TM Morality and Professional Ethics

TVET Program Title Industrial
Electrical/Electronic Control Technology

Level-II
Module Title: Developing Morality, Professional
Ethics and Patriotism
Page 0 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

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Unit One- Develop morality
Instruction Sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Developing the concepts of morality

 Identifying Moral Principles
 Identifying the difference and similarity between moral and ethics
 Describing types of virtues
 Applying moral value in work place
 Practicing multiculturalism
Information Sheet-1 developing the concepts of morality
1.1 Concept of morality
Morality comes from a Latin word “mores” meaning custom, habit, manner, character or proper behavior.
Therefore, the manners you learn like politeness of behavior, way of saluting, or giving helpful hands for
elders, showing sympathy to people during sadness are valued as morality. Even if what are considered good
and bad differs in different societies, learning moral values is significantly important in a society, because it
helps individuals or groups to live together in peace and unity.
Different scholars define Morality as:
 Those principles and values that actually guide, for better or worse, an individual ‘s personal conduct
(Guy, 2001)
 Morality is the informal system of rational beings by which they govern their behavior in order to
lesson harm or evil and do good, this system, although informal, enjoys amazing agreement across
time and cultures concerning moral rules, moral ideas and moral virtues (Madden, 2000)
Hence, learning about morality which involves what we ought to do, right and wrong, good and bad helps us
to adjust ourselves in a society we are living in.

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1.1.1 Morality and its Application
a) To whom or what does morality apply?
Morality may be applied to four areas:
i. Religion: Morality determined by relation between human being and supernatural being. In the Jewish and
Christian traditions, for example, the first three of the Ten Commandments pertain to this kind of morality.
These commandments deal with a person’s relationship with God, not with any other human beings. By
violating any of these three commandments, a person could, according to this particular code of ethics, act
immorally toward God without acting immorally toward anyone else.
ii. Nature: Morality determined by relation between human being and nature. Natural morality has been prevalent
in all primitive cultures, such as that of the Native American, and in cultures of the Far East.
iii. Individuality: Morality refers to individuals in relation to them-selves and to an individual code of morality
that may or may not be sanctioned by any society or religion. It allows for a “higher morality,” which can be
found within the individual rather than beyond this world in some supernatural realm.
iv. Society: Morality determined by relation between human being and society. It is probably the most important
aspect of morality; in that it cuts across all of the other aspects and is found in more ethical systems than any of
the others. For a majority of ethicists, the most important human moral issues arise when human beings come
together in social groups and begin to conflict with one another. Even though the Jewish and Christian ethical
systems, for example, importune human beings to love and obey God, both faiths, in all of their divisions and
sects, have a strong social message.
b) Who is morally responsible? Should only human beings be held morally responsible?
Humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup determines the presence of three necessary conditions
for ethical behavior:
i. The ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions;
ii. The ability to make value judgments; and
iii. The ability to choose between alternative courses of action.
Are all animals non-moral? Is domesticating animals’ moral?
As long as you think it is acceptable to kill and eat animals, the more abstract argument about domesticating
animals to use as “pets” is not likely to resonate. Domestication is morally wrong but they are here now and they
need our care. Their lives are as important to them as our lives are to us. Example, are Dolphin’s moral? Some
animals are capable of responding to moral motivations due to their sophisticated cognitive abilities - such as

