 y =0
12. For y(x)= c1y1(x) + c2y2(x), the Wronskian of y1& y2 is _____
 (a) y1 y2 - y2y1 (b) y1 y2 - y2y1 (c) y1y2 - y2y1 (d) y1 y2 - y2 y1
13. y1& y2are linearly dependent if and only ifW=______
(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d) y1 - y2
2
14. If y1 =1, y2=x is the solution of xy-y=0 then W=_____
(a)x (b)0 (c)2 (d)2x
15.If y =c1sinx+c2cosx is the general solution of y+y=0 on any interval
then W=___
(a)sin x (b)0 (c)sin2x (d)- 1

PART-B
1. If yg is the general solution of the equation y+P(x)y+(x)y=0 and yp is
any particular solution of the y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=R(x) then prove that yg +
yp is the general solution of y+P(x)y+Q(x)y= R(x).
2. Verify that y1=x2 is one solution of x2y+xy-4y=0 and find y2 and hence
find the general solution
3. If y1(x) and y2(x) are any two solutions of y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=0 then
prove that c1y1(x) + c2y2(x) is also a solution for any constants c1 &c2
4. Show that y= c1x+c2x2 is a general solution of x2 y-2xy+2 y =0 on
any interval not containing zero and also find the particular solution for
which y(1)=3 & y(1)=5
5. If y1 = x is a solution of the equation x2 y+ xy - y = 0, then find the
general solution.
6. Show that y =c1sinx+c2cosx is the general solution of y+y=0 on any
interval and find the particular solution for which y(0)=2 &y(0)=3

PART-C
1.Let y1(x) & y2(x) be linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous
equations y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=0 on the interval [a,b]. Then prove that
c1y1(x) +c2y2(x) is the general solution of the above equation on [a,b], in
the sense that every solution of that equation can be obtained by a suitable
choice of arbitrary constants c1& c2
2.Find the particular solution of the equation y+2y+y= e-x log x by the
method of Variation of parameters
3.Verify that the functions y1 = e-2x and y2 = e-3x are linearly independent
solutions of y+ 5y+ 6y = 0 on the interval [0, 2]. Find the solution
satisfying the initial conditions y(0) = 1 and y(0) = 1.
4.The equation (1-x2)y-2xy+2y=0 is the special case of the Legendre’s
equation (1-x2)y-2xy+p(p+1)y=0 corresponding to p=1. It has y1=x is an
obvious solution. Find the general solution.
5.Solve y-2 y+ y=2x using method of Variation of Parameters.
6.Prove that the equation x2y+xy+(x2-1/4)y=0 is special case of
Bessel’s equation x2y+xy+(x2-p2)y=0 corresponding to p=1/2 . Verify
that y1=x-1/2sinx is one solution on any interval including only positive
values of x and find the general solution.

UNIT II
PART-A
❑

1. ∑ an (x−x 0 )n= a 0+ a1 (x−x 0 )+a 2( x−x 0)2+… .+ an (x−x 0 )n+…

n=0

is called a __
(a) power series (b)power series in (x−x 0 )n
(c) power series in (x−x 0 ) (d) power series in x0
2. Any point which is not ordinary point of the given equation is called ___
(a)Singular point (b)Regular point
(c) Regular Singular point (d)Ordinary point
3. The solution of y’’+y=0 using power series is ……….
(a)y=a0cosx+a1sinx (b)y=a0sinx+a1sinx
(c)y=a1sinx+a2cosx (d)y=a0cosx
4. Chebyshev’s equation is ___________ where p is a constant.
(a)(1-x2)y’’-xy’+p2y=0 (b)(1-x)2 y’’-xy’+p2y=0
(c)(1-x)y’’-xy’+p2y=0 (d)(1-x2)y’’-xy’+py=0
5. The general homogeneous second order linear equation is ____
(a)y’’+P(x)y=0 (b)y’’+P(x)y’+Q(x)y=0
(c)y’’+R(x)y’+Q(x)y=R(x) (d)y’’+P(x)y’+Q(x)=0
6. P(x) of Legendre equation is________
2 −2 x 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2
1−x 1−x 1−x 1+ x
7.Q(x) of Legendre equation is ________
p ( p+2) 2 p( p−1) p ( p+1) p ( p+1 )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1−x 2 1−x 2 1−x 2 1+x
2

∞
8. The ratio test of the series ∑ n! x n is __________
n=0

(a) R = a (b) R = 0 (c) R = 1 (d) R = 2

∞
x
9. The ratio test of the series ∑ n is __________
n=0 n !

