RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOURCES
WIND ENERGY
Cüneyt Ezgi
Professor of Marine Engineering
Piri Reis University

4.11.2023 Prof.Dr. Cüneyt Ezgi 1

Wind Energy

Wind comes about from the varied temperatures created by solar radiation on the surface of the earth.
These different temperatures cause humidity and pressure levels to vary as well, and the difference in
the pressure levels causes the air to move.

Approximately 2% of the solar energy which reaches the earth is converted into wind energy.

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• Wind energy has been used since 4000 BC to power sailboats, grind
grain, pump water for farms, and, more recently, generate electricity.
In the United States alone, more than 6 million small windmills, most
of them under 5 hp, have been used since the 1850s to pump water.
Yükleniyor…
Small windmills have been used to generate electricity since 1900, but
the development of modern wind turbines occurred only recently in
response to the energy crises in the early 1970s.

• We note the distinction between the terms windmill used for

mechanical power generation (grinding grain, pumping water, etc.)
and wind turbine used for electrical power generation, although
technically both devices are turbines
4.11.2023 since they extract energy from 3
Prof.Dr. Cüneyt Ezgi

the fluid.

• The rotation speed of rotors of wind turbines is usually under 40 rpm

(under 20 rpm for large turbines).
• The United States, Germany, Denmark, and Spain account for over 75
percent of current wind energy generating capacity worldwide.
• Denmark uses wind turbines to supply 10 percent of its national
electricity.

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Altamont Pass in California is the

world’s largest wind farm with
15,000 modern wind turbines
(Fig. 18–29).

This farm and two others

Yükleniyor…
in
California produce about 3 billion
kWh of electricity per year, which
is enough power to meet the
electricity needs of San Francisco.

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Some Wind Plants in Türkiye

• TOTAL WIND PLANTS=287
• 1) Soma Rüzgar Santrali Manisa Polat Enerji 288 MW
• 2) Karaburun Rüzgar Santrali İzmir Alto Holding 227 MW
• 3) Dinar Rüzgar Santrali Afyonkarahisar Güriş Holding 200 MW
• 4) İstanbul RES İstanbul Universal Wind Enerji 200 MW
• 5) Geycek Rüzgar Santrali Kırşehir Polat Enerji 168 MW
• 6) Balıkesir Rüzgar Santrali Balıkesir Enerjisa Elektrik 143 MW
• 7) Saros RES Çanakkale Borusan EnBW Enerji 138 MW
• 8) Osmaniye Gökçedağ RES Osmaniye Zorlu Enerji 135 MW
• 9) Evrencik RES Kırklareli RES Anatolia Holding 130 MW
• 10) Kangal Rüzgar Santrali Sivas Ece Tur İnşaat 128 MW

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Installed Power Based on Wind Energy in Türkiye

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Ratio in Total Installed Power in Türkiye

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• The cost of wind power has dropped an order of magnitude from about
$0.50/kWh in the early 1980s to about $0.05/kWh in the mid-1990s,
which is about the price of electricity generated at coal-fired power
plants.
• Areas with an average wind speed of 6 m/s or higher are potential sites
for economical wind power generation.
• Commercial wind turbines generate from 100 kW to 3.2 MW of
electric power each at peak design conditions.
• The blade span (or rotor) diameter of the 3.2 MW wind turbine built by
Boeing Engineering is 97.5 m.
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• Although the wind is “free” and renewable, modern wind turbines are
expensive and suffer from one obvious disadvantage compared to
most other power generation devices – they produce power only when
the wind is blowing, and the power output of a wind turbine is thus
inherently unsteady. Yükleniyor…
• Furthermore and equally obvious is the fact that wind turbines need to
be located where the wind blows, which is often far from traditional
power grids, requiring construction of new high-voltage power lines.
Nevertheless, wind turbines are expected to play an ever increasing
role in the global supply of energy for the foreseeable future.
4.11.2023 Prof.Dr. Cüneyt Ezgi 11

Wind Turbine Types and Power Performance Curve

• Numerous innovative wind turbine designs have been proposed and

tested over the centuries as sketched in Fig. 18–30. We generally
categorize wind turbines by the orientation of their axis of rotation:
horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical axis wind
turbines (VAWTs).

• An alternative way to categorize them is by the mechanism that

provides torque to the rotating shaft: lift or drag. So far, none of the
VAWT designs or drag-type designs has achieved the efficiency or
success of the lift-type HAWT.

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• This is why the vast majority of wind turbines being built around the
world are of this type, often in clusters affectionately called wind
farms.
• For this reason, the lift-type HAWT is the only type of wind turbine
discussed in any detail in this section.

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• Every wind turbine has a characteristic power performance curve; a

typical one is sketched in Fig. 18–31, in which electrical power output
is plotted as a function of wind speed V at the height of the turbine’s
axis.
• We identify three key locations on the wind-speed scale:

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• Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which useful power can
be generated.
• Rated speed is the wind speed that delivers the rated power, usually
the maximum power.
• Cut-out speed is the maximum wind speed at which the wind turbine
is designed to produce power. At wind speeds greater than the cut-out
speed, the turbine blades are stopped by some type of braking
mechanism to avoid damage and for safety issues. The short section of
dashed blue line indicates the power that would be produced if cut-out
were not implemented.

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• The design of HAWT turbine blades includes tapering and twist to

maximize performance.
• While the fluid mechanics of wind turbine design is critical, the power
performance curve also is influenced by the electrical generator, the
gearbox, and structural issues.
• Inefficiencies appear in every component, of course, as in all
machines.

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Wind Power Potential

•

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• The pressures at the inlet and exit of a wind turbine are both equal to
the atmospheric pressure and the elevation does not change across a
wind turbine.

• Therefore, flow energy and potential energy do not change across a

wind turbine. A wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the fluid
into power.

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• If the wind is blowing at a location at a velocity of V, the available

wind power is expressed as

This is the maximum power a wind turbine can generate for the given
wind velocity V. The mass flow rate is given by

4.11.2023 Prof.Dr. Cüneyt Ezgi 22

• Equation 18–32 indicates that the power potential of a wind turbine is

proportional to cubic power of the wind velocity.

• For example, consider a location where the wind with a density of 1.2
kg/m3 is blowing at a velocity of 4 m/s. The maximum power a wind
turbine with a rotor diameter of 1 m can generate is determined from
Eq. 18–32 to be

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• If the wind velocity is doubled, the

available power becomes 242 kW
(Fig. 18–32). That is, doubling the
wind velocity will increase the power
potential by a factor of 8.
• For this cubical relationship, a wind
turbine investment is usually not
justified if the location does not have
a steady wind at a velocity of about 6
m/s or higher.

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• The available power relation indicates that the power potential of a

wind turbine is proportional to density of air. As a result, cold air has a
higher wind power potential than the warm air.
• The density of air in Eq. 18–32 can be determined from the ideal gas
relation P=ρRT when the pressure P and temperature T of air are
known. Here,
• R is the gas constant, and its value for air is 0.287 kPam3/kgK.
• The disk area is equal to A=πD2/4 where D is the blade diameter.

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• Substituting these into Eq. 18–32, we obtain

• Therefore, the power potential of a wind turbine is proportional to the

square of the blade diameter. As a result, doubling blade diameter
increases the power potential by a factor of four.

4.11.2023 Prof.Dr. Cüneyt Ezgi 27

Wind Power Density

• For comparison of various wind turbines and locations, it is more
useful to think in terms of the available wind power per unit area,