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elephants, cetaceans (whales and dolphins) and primates - and are capable of feeling things like empathy,
compassion, pain and loss of a loved one.
c) Where does Morality come from?
Morality can be considered as having a subjective or objective origin. As objective there are three possibilities for
the origin of value:
i. Values are given by a supernatural being.
ii. Values are part of the fabric of nature.
iii. Values are part of the ‘furniture’ of the world, independently of human beings.
These possible explanations of the origin of values are expressed in the ‘supernatural theory’, the theory of ‘natural
law’ and ‘objectivism’.
As subjective, the origin of value is related to human beings. Without human beings, subjectivist theorists argue,
there would be no value.
1.1.2 Forms of Morality
We can separate morality into two forms:
i. Customary/Traditional morality: Traditional morality refers to the moral systems handed down
through custom from generation to generation. We might call this static morality
ii. Reflective morality: Reflective morality requires that moral ideas are carefully examined and tested.
Traditional morality can become reflective and dynamic when those moral ideas that are simply handed
down and accepted are subjected to analysis and criticism.
1.1.3 The relation between Morality with Law and Religion
Morality also overlaps with Law and Religion but shouldn’t be confused with them.
i. Morality and law. Morality and law are not the same although of course they overlap. Law might be
thought of as a public codification of morality for a culture, although certain laws in that system, or
even the system itself, might be deemed immoral, e.g., apartheid. Law is not a necessary attribute of
morality although morality may well be thought to be a necessary attribute of law.
ii. Morality and religion. Is morality dependent upon religion?
Morality need not be based exclusively on religion for five reasons.
 Supernatural existence cannot be proven.

 Non-religious people can be moral.

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Information Sheet-2 Identifying Moral Principles
 Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.

 No religion would be best ethically
 We could not show that one religion is best
iii. Why should human beings be moral?
 Enlightened self-interest – I will be better off

 Tradition and law – best to do because some authority says so
 Shared human needs, goals, desires and objectives
Generally, morality deals with humans and how they relate to others and the world around them. It deals with how
we treat one another so as to promote what is good and right.
1.1.4 Purpose of morality
The purpose of morality is constituted in the five purposes to:
i. Keep society from falling apart;
ii. Ameliorate human suffering;
iii. Promote human flourishing;
iv. Resolve conflict of interest justly and orderly
v. Assign praise, blame, reward, punishment and guilt
1.1 Moral principles
Moral principles are principles based on reason and rationality. They guide us on what we should do, what
qualities we should nourish, and what kind of lives we should look for. Moreover, the application of moral
principles should not be limited to a specific society or culture.
1.1.1 Types of Moral Principles
There are two types of moral principles: absolute and relative. Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain
actions are intrinsically right or wrong. Moral relativism believes there are no absolute rules to what are right
or wrong, and that moral principles can change depending on the situation.
i. Absolute Moral Principles
Absolute moral principles are based on universal truths about the nature of human beings. For example,
murder is wrong because it goes against the natural order of things. These are also sometimes called

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normative moral principles, or those that are generally accepted by society. Below are some examples of
absolute moral principles:
 Don't kill.
 Speak the truth.
 Be careful with what you say and do to others.
 Respect the property of others.
 Treat people in need or distress as we would want to be treated if our situation were reversed.
ii. Relative Moral Principles
Relative moral principles are based on opinions and circumstances that may change over time or from person
to person or for different situations. Relative moral principles depend on a person's beliefs. Relativism is to
what people perceive as good or bad in relation to themselves. In other words, when someone says something
is good, in most cases they are really saying it is good for them, or perhaps it contributes to their well-being.
Below are some examples of relative moral principles including:
 It is morally wrong to spend money on a luxury item.

 It is morally right to care for our planet and preserve it for future generations.
1.1.2 Impacts of Moral Principles
Moral principles are important for society because they help people learn how to get along and live well with
each other. They teach us that all human beings deserve the same rights, which is why it's not okay to
discriminate against someone based on their ethnicity or race. People who follow moral principles also tend to
have a better quality of life than those who don't.
Moral principles can also impact an individual's identity and sense of self-worth. For example, someone who
is honest may feel that they are a good person because they follow the moral principle to be truthful at all
times. And for people with strong values about equality, it might make them feel better about themselves
when they don't discriminate against people who are different from them.
In general, moral principles are beneficial both to society and the individual person. However, blindly
following moral principles without considering their origin or using your judgment based on the situation can
be problematic. The best course of action is usually to adhere to a set of moral principles that align with your
beliefs and society as a whole but to also consider each situation individually and weigh the cost of adhering
to your morals in terms of its impact on other individuals.