(a) R = 2 (b) R = 1 (c) R = ∞ (d) R = 0

∞

10. The ratio test of the series ∑ x n is __________

n=0

(a) R = 2 (b) R = 1 (c) R = ∞ (d) R = 0

11. Use the ratio test when R = ∞ for the series sinx = ___________
 ∞ n 2 n+1 ∞ n +1 n+1
(−1) x (−1) x
(a) ∑ (b) ∑
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) ! n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) !
∞ n 2 n+2 ∞ n n+1
(−1) x (−1) x
(c) ∑ (d) ∑
n=0 ( 2 n+2 ) ! n=0 ( 2 n) !
12. Use the ratio test when R = ∞ for the series cosx = ___________
∞ n +1 2n ∞ n 2n
(−1) x (−1) x
(a) ∑ (b) ∑
n=0 ( 2 n) ! n=0 (2 n) !
∞ n 2 n+1 ∞ n 2 n+2
(−1) x (−1) x
(c) ∑ (d) ∑
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) ! n=0 ( 2 n) !
∞ ∞

13.∑ an x nis said to converge at the point x if lim ∑ a n x nexists and

n=0 n → ∞ n=0

is __________
(a) finite (b) infinite (c) zero (d) 1
∞

14.The value of lim ∑ a n x nis known as the __________

n → ∞ n=0

(a) convergence of the series (b) power of the series

(c) sum of the series (d) divergence of the series
∞

15. The radius of convergence of power series of ∑ an x nis __________

n=0
an an n+1 a an+1
(a) lim ¿ a ∨¿ ¿ (b) lim ¿ a ∨¿ ¿ (c) lim ¿ a ∨¿ ¿ (d) lim ¿ ∨¿ ¿
n→ 0 n+1 n→∞ n+1 n→ 0 n n→∞ a

PART-B
1.Find the general solution of (1+x )y”+2xy’-2y = 0 in terms of Power series
2

solution by means of elementary function.

2.Solve the equations y’=y in terms of the power series.

3.Solve (1+x)y’=py with y(0) = 1 in terms of the powers series.

4.Consider the following differential equation x2y’ = y, find a power series

solution of Σ an xn and solve the equation directly.
5.Solve y”+y=0 using power series.

6.Use Ratio test to find R for the series on the Right side of the expansion
∞ n 2 n+1
(−1) x
Sinx=∑
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) !

PART C
1.Solve the Legendre equation (1-x )y”-2xy’+p(p+1)y = 0 where p is
2
 constant using power series.
2.Chebyshev’s equation is (1-x2)y”-xy’+p2y = 0 where p is constant. Find
two linearly independent series solutions valid for |x|<1.
3.Consider the equation y”+xy’+y = 0
i)Find the general solution y = Σanxn in the form y=a0y1(x)+a1y2(x)
where y1(x) and y2(x) are power series. 2
−x
ii)Show that y1(x) is the series expansion of e 2 and find y2(x) by use of
known solution to find another.

4.Solve the equation y’+ y =1 using power series.

5.Express sin-1x in the form of power series Σanxn by solving y’=(1-x2)-1/2 in
two ways.Use this result to obtain the formula
π 1 11 1 131 1 1351 1
= + + +
6 2 2 3. 23 2 4 5 25 2 4 6 7 27
+…..

