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Lecture 1

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Lecture 1

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Uploaded by

Sreekanth Puthur
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© © All Rights Reserved
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University of Duhok

College of Engineering
ECE Department
(DC Machine)
Prepared by
Mr. Taha Abdal
Electrical Machines
 The devices which convert electrical
energy to mechanical energy & which
convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
Electrical Mechanical
 Electrical machines are classified in two
major classes:
1- Motors.
2- Generators.
 Motors:
A motor is an electrical machine which
converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
Electrical Mechanical
 When a current carrying wire is placed in
magnetic field, a force is induced in the wire.
 A motor exactly works on the same
principle. However, real motors involve
complex design and construction with
multiple parts.
 Generators:
A generator is an electrical machine which
converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
Mechanical Electrical.
 When a moving wire is placed in magnetic
field, a voltage is induced in the wire.
 A generator exactly works on the same
principle. However, real generators involve
complex design and construction with
multiple parts.
DC Motor
 Electrical motor: It is a machine which convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• AC Motor: motor that runs on alternating current
(AC) electricity.
• DC Motor: motor that runs on direct current (DC)
electricity.
 Construction of DC Motor:
Function of each part of DC Motor:
Yoke:
• It is outer cover of dc motor also called as frame.
• It provides protection to the rotating and other
part of the machine from moisture, dust etc.
• Yoke is an iron body which provides the path for
the flux to complete the magnetic circuit.
• It provides the mechanical support for the poles.
• Material Used: low reluctance material such as
cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, cast steel etc.
 Poles, and pole core:
• Poles are electromagnet, the field winding is wound
over it.
• It produces the magnetic flux when the field winding
is excited.
• The construction of pole is done using the lamination
of particular shape to reduce the power loss due to
eddy current.
 Pole shoe:
• Pole shoe is an extended part of a pole. Due to its
typical shape, it enlarges the area of the pole, so that
more flux can pass through the air gap to armature.
• Material Used: low reluctance magnetic material
such as cast steel or cast iron is used for construction of
pole and pole shoe.
 Field winding:
• The coil wound on the pole core are called field
coils.
• Field coils are connected in series to form field
winding.
• Current is passed through the field winding in a
specific direction, to magnetize the poles and pole
shoes. Thus magnetic flux is produce in the air gap
between the pole shoe and armature.
• Field winding is also called as exciting winding.
• Material Used for copper conductor is copper.
• Due to the current flowing through the field
winding alternate N and S poles are produced.
Armature core:

• Armature core is a cylindrical drum mounted on the


shaft.
• It is provided with large number of slots all over its
periphery and it is parallel to the shaft axis.
• Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
• Armature core provides low reluctance path to the
flux produced by the field winding.
• Material used: high permeability, low reluctance
cast steel or cast iron material is used.
• Laminated construction of iron core is used to
minimize the eddy current losses.
Commutator:

• It is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft


along with the armature core.
• It is made up of large number of wedge shaped
segments of hard-drawn copper.
• The segments are insulated from each other by
thin layer of mica.
• Armature winding are tapped at various points
and these tapping are successively connected to
various segments of the commutator.
Function of commutator:
• It converts the ac emf generated
internally into dc
• It helps to produce unidirectional
torque.

• Material Used: it is made up of copper


and insulating material between the
segments is mica.
Brushes:

• Current are conducted from the armature to the


external load by the carbon brushes which are
held against the surface of the commutator by
springs.
•Function of brushes: To collect the current from
the commutator and apply it to the external load
in generator, and vice versa in motor.
•Material Used: Brushes are made of carbon and
they are rectangular in shape.
Types of D.C. Motor
Classification of the d.c. motor
depends on the way of connecting the
armature and field winding of a d.c.
motor:
1.DC Shunt Motor
2.DC Series Motor
3.DC Compound Motor
1- Shunt Motor:

•In dc shunt motor the armature and field winding


are connected in parallel across the supply voltage
•The resistance of the shunt winding 𝑅𝑠h is always
higher than the armature winding 𝑅𝑎
•Since V and 𝑅𝑠h both remains constant the 𝐼𝑠h
remains essentially constant, as field current is
responsible for generation of flux.
thus ∅∝ 𝐼𝑠h
•So shunt motor is also called as constant flux motor.
2-DC Series Motor:

•In this type of DC motor the armature and field


windings are connected in series.
• the resistance of the series field winding Rs is much
smaller than the armature resistance Ra.
•The flux produced is proportional to the field
current but in this 𝐼𝑓=𝐼𝑎 thus ∅∝𝐼𝑎.
•Thus flux can never become constant in dc series
motor as load changes If and Ia also gets changed.
•Thus dc series motor is not a constant flux motor.
3-DC Compound Motor:
•The DC compound motor is a combination of the
series motor and the shunt motor. It has a series
field winding that is connected in series with the
armature and a shunt field that is in parallel with
the armature. The combination of series and shunt
winding allows the motor to have the torque
characteristics of the series motor and the
regulated speed characteristics of the shunt motor.
Several versions of the compound motor are:
• Short shunt Compound Motors
• Long shunt Compound Motors
Back emf:

• When the armature winding of dc motor is


start rotating in the magnetic flux produced
by the field winding, it cuts the lines of
magnetic flux and induces the emf in the
armature winding.
According to Lenz’s law (The law that whenever there is
an induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor, it
is always in such a direction that the current it would
produce would oppose the change which causes the
induced emf ), this induced emf acts in the opposite
direction to the armature supply voltage. Hence this
emf is called as back emfs.
𝑁𝑄𝑍𝑃
 𝐸𝑏 = Volts.
60𝐴
• 𝑁= speed in rpm
• ∅= flux per pole
• 𝑍= no of conductors
• 𝑃=no of pole pairs
• 𝐴=area of cross section of conductor
• 𝐸𝑏= back emf
 A four-pole wave-connected armature has 51 slots
with 12 conductors per slot and is driven at 900
r/min. If the useful flux per pole is 25 mWb, calculate
the value of the generated e.m.f.
Solution:
Total number of conductors = Z = 51*12 = 612;
A = (2 because wave-connected)
900∗0.025∗612∗4
E= 2∗60
= 459 V.
 An eight-pole lap-connected armature, driven at 350
r/min, is required to generate 260 V. The useful flux
per pole is about 0.05 Wb. If the armature has 120
slots, calculate a suitable number of conductors per
slot. Also, find a new flux per pole when the num. of
conductors (960).
Voltage and Power equation of DC Motor

 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
If we multiply the above equation by 𝐼𝑎, we will get
• 𝑉𝐼𝑎 = 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎2𝑅𝑎
• 𝑉𝐼𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
• 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐h𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
produced 𝑏𝑦 𝑡h𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
• 𝐼𝑎2𝑅𝑎=𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
Thus,
• 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2𝑅𝑎
=input power-power loss
Therefore, 𝐸𝑏𝐼𝑎= Gross mechanical power produce by the
motor = Pm

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