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1.1.3 Ways to Develop Good Moral Principles
There are various ways to develop moral principles that transcend culture, religion, and country. If you are
just starting on your moral journey, you might consider exploring morals in various philosophical texts.
However, there are also many practical steps a person can take to develop good moral principles:
 Think about what you would do when faced with an ethical dilemma and why you would make
those decisions.
 Ask yourself what you think is right or wrong and make sure that your actions are in line with
those thoughts.
 Watch out for double standards, like being nice to one person while not being so kind to another.
 If it helps, write down a list of moral principles and post them where they're easy to see, like on a
mirror or in your workspace.
 Don't worry if you're not perfectly adhering to your moral principles. The important thing is that
you are trying your best.
1.1.4 Moral Characters in School or College
Moral (character) education, then, encompasses deliberate efforts to help the young learn, practice, and apply
moral virtues and character habits that will help them individually live good lives – and at the same time
become productive, contributing citizens.
Examples of Legal judgments of good moral character at school or college can include consideration of
honesty, trustworthiness, diligence, reliability, respect for the law, integrity, candour, discretion, observance
of fiduciary duty, and respect for the rights of others, absence of hatred and racism, fiscal responsibility,
mental and emotional stability
1.1.5 Practice of morality in the work place
Morality, whatever else may be said about it, is about things over which we have control that lead to bettering
human life. It is different in every society, and is a convenient term for socially apply habits. Moral is how
your employees feel about coming to work every day, how they approach their assigned tasks, and their
attitude about the direction the company is taking. Put simply, employee morale is the culmination of job
satisfaction, life outlook, and attitude.
Having moral character in the workplace helps you to become the type of leader who inspires your
employees. It keeps you in tune with their needs and gives you the urge to reward them favourably for their
accomplishments. Employees with good morals set a positive example for their co-workers.

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Information Sheet-3 Identifying the similarity and difference between Ethics and Morality
3.1 The Similarity and Difference between Ethics and Morality
Violation of morality brings social and religious condemnation or guilt of conscience that ache you inside.
Therefore, your morality is a general reflection showing to what extent you are attached to the generally accepted
behavior or norms of the society. Ethics refers to the well-founded standards of a society about what is “right”
and “wrong”, usually in terms of rights, obligations, and benefits to the society, fairness, or specific virtues such
as like honesty, compassion, and loyalty. All these things are considered ethical because they are supported by
well-founded reasons.
For instance, lifesaving abortion is an ethical value for a practitioner doctor while for an individual in a society
could be considered immoral to terminate the fetus. In both cases, for the doctor it is a professional ethics that is
considered good to save the life of the troubled pregnant woman and on the other hand it could be bad to hear
even about abortion for an individual who believes the action to be immoral.
3.1.1 The similarity between ethics and morality
The similarity between ethics and morality are as follows:
 When ethics represents the judgment of right and wrong, Morality helps support it by refinements.
 Ethics studies the behavior, and Morality provides the practical guidance of that behavior.
 Both the terms are used to indicate a fine line between what activities should be considered good
and what should be considered bad.
 Both ethics and morality work side by side to make the learning of good activities faster.
 Both concepts help any individual to be a better person.
 Both these qualities are desirable for a person.
 Both the terms are interconnected in the way that Morality helps keep alive the essence of ethics
and its value.
 Both ethics and morals are rules or principles which govern how we perceive right or wrong
 In certain situations, morals and ethics might not be in conflict, meaning a person could preserve
his/her moral integrity, while respecting the ethical principles of, for example, his/her workplace
3.1.2 The difference between ethics and morality
The difference between ethics and morality is explained here in detail.
Table 1. The difference between ethics and moral

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Basis for Morals Ethics
Comparison
Meaning Morals are the beliefs of the individual Ethics are the guiding principles which help
or group as to what is right or wrong. the individual or group to decide what is good
or bad.
What is it? General principles set by group Response to a specific situation
Root word Mos which means custom Ethitos which means character
Governed By Social and cultural norms Individual or Legal and Professional norms
Deals with Principles of right and wrong Right and wrong conduct
Applicability in No (legally not to be obligated) Yes (legality is applied)