6.Consider the differential equation y=2xy, find a power series solution of

the form Σanxn. Try to recognize the resulting series as the expansion of a
familiar function and verify your conclusion by solving the equation
directly
UNIT III
PART A
1. x0 is said to be a singular points of y’’+P(x)y’+Q(x)y=0 if either P(x) or
Q(x) are _______
(a)both analytic at x0 (b) both analytic at x
(c) both not analytic at x0 (d) both not analytic at x
2. x0 is singular point and (x-x0)P(x) and (x-x0)2Q(x) are analytic at x0then
x0 is _____
(a)singular point (b)regular singular point
(c)irregular singular point (d)ordinary point
3. Legendre’s equation is _____
(a)(1-x2)y’’-2xy’+p(p+1)y=0 (b) (1-x)2y’’-2xy’+p(p+1)y=0
(c)(1-x2)y’’-2xy’+py=0 (d) (1-x2)y’’-2xy’+(p+1)y=0
4.If x0 is singular point and either (x-x0)p(x) or (x-x0)2Q(x) are both not
analytic at x0 then x0 is _____
(a)singular point (b)regular singular point
(c)irregular singular point (d)ordinary point
5. Bessel’s equation of order p is ____
(a)xy’’+xy’+(x2-p2)y=0 (b) x2 y’’+xy’+(x2-p2)y=0
(c) x2 y’’+xy’-(x2-p2)y=0 (d) x2 y’’-xy’-(x2-p2)y=0
6. The nature of the point x=0 for y’’+(sinx)y=0 is _____
(a) regular singular point (b) singular point
(c) ordinary point (d) irregular singular point
7. The indicial equation is _____
(a)m(m-1)+pm+q=0 (b) m(m-1) – pm – q=0
(c) m(m-1)+pm – q=0 (d)m(m-1) – pm+q=0
8. The general solution for y(x) is ____
(a)y=c1y1(x)+c2y2(x) (b) y=c1y1(x)-c2y2(x)
(c) y=y1(x)+y2(x) (d) y=y1(x)-y2(x)
9. If m1=m2 then there exists ____ Frobenius series solution
(a)two (b)three (c)only one (d)four
10. If m1=m2 is not an integer then there exists ____ Frobenius series solution
(a)two (b)three (c)only one (d)four
11. If m1=m2 is positive integer then there exists ____ Frobenius series solution
(a)two (b)three (c)only one (d)four
12. If y1 is a known root, and y2 = Vy1 here V = ____
e ∫ e ∫ e∫ e ∫
− Pdx − Pdx Pdx − Pdx
(a)∫ 2 (b) 2 (c)∫ 2 (d)∫
y1 y1 y1 y1
13. Gauss’s hypergeometric equation is ______
(a)x(1+x)y’’+[c-(a+b+1)x]y’ –aby=0
(b)x(1-x)y’’+[c-(a+b+1)x]y’ –aby=0
(c) x(1-x)y’’+[c-(a+b+1)x]y’+aby=0
(d) x(1-x)y’’+[c+(a+b+1)x]y’ +aby=0
14. The power series of Gauss’s hypergeometric equation is ______
(a)F(a – c+1, b+c+1, 2+c, x) (b) F(a-c, b-c, 2-c, x)
(c) F(a – c+1, b – c+1, 2-c, x) (d) F(a+c, b+c, 2+c, x)
15. xF(1, 1, 2, -x) = ____
(a)logx (b)log(1+x) (c)xlogx (d)log 1/x

PART B
1.Consider the legendre equations (1-x2)y” -2xy’ +p(p+1)y=0.verify that
x=1,x=-1 is a regular singular point.

2. Bessels equations of order p where p is a non –negative constant given by

x y +xy'+( {x} ^ {2} - {p} ^ {2} )y=0 verify that 0 is the regular singular point.
2

3. Determine the nature of the point x=0 for each of the following
(i) y +( sin⁡x)y=
(ii) xy +( sin⁡x)y=
4. For the following differential equation locate and classify the singular points
on the x-axis x 3 ( x−1 ) y -2(x-1)y'+3xy=
5. For the following differential equation locate and classify the singular points
on the x-axis x 2 (x−1)2 y -x(1-x)y'+2 = 0

6.Determine the nature of the point x=0 for x 2 y +( sin⁡x)y=

PART –C
1.Find the independent Frobenius series solution of the equation
2xy’’+(3-x)y’-y=0
2.Find the independent Frobenius series solution of the equation 4xy’’+2y’+y=0
3.Find the indicial equation and its roots for each of the following differential
equation 4x2y’’+(2x4-5x)y’+(3x2+2)y=0
1 1
4.consider the differential equation y’’+ 2 y’- 3 y=0
x x
i)Show that x=0 is an irregular singular point
ii)Use the fact that y1=x is the solution to find a second independent solution y2
iii)Show that second solution y2 cannot be expressed as a Frobenius series
5.Find the indicial equation and its roots for each of the following differential
equation x3y’’+(cos 2x -1)y’+2xy = 0
6.Find two independent Frobenius series solution of the equation
2x2y’’+xy’-(x+1)y=0.

UNIT IV
PART- A

()
1
1. Γ 2 =¿ ____.