Business
Consistency Morals may differ from society to Ethics are generally uniform.
society and culture to culture.
Expression Morals are expressed in the form of Ethics are abstract.

general rules and statements.
Freedom to think No Yes

and choose
Perspective seen from the perspective of an dependent on the prism of others

individual.
Change Change in Morality depends on the there will be some degree of flexibility in
change in the beliefs of an individual ethics when there is change
Course of action a person believes that it is the right society has decided that it is the right course
course of action. of action
Belief has a religious connotation usually associated in the field of law,

medicine or business and d religious
connotation
Judgment the effort to guide one ‘s conduct by Ethics is the development of reasonable
reason while giving equal weight to standards and procedures for ethical decision-
the interests of each individual making
Source

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Case Study
Idris and Mentewabe are shop-keepers in the neighborhood. Both of them had lived for long in our
neighborhood. These days they are busy in collecting sugar from kebele distribution shops in collaboration with
corrupted staffs and claim to make in their terms “good business “ by selling to contraband traders with a
lucrative profit. So being greedy they had no heart to even set aside one quintal for the troubled neighbors and
always respond sequar yelem! (no sugar).
Information Sheet-4 Describing Virtue and its Types
4.1. Describing Virtues
Virtues mean goodness or the state of being good. An example of goodness is volunteering to serve meals at a
homeless shelter. Virtues are also attitudes or character that enables us to be and to act in ways that develop our
highest potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion,
generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues.
Types of Virtues
 Moral virtue:
Moral virtue is the disposition or tendency to do the right thing and avoid doing wrong. We develop this
disposition over time and through training. In other words, a good character is an achievement, not a natural
endowment. “Doing right” becomes second nature to us, if we have developed our moral character properly.
We must strive to achieve a virtuous character, and we do this by constantly practicing the virtues and thereby
developing a good character.
Moral virtues are excellences of people. They're parts of people's character that helps them live well. Usual
suspects for moral virtues are courage, temperance (moderation), and wisdom. It's a part of something that
makes that thing better. For instance, a sharp blade is the virtue of a knife. It helps the knife do its job well.
Patience is a moral virtue. It helps you avoid things that take you away from a flourishing and happy life. But
how does patience lead you toward happiness?
The four fundamental moral virtues are courage, temperance, justice and prudence. A courageous person
shows just the right amount of bravery and displays a virtuous character. Only reason can tell us what is
exactly the right amount of bravery, and once it does, a person must practice and develop the virtue of courage
so that acting courageously becomes habitual.

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There are also other moral virtues include: trustworthiness, honesty, generosity, civility, sincerity, gentleness,
reliability, warmth, dependability, cooperativeness, empathy, tact, kindness, tolerance, benevolence, etc.
 Civic Virtues:
Civic virtue is an important concept in many contemporary societies, and it has been for a long time.
Essentially, civic virtue means that individuals have a duty to their communities and their societies that they
should place above their own desires.
Important Civic Virtue Characteristics
There are a number of important civic virtue characteristics that must be understood to get a full picture of
what civic virtue is and how it works in practice. These include:
 Self-sacrifice: Putting the needs of a community over one's own needs is one of the most deeply
rooted parts of civic virtue.
 Participation: Participation in government and in the community is part of what makes one a
good citizen.
 Doing one's part: The idea of civic virtue is that each individual has their own duties that help
make society function as well as possible.
 Cooperation: Being a cooperative member of society, obeying the law, and working well with
others are some of the things that proponents of civic virtue promote
 Civility: is a social virtue that is indispensable to open political discourse and reasoned
disagreement. A civil person is willing to engage others in respectful dialogue without scorn or
insult, even when the issues are intensely important or disagreement runs deep.
 Compassion is the ability to feel sorrow over another person’s suffering, and to express that
sorrow in a way that is intended to alleviate that suffering.
 Fairness is a central virtue both for individuals and for social institutions. Fairness is characterized
by impartiality (a lack of favoritism).
 Ethics Virtue: Virtue of Ethics claims that the main task of ethics is to give us knowledge of what
is the right type of person, or what is a “good” person. Virtue ethics asks: what kind of character
must a person have to be a moral human being?
 The six pillars that they identified as being the most important characteristics of an ethical
virtue are:
i. Trustworthiness. Includes integrity, promise-keeping, and loyalty.
ii. Respect. Treating everyone with respect, regardless of any biases or provocations.