2. Γ ( p+1
√
(a) π
)
2
=¿ _________
π√
(b) 2 (c) √ π (d)√ 2

(a) pΓ ( p ) (b)( p+1)Γ ( p+1 ) (c¿ 1 (d) (p-1) Γ ( p )

3. Jp(x) = _________
() ()
2 n+ p 2 n+2 p +1
n x n x
∞ ( −1 ) ∞ ( −1 )
(a) 2 (b) 2
∑ n ! ( p+n ) ! ∑ n ! ( 2 p+ 2n ) !
n=0 n=0

() ()
2 n+2 p 2 n+2 p+1
n x x
∞ ( −1 ) ∞
(c) 2 (d) 2
∑ n ! ( p+n ) ! ∑ n ! ( 2 p +2 n ) !
n=0 n=0

4.The coefficient of highest power term in Pn(x) is _____________

 ( 2 n) ! ( 2n ) ! 2
n
2
n
(a) 2 n (b) 2 (c) 2 (d)
(n !) 2 (n !) 2n n!n n!
5. Rodrigue’s formula for legendre polynomial is ____________
n n
1 d ( 2 )n d n
x −1 (b) Pn (x )=2 n ! n ( x −1 )
n 2
(a) Pn (x )= n n
2 n ! dx dx
n n
(c) Pn ( x )=2 n! (d) Pn ( x )=2 n
1

6. ∫ Pm (x ) Pn (x) = 0 if ____________
−1

(a) m = n (b) m  n (c) m < n (d) m > n

7. Γ ( p+ 1) = ________________
(a) p! (b) p+1 (c) (p-1)! (d) (p+1)!
J −1 ( x )
8. 2 = ______

d
(a)
√ 2
πx
cos x (b)
√ 2
πx
sin x (c)
√ πx
2
cos x (d)
√ 2
πx
cosec x

9. dx J 0 ( x )=¿ ¿
(a) J 1 (x ) (b)- J 1 (x ) (c) J 0 (x ) (d) - J 0 (x )
1

10. ∫ Pm (x ) Pn (x) = ______ if m = n

−1
2 4 2n+ 1 2n+ 3
(a) 2n+ 1 (b) 2n+ 1 (c) 2
(d) 2
2
d y dy
11. (1- x 2) 2
−2 x +n ( n+1 ) y=0 is _________ equation
dx dx
(a) Legendre (b) Bessel (c) Chebyshev (d) Frobenius
n
1 d 2 n
12. Pn(x) = n n
( x −1) is ________ formula.
2 n! d x
(a) Rodrigue (b) Legendre (c) Chebyshev (d) Bessel
13. Jp-1(x) – Jp+1(x) = ____________
(a) 2Jp’(x) (b) 5Jp’(x) (c) 4Jp’(x) (d)3Jp’(x)
14. Jp-1(x) +Jp+1(x) = ____________
2p 12 p 3p p
(a) x Jp(x) (b) x Jp(x) (c) x Jp(x) (d) x Jp(x)
d
15. dx ¿ = …………………..
(a)- x J1(x) (b)-x J0(x) (c) x J1(x) (d) x J0(x)

PART B
1.Find the coefficient of highest power term in Pn(x).
 1

2.Prove ∫ Pm (x ) Pn (x) = 0 if m  n.
−1
1
2
3.Prove ∫ Pm (x ) Pn (x) = 2n+ 1 if m = n.
−1

4.Prove that i) ℾ (P+1) = p ℾ(p) ii) ℾ (1) =1 iii) ℾ (p+1) = p!

d p d −p
5.Prove that (i) dx (x J p (x )) = x p J p−1(x ) (ii) dx (x J p (x )) = −x− p J p+1 ( x )

d d
6.Prove that i) dx ¿= - J1(x) ii) dx ¿=xJo(x)
PART-C
1.State and Prove Rodrigue’s formula of legendre polynomial.

2.State and prove the orthogonal property of the Legendre polynomial.

3.State and prove Least square approximation.

4.State any five properties of Bessel function.

5.State and prove Orthogonal property of Bessel function.

6.Explain Gamma function and its properties.

UNIT V
PART A
1. Picard’s formula for successive approximation yn(x) = ____
x x

(a) y0 + ∫ f (t , y n −1 (t )) dt (b) ∫ f (t , y n −1 (t )) dt
x0 x0
x

(c) y0 + ∫ f ( y n−1 ( t ) , t ) dt
2
(d) none of these
x0

2. Let f(x,y) be continuous function that satisfies a Lipschitz condition |f(x,y1)-

f(x,y2)| ≤ K|y1-y2| on a strip defined by a ≤x≤b and -∞<y<∞ .If (x0,y0) is any
point of the strip, then the initial value problem y’=f(x,y),y(x0)= y0 has
………… solution y=y(x) on the interval a ≤x≤b
(a ) unique (b) only one (c) no (d) two
3. The exact solution of the initial value problem y’ = x+y, y(0) = 1 is ………
(a) 2ex (b) 2ex-1 (c) 2ex-x-1 (d) 2ex+x-1
4. The exact solution of the initial value problem y’ = y, y(0) = 1 is ………
2 −2