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iii. Responsibility. Includes accountability, pursuit of excellence, and self-restraint.
iv. Justice and fairness. Includes equity and demonstrating due process.
v. Caring. Showing concern for others. Showing consideration for decisions that affect others.
vi. Civic virtue and citizenship. Being socially conscious. Demonstrating concern for one’s
community.
 Physical virtue: Physical Virtues include speed, strength, coordination, and so on.
 Social virtue: Concerned with society with our relationships with our fellow members, it is
dealing with wealth and expenditures, honor and reputation, humor and anger, since the ways in
which we handle these activities, goods, and emotions either enhance or disrupt human life on the
individual and communal levels.
Social virtue makes reference to the active role of all members within society, in the adhering to
the principle of moral fairness in relation with all matters of the economy, such as commerce and
trade. Such a measure entails the moral self-applied restraint and discipline of every individual
within society, refraining from partaking in the excessive pursuit of the accumulating materialistic
wealth which is an attribute of greed. Which inevitably results in the over pricing or charging of
essential produce and goods, a prospect which is the leading cause for the manifestation of
corruption and inevitably hunger and poverty within society. Social virtue is an important attribute
and element of the moral and idealist equilibrium economies.
 Intellectual virtues: Are the virtues of understanding. We all have the ability to perceive Truth,
but some refine this ability into a virtue. Intellectual virtues include the effective use of language,
logical reasoning, and the ability to identify likenesses and differences, and so on. The cardinal
intellectual virtue is wisdom.
 Spiritual virtues can be summarized by the words “Faith, hope, and love” oriented towards God.
Table 2. Samples of Virtues
Physical Social Civic Ethical / Moral Spiritual Intellectual

Virtues Virtues Virtues Practical Virtues virtue Virtue
Virtues
The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends:
objective Health of responsible Health of Moral moral Understanding
Physical Relationships personality Action Happiness sprite the logic

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Health (Ethics)
Fitness Friendship Self- Duty Justice Faith Wisdom

sacrifice
Beauty Empathy / Fairness Prudence / Wisdom Hope
Sympathy Resolution
Strength Good Will civility Humility Temperance Love
/cooperation
Wealth Cooperation / Compassion Honor Courage
Competition
Information Sheet-5 Applying Moral values in work place
5.1 Applying Moral Values in Work Place
Moral values are relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value of self and others. The
great moral values, such as truth, freedom, charity, etc., have one thing in common. When they are
functioning correctly, they are life protecting or life enhancing for all. But they are still relative values. Our
relative moral values must be constantly examined to make sure that they are always performing their life-
protecting mission.
5.1.1 Common Core Moral Values Descriptions for the Workplace
i. Autonomy
The ability to work in a way that is most conducive to performing at your best is something both you and the
company may value. As an employee, you may want to feel empowered to make decisions and take action.
Many companies prefer to give you the flexibility to work at your own pace and in your own way as long as
you continue to meet satisfactory performance standards.
ii. Integrity
Valuing integrity in the workplace means that you strive to do the right thing, even when you think no one is
looking. You may also value honesty, transparency and a commitment to doing what’s best for your clients,
customers, teammates and company.
iii. Innovation

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Challenge yourself to see what’s possible to better meet the needs of your team, your customers and your
company. You are a work in progress, striving to improve and do better. Think of creative ways to solve
tough problems. Take calculated risks. Finding new ways to solve a problem moves the company
iv. Growth
Many people and companies believe that the growth of a company comes with the professional growth of the
team. Valuing growth means that you have to drive to continuously improve both yourself and the business.
Growth is based on mutual success
v. Service
Being service-minded or customer-oriented means that you care about providing a quality experience to the
clients you serve. This value can also extend to include supporting your community and your team. Valuing
service means that you aim to provide a meaningful experience to the people you serve and support.
5.1.2 Values of moral judgments
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction, intention, motive,
character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) good or bad as measured against some standard of
Good.
Object of Moral Judgment
A moral judgement as distinguished from a factual judgement is a judgement upon the action of an individual
that can be evaluated as good or bad, right or wrong. Obviously, it is a judgement upon the voluntary action of
the individual.
Some Requirements to make Moral Judgement in the Work Place
i. Actions
Moral judgements are not passed upon all kinds of action, but only upon conduct. But conduct or willed
action has two aspects. It is will and it is action, it involves
ii. Intensions
Intention is the object of moral Judgement. It includes the motive or the idea of the end as well as the idea of
the means. An action is good if its intention is good, in other words, if the end as well as the means adopted is
good. The end never justifies the means. Thus the motive alone does not determine the moral quality of an
action.

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Intention is the object of moral judgement. It is intention including motive that determines the moral quality
of an action. An action is right when the intention of the agent is good. An action is bad or wrong when the
motive or the end and the means are good; an action is wrong if either of them is "bad.
iii. Situations
The possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in concrete situations requires antecedent moral
principles. In the absence of such principles there is no rational basis for making such judgments. The
possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in concrete situations implies:
 The situations about which we make such judgments must already have moral significance
independently of the principles one may bring to bear upon them; and
 The rightness or wrongness of one's actions in concrete situations depends on this moral significance
of situations.
iv. Character
Intention is not an isolated mental phenomenon. Intention is the expression of the character. We pass moral
judgments on the character of a person when we want to determine his moral worth. But we do not determine
the moral quality of an action by considering the character of the agent, because a person of good character
has not always a good intention and similarly a person of bad character may not have necessarily a bad
intention always.
For example, People articulate a moral judgment when they say that an action is right or wrong, that a person
is good or bad, or that a situation is just or unjust. Athletes frequently make moral judgments about moral
issues that arise in sports, and such judgments have been investigated by sport psychologists.

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Information Sheet-6 Practicing of Multiculturalism
6.1 Culture
Culture is a broad term that encompasses various unique ways of doing things in a certain society. It can be
divided as material and immaterial culture. Material culture includes clothes, household utensils, tools, houses
and ornaments. The immaterial/non material culture includes language, beliefs, values and norms.
i. The relation between morality and culture
Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people should behave and
interact with others. They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend meaning and coherence to
life, and provide a means of achieving a sense of integrity, safety, and belonging.
ii. The difference between morality and culture
Normative ethical relativism theory says that the moral rightness and wrongness of actions varies from society
to society and that there are no absolute universal moral standards binding on all men at all times. Each
culture establishes the basic values and principles that serve as the foundation for morality
iii. Diverse cultural groups
Despite various styles, unique ways of getting things done, it is however, important to treat all cultures
equally. Because, having cultural diversity means having different dressing styles, traditional foods, cultural
dances etc. making; for example, Ethiopia beautiful and interesting country
6.1.1 Elements of work place culture
Culture is fairly nebulous and subjective but culture comprises a few specific elements: artifacts, stories,
rituals, heroes, symbols, beliefs, attitudes and values.
 Artefacts
Are physical items found to have particular symbolism for a company. This could include an early product
line or the napkin that comprised the original idea for the company. Artefacts remind us of things created from
an earlier time.
 Stories
Culture is often disseminated through stories about past events and people. These stories could be true or
elaborations on a nugget of truth. The story might be of heroism or just plain luck.