(a) e-x (b) ex (c) e x (d) e x

5. Picard’s theorem is otherwise known as …………..
(a) Local existence (b) Uniqueness theorem
 (c) Both a & b (d) Global existence
6. Let f(x,y) be a constant function on a rectangle R. f(x,y) is said to satisfy
f ( x , y 1 ) −f ( x , y 2)
Lipchitz condition if the difference quotient is
y 1− y 2
a)bounded on F b) bounded on R c)unbounded d) None of these
7. Every solution of the initial value problem is also a solution of the …….
(a) Integral equation (b) Differential equation
(c) First approximation (d) Second approximation
x

8. y(x) = y0 + ∫ f (t , y (t)) dt is called the ____

x0

(a) Integral equation (b) Exact solution

(c) Continuous function (d) Convergent solution
9. An equation of the initial value problem where Lipschitz condition is not
satisfied but the problem has a solution is …………….
(a) y’= 3y1/2 (b) y’= 3y2/3 (c) y’= y2/3 (d) y’= 3y4/3
10. If we drop the Lipschitz condition and assume only that f(x,y) is continuous
on R, then it is still possible that the initial value problem has a solution. This
result is known as ……………….
(a) Lipchitz condition (b)Peano (c) Legendre (d) Bessel
11. The initial value problem has _______
(a) Unique Solution (b) Integral Solution (c) Homogeneous Equation (d) None
12. A continuous function on a closed interval has a ______
(a) Minimum (b) Maximum (c) Neither (a) nor (b) (d) both (a) and (b)
13. If f(x) is another solution of the initial value problem then it is enough to
prove that _____
(a) y ( x ) ≠ y (x ) (b) y ( x )= y ( x ) (c) y ( x ) ≥ y (x) (d) y ( x ) ≤ y (x)
14. The Lipchitz condition is necessary to prove the _____ in Picard’s theorem
(a) Existence of the solution (b) Integrity of the solution
(c) Uniqueness of the solution (d) none
15. Picard’s method of successive approximation can also be applied to the
system of ___
(a) First order equation (b) Second order equation (c) Linear equation (d)
None
PART- B
1.Find the exact solution of the problem y’= x+y, y(0)=1

2.Show that f(x,y)=xy2

i)satisfies Lipchitz condition at many rectangle axband cyd
ii)Does not satisfy Lipchitz condition on any strip axb and -<y<
3.Let P(x),Q(x) and R(x) be continuous function on a interval axb. If x0 is
any point in this interval and y0, y0’ are any numbers whatever then initial
2
d y dy
value problem 2 +P(x) dx +Q(x)y=R(x)with y(x0)= y0 and y’(x0)= y0’ has
dx
only
one solution y=y(x) on the interval axb

4.Show that f(x,y)=y1/2 i)does not satisfy a Lipchitz condition on a rectangle |x|
1 and 0y1
ii)does not satisfy a Lipchitz condition on the rectangle |x|1 and cyd
where 0<c<d
5.Show that f(x,y)=x2|y| satisfies a Lipschitz condition on rectangle |x|1 and
∂f
|y|1 .But ∂ y fails to exist at many points of this rectangle.

6.Solve the initial value problem y’ = y with y(0) =1 by successive

approximation method.

PART-C
1.State and prove Picards Theorem.

2.It is instructive to see how picard method works with a choice of initial
approximation other than the constant function y 0 ( x )= y 0.Apply the method to
initial value problem with y 0 ( x )=cosx.
3.Let f(x,y) be continuous function that satisfies a Lipschitz condition |f(x,y1)-
f(x,y2)|≤K|y1-y2| on a strip defined by a ≤x≤b and -∞<y<∞ .If (x0,y0) is any
point of the strip,then the initial value problem y’=f(x,y),y(x0)= y0 has only one
solution y=y(x) on the interval a ≤x≤b.

4.Solve the initial value problem y’=2x(1+y), y(0) =0 starting with y0(x) = 0,
calculate y1(x), y2(x), y3(x) and compare this result with the exact solution.
5. Solve the initial value problem y'=y2, y(0) =1 starting with y0(x) = 1 calculate
y1(x), y2(x), y3(x) and compare this result with the exact solution.

6.Solve the initial value problem by picard’s method and compare this result
with the exact solution i) dy/dx=z, y(0)=1 ii) dz/dx=-y, z(0)=0.
 ANSWER KEY
UNIT I
PART A
1. b)y+P(x)y+Q(x)y=R(x)
2. d)Linearly dependent
3. a)ex & e2x
4. b) y=c1+c2logx
5. b)y=c1x+c2x2
6. c)y=c1sinx+c2cosx
7. b)y=c1+c2 e-x
8. c)-1
9. b)x2 y+xy+y=0
10.b)y=c1x+c2 xex
11.c) x2 y-2xy+2 y =0
12.b) y1 y2 - y2y1
13.b)0
14.d)2x
15. d)- 1

PART-B
1. a. y p+P(x)yp+Q(x)yp=R(x)
………(2)
(yp+yg)+ P(x)(yp+yg)+Q(x) (yp+yg)=R(x)
………..(3)
−2
x
1.b y2=
−4
……….(2)
y= c1x2+c2x-2
……….(3)
2.a y1(x)+P(x)y1(x)+Q(x)y1(x) =0
y2(x)+P(x)y2(x)+Q(x)y2(x) =0
……..(2)
(c1y1(x)+c2y2(x)) + P(x) (c1y1(x)+c2y2(x))+Q(x) (c1y1(x)+c2y2(x))= 0
……….(3)
2.b x2y1 - 2xy1 +2y1 =0
x2y2-2xy2+2y2 =0
…….(3)
W=x20
……..(2)
−1
3.a y2= 2 x ……..(4)
General solution y=c1x+c2x-1 ………(4)
3.b W=-sin2x
……….(2)
y=3sinx+2cosx
………(3)

PART-C
−∫ Pdx
1. a.Lemma 1: W=ce ……..(3)
Lemma 2: y1 and y2 are linearly dependent iff W=0 ………(4)
y1y2-y2y10 ……..(1)
1 b.y=(c1 +c2x) e-x …….(2)
W=e −2 x
……………..(1)
2 2
−x x
V1 = logx+ ……….(2)
2 4
V2= xlogx – x ……..(2)
2
x −x 3 2 −x
Y= e logx− x e ……… ..(1)
2 4
2. a.Verification …….(2)
Prove y1& y2 are linearly independent ………(2)
Find c1=4 and c2= -3 ……(2)
The general solution is y = 4 e-2x-3e-3x ………..(2)
 −2 X 2
2 b.P(x)= 2 Q(x)= 2 ……(3)
1−x 1−x
y2=Vy1,
−1 1
V= x + 2 log ⁡ 1−x ( 1+ x ) ……..(5)
3 a. C.F. ex(c1+c2x) …….(2)
W=e2x …….(3)
V1 and V2 …….(3)
3 b. y1=x-1/2sinx ……..(4)
cosx
y2= ……….(4)
√x
Unit-II
Part-A
1. (c) power series in (x−x 0 )
2. (a)Singular point
3. (a)y=a0cos x+a1sin x
4. (a)(1-x2)y’’-xy’+p2y=0
5. (b)y’’+P(x)y’+Q(x)y=0
−2 x
6. b) 2
1−x
p ( p+1)
7. c)
1−x 2
8. (b) R = 0
9. (c) R = ∞
10. (b) R = 1
∞ n 2 n+1
(−1) x
11. (a) ∑
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) !
∞ n 2n
(−1) x
12. (b) ∑
n=0 (2 n) !
13. (a) finite
14. (c) sum of the series
n a
15. (b) lim ¿ a ∨¿ ¿
n→∞ n+1

Part-B

1a.P(x) = 2x/1+x2 Q(x)=-2/1+x2 .........(1)

-2a0-2a1x-......-2anxn = 0 ........(1)
an+2 = -an(n-1)/n+1 .........(1)
find a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 .........(1)
ans .......(1)
 ∞

1b.Let y=∑ an x n=a0+a1x+a2x2+…..+anxn ………(1)

n=0

a1 = a0 ………..(1)
a
a2= 0 .........(1)
2!
a a
a3= 0 ,a4= 0 .........(1)
3! 4!
y=a0ex ..........(1)
∞

2 a.Let y=∑ an x n=a0+a1x+a2x2+…..+anxn ………(1)

n=0

a1=p ………(1)
a2=p2-p/2 ……….(1)
a3=(p2-p)(p-2)/6 …......(1)
y=(1+x)p ……….(1)

2 b.Method 1 .......(2)

Method 2 .........(2)
Answer ......(1)

3 a. Formula ..............(2)

Find a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 ......(2)

Answer ......(1)
n
(−1)
3 b.a n= ………(1)
( 2n+ 1 ) !
n+1
(−1)
a n+1= ………..(1)
( 2(n+ 1)+1 ) !
an
R=lim ¿ |=∞ ……(3)
n →∞ a n+1

Part C

1 a.Singular point ...........(1)

Formula ..........(2)
Find a2, a3, a4, a5 ............(3)
Answer ..........(2)
1 b.Singular point ...........(1)
Formula ..........(2)
Find a2, a3, a4, a5 ............(3)
Answer ..........(2)
2 a.Singular point ...........(1)
Formula ..........(1)
Find a2, a3, a4, a5 ............(1)
Answer ..........(1)
2
x
ii) y ( x ) =1− 2 +¿ ¿ …….(2)
1
1!
3 5
x x
V1¿ x + + + ¿…….. ………….(1)
6 40
3 5
x x
y 2=V 1 y 1=x− + +¿ ……. …….(1)
3 15
2 b.Method 1.........(3)
Method 2.........(3)
Answer ..........(2)
3 a. Method 1.........(3)

Method 2.........(3)

Answer ..........(2) 2

3 b. Method 1: y=ce x ………(4)

Method 2: y=a0ex ……….(4)

Unit-III
Part-A
1. (c) both not analytic at x0
2. (b)regular singular point
3. (a)(1-x2)y’’-2xy’+p(p+1)y=0
4. (c)irregular singular point
5. (b) x2 y’’+xy’+(x2-p2)y=0
6. (c) ordinary point
7. (a)m(m-1)+pm+q=0
8. (a)y=c1y1(x)+c2y2(x)
9. (c)only one
10. (a)two
11.(c)only one
e ∫
− Pdx

12. (a)∫ 2
y1
13. (b)x(1-x)y’’+[c-(a+b+1)x]y’ –aby=0
14. (c) F(a-c+1, b-c+1, 2-c, x)
15. (b)log(1+x)

PART B
2
1a)Divide by (1-x )-----------------(1 mark)
P(x) and Q(x) are analytic at all points except ± 1____(1 mark)
x=± 1is a singular point------------(1 Mark)
(x- x 0) P(x) and (x- x 0)2 Q(x) are analytic at x 0=1------(1 mark)
(x- x 0) P(x) and (x- x 0)2 Q(x) are analytic at x 0=-1------(1 mark)
1 b) Divide by x2---------------(1 mark)
P(x) and Q(x) are analytic at all points except x=0--------(1 mark)
X=0 is a singular point------------(1 Mark)
(x- x 0) P(x) and (x- x 0)2 Q(x) are analytic at x 0=0------(1 mark)
(x- x 0) P(x) and (x- x 0)2 Q(x) are analytic at x 0=0------(1 mark)
2 a)(i) P(x) and Q(x) are analytic at all points--------(1 mark)
x=0 is an ordinary point------------(1.5 mark)
(ii) (i) P(x) and Q(x) are analytic at all points--------(1 mark)
x=0 is an ordinary point------------(1.5 mark)
2 b) (i) x=0 is not a regular singular point-------(2.5 mark)
x=1 is regular singular point----------(2.5 mark)
3 a) x=0 is a regular singular point ---------(2.5 mark)
x=1 is a regular singular point---------(2.5 mark)
3 b) (i) x=0 is a regular singular point-----(5 mark)

PART C
1 a)x=0 is a singular point-------------(2 marks)
x=0 is a regular singular point-----------(1 mark)
2
x x
y1(x) =1+ 1.3 + +… ------------------(2 mark)
1.3.5
y2 (x) = x-1/2 ex/2---------------(2 mark)
2
x x
y=c1[1+ 1.3 + +… ]+c2[x-1/2 ex/2]----------(1 mark)
1.3.5
1 b) x=0 is a singular point-------------(2 mark)
x=0 is a regular singular point-----------(2 mark)
m=2 and m=1/4---------------(4 marks)
2 a)(i) x=0 is an irregular point-------------(3 mark)
y2 =vy1 ---------------(1 mark)
(ii) y2 =xe1/x + x----------------(2 mark)
(iii) y2 cannot be expressed as a frobenius series--------(2 mark)
2 b) x=0 is an regular point-------------(2 mark)
m=1 and -1/2 ------------------(1)
2
x x
y1(x ) = x[1 + + + …¿ -----------(2)
5 10
2
x
y2(x) = x-1/2[1-x- +..¿ --------(2)
2
2 2
x x -1/2 x
y=c1[x[1 + + + …¿ ]+c2[x [1-x- +..¿ ]------(1)
5 10 2
3 a) x=0 is a regular singular points------(3)
Indicial equation ans----------(5)
3 b) x=0 is a regular singular points------(3)
2
x x
y1=x[1++ + + …¿ ---------------(2)
5 10
2
-1/2 x
y2= x [1-x- +..¿ -----(2)
2
2 2
x x x
y=c1 x[1++ + + …¿ +c2 x-1/2[1-x- +..¿ ---(2)
5 10 2

UNIT IV
PART A
1) (c) √ π
2) (a) pΓ ( p )
()
2 n+ p

∞ (−1 )n x
3) (a) 2
∑ n ! ( p+n ) !
n=0
( 2 n) !
4) (a) 2 n
(n !) 2
n
1 d ( 2 )n
5) (a) Pn (x )= n n
x −1
2 n ! dx
6) (b) m  n
7) (a) p!
8) (a)
√ 2
πx
cos x
9) (b)- J 1 (x )

2
10) (a) 2n+ 1

11) (a) Legendre

12) (a) Rodrigue

13) (a) 2Jp’(x)

2p
14) (a) x Jp(x)

15) (d) x J0(x)

PART-B
1. a.dt/dx= - ½-------(2)
Pn(x) = F(a,b,c,t)-------(2)
ans-------(1)
1 b. Pn(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation & integration-------(1)
Pmm(x) =m!am -------(1)
ans-------(2)
2 a. Pn(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation & integration-------(1)
Coefficient of highest power term-------(1)
ans-------(2)
2 b. i) formula -------(1)
answer-------(1)
ii) formula -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
iii) formula -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
3 a. i) JP(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
ii) JP(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
3 b. i) JP(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
ii) JP(x) formula -------(1)
Differentiation -------(1)
answer-------(1/2)
PART-C
1. a.Statement-------(2)
(n+1) th derivative-------(2)
y=(x+1) (x-1)n-------(2)
answer-------(2)
1 b.Statement-------(2)
Case i-------(3)
Case ii-------(3)
2 a.Statement-------(2)
f(x) value-------(2)
polynomial degree-------(2)
2b.Property 1-------(2)
Property 2-------(2)
Property 3-------(2)
Property 4-------(1)
Property 5-------(1)
3 a.Statement-------(2)
Case i-------(3)
Case ii-------(3)
3 b.Gamma function-------(3)
properties-------(5)

UNIT V
PART A
x

1) (a) y0 + ∫ f (t , y n −1 (t )) dt
x0

2) (b) only one

3) (c) 2ex-x-1
4) (b) ex
5) (c) Both a & b
6) (b) bounded on R
7) (a) Integral equation
8) (a) Integral equation
9) (b) y’= 3y2/3
10) (b)Peano
11) (a) Unique solution
12. (b) Maximum
13. (b) y ( x )= y ( x )
14. (c) Uniqueness of the solution
15. (a) First order equation

PART-B
1. a.I approximation, II approximation ……..(2)
III approximation, IV approximation ……(2)
Answer …….(1)
1 b.Lipschitz condition satisfied on the interval (a, 0)+ (a, y). |x| bounded, |
y1+y2| unbounded. ………….(2)
Not satisfy Lipschitz condition |x|+|y1+y2| bounded …..(3)
2 a.Linear system ……….(2)
Conversely ……….(3)
2 b.Formula ………….(1)
(i) …………….(2)
(ii)…………....(2)
3 a. Formula ………….(1)
Condition satisfied …….(2)
df
fails …………(2)
dy
3 b.I approximation , II approximation, III approximation,
IV approximation ……(3)
Direct method ………(2)
PART-C
1 a.statement___________(2)
step 1___________(2)
step 2___________(2)
step 3___________(2)
1 b.I approximation___________(2)
II approximation___________(2)
III approximation___________(2)
IV approximation___________(2)
2 b. statement___________(2)
|Y1-Y0| M___________(2)
Answer___________(4)
2 b. I approximation___________(2)
II approximation___________(2)
III approximation___________(2)
IV approximation___________(2)
3 a. I approximation___________(2)
II approximation___________(2)
III approximation___________(2)
IV approximation___________(2)
3 b. find Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4___________(4)
Answer___________(4)