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 Rituals
Rituals are the repeated actions your company takes. These actions might be cantered on ceremonies, such as
a promotion or a retirement. They may also be associated with employee celebrations, such as the release of a
new product or the closing of a large sale, or they might be companywide, like the annual holiday party. The
predictability of the rituals and the depth of their meaning combined to help keep organizational culture
strong.
 Heroes
Heroes are the folks other employees look to emulate. These folks could be anyone throughout the
organization, from the founders to new hires. A hero might be a customer success representative who went out
of his or her way to delight a customer or the programmer who spent a little extra time to make the latest
release contain one fewer bug. These people symbolize and teach others the ideal behaviours and norms of the
workplace culture.
 Symbols
Cultural symbols can be found throughout an organization, from how people greet one another to the clothes
each person wears. Symbols can indicate status and trigger certain behaviours. A military uniform is full of
symbols. It tells others who salute first and the importance of the person wearing it. An office's decor is also
filled with symbols. The style of furniture, items hung and even the colour of the walls all contribute to telling
everyone more about the people who inhabit it.
Beliefs
People within organizations will often have shared beliefs. These beliefs unify the group's understanding of
the world and provide a foundation for action. This can smooth out communication between subgroups but
can also become a blinder if not checked.
 Attitudes
Is your organization laid back, rigid, direct or political? Attitudes are the external manifestations of underlying
beliefs that people use to signal to others’ said beliefs. How do people within your organization treat one
another? Are people open to change and new ideas or is there a rigorous hierarchy that dictates the attitudes of
individuals?

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 Values
Values are the rules that everyone agrees to abide by within the group, and these can be seen throughout all of
the other elements of culture. Cultural values shouldn’t just be a list that is framed sitting next to the
bathrooms; they should be lived and used to make decisions.
6.2 Multiculturalism
It is the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special
acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture. That acknowledgment can take the
forms of recognition of contributions to the cultural life of the political community as a whole, a demand for
special protection under the law for certain cultural groups, or autonomous rights of governance for certain
cultures.
Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern democracies and a way of
compensating cultural groups for past exclusion, discrimination, and oppression. Most modern democracies
comprise members with diverse cultural viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority cultural
groups have experienced exclusion or the denigration of their contributions and identities in the past.
Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while
maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant
culture.
6.2.1 Cultural diversity
Culture is considered to be the underlying values that direct how people behave. Cultural diversity in the
workplace is a result of practices, values, traditions, or beliefs of employees based on race, age, ethnicity,
religion, or gender.
Economic globalization is one of the driving forces of cultural diversity in the workplace. The modern
workforce is made up of people of different genders, ages, ethnicity, religions, and nationalities. Employers
have realized that workforce diversity provides both material and intangible benefits.
In order for employers to reap the benefits of cultural diversity in the workplace, they must communicate their
commitment to addressing the challenges of a diverse workforce. Employers must be seen to be celebrating
their employees’ diversity to avoid workplace issues, like awkwardness and hostility.
6.2.2 Types of diversity
Diversity in the workforce refers to specific groups of people who have typically experienced discrimination.
To help these employees’ overcome barriers at work, many companies have created diversity and inclusion
programs.

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When you think about diversity, it can mean a lot of things. Here are just some of the different types of
diversity in the workplace.
 Race – Race is may be one of the first things you think of when you think about diversity. Employees of
colour have often faced challenges — getting hired, being accepted by the co-workers, receiving fair
compensation.
 Education – Not everyone’s path to employment is the same. Having a mix of educational backgrounds is
a huge asset to an organization, but can also create conflict.
 Ethnicity – As the workforce becomes more and more global, ethnic diversity might bring about language
barriers or cultural differences in how business is carried out.
 Gender – According to the World Economic Forum, it will take 208 years to reach gender equality in the
U.S. Cultural diversity in the workplace also applies to gender.
 Religion – Religious diversity can impact your staff’s dress, dietary requirements, and request for
particular days off.
 Workers with disabilities – Diversity in the workplace also applies to workers with disabilities. Whether
impairments from vision, learning, or mental health, diversity comes in many ways. As a result,
companies need to ensure that their diversity and inclusion programs recognize and make provision for the
wide spectrum of disabilities.
6.2.3 Challenges of multiculturalism
There are two primary objections to multiculturalism. One is that multiculturalism privileges the good of
certain groups over the common good, thereby potentially eroding the common good in favour of a minority
interest.
National unity could become impossible if people see themselves as members of ethnic or racial groups rather
than as citizens of a common country. The second is that multiculturalism undermines the notion of equal
individual rights, thereby weakening the political value of equal treatment. Equal individual rights could be
set aside or deprecated in favour of rights that are possessed by the group
6.2.4 Workplace Issues Involving Cultural Diversity
Every company that’s emerged as a positive example of cultural diversity has faced issues in relation to
facilitating people from different groups to work cohesively. HR personnel and the company’s leadership
should be responsive to these issues. The following are some diversity workplace issues that you might need
to address:

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 Conflict – This occurs when discrimination, prejudice, lack of respect, and racism are allowed to
fester in a workplace. Intolerant attitudes can turn into open conflict if companies don’t take the correct steps
to show that any type of discrimination won’t be tolerated.
 Harassment – Training should be provided as to what constitutes harassment. Employees who harass
others should be dealt with according to company procedures. Like all the other issues arising from diversity
in the workplace, harassment can have a devastating effect on employees and the company as a whole. Uber is
an example of a company that has suffered damage as a result of harassment claims.
 Disregarding needs – Some companies ignore the needs of disabled employees by failing to provide
them with the necessary equipment to access all facilities and to undertake their jobs. Employers need to lead
the way in creating a comfortable workplace for all of its employees, irrespective of whether they have a
disability.
6.2.5 Managing Diversity in the Workplace
The issues around a diverse workplace can be managed and mitigated if employers take active steps to ensure
that their companies are recognized for tolerance and acceptance.
Here are some tips for managing diversity in the workplace:
 Create written policies – Companies should include their policy in relation to diversity in their
employee handbook. The policy should contain information about non-discrimination laws, the code of
conduct, and the compensation and benefits policy.
 Provide sensitivity training – Employees should be provided with sensitivity training to create a
better workplace culture. Sensitivity training can help employees to value views that are different, understand
words, and actions that cause offense and what needs to be done if they’ve been offended.
 Create an accountability plan
Use regular surveys to check in on your progress, and have a plan in place for how you’re going to ensure
staff upholds these policies.
 Address micro-aggressions
Micro-aggressions are “thinly veiled, everyday instances of racism, homophobia, sexism (and more) that you
see in the world.
 Impose a zero-tolerance policy – After employees have received the handbook and training about
diversity issues, the company needs to set the tone about how violations will be dealt with. Employees should
be aware that inappropriate behaviour will not be tolerated and every reported incident will be taken seriously.

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6.2.6 Multiculturalism in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is one of the most diverse nations in the world inhabited around 84 ethnic groups. The essence of
multiculturalism in Ethiopia is to develop harmonious coexistence among people from diverse ethnic, social
and cultural backgrounds. Embedding cultural and local knowledge dimensions would enhance learners'
ability to deal with different educational and cultural identities constructively to unit a diverse group of
individuals for a common national goal. Ethiopian universities are centres of multiculturalism.
The current Ethiopian regime has used the ethnic federalism policy to restructure Ethiopia’s geopolitical,
social and education policies along ethnic and linguistic lines. The official discourse of Ethiopian ethnic
federalism and multicultural policies has emphasized the liberal values of diversity, tolerance, and recognition
of minority groups. However, its application has resulted in negative ethnicity and social conflicts among
different ethnic groups.
7. Importance of Diversity Culture in Ethiopia

Level of awareness and understanding on each other’s cultural values and features among nations and
nationalities of the country will be increased. Mutual respect and understanding among nations, nationalities
and peoples on the basis of equality will be enhanced. Multiculturalism is the key to achieving a high degree
of cultural diversity. Diversity occurs when people of different races, nationalities, religions, ethnicities, and
philosophies come together to form a community. A truly diverse society is one that recognizes and values the
cultural differences in its people. Today, entire countries, workplaces, and schools are increasingly made up of
various cultural, racial, and ethnic groups. By recognizing and learning about these various groups,
communities build trust, respect, and understanding across all cultures. Communities and organizations in all
settings benefit from the different backgrounds, skills, experiences, and new ways of thinking that come with
cultural diversity
7 Advantages and Disadvantages of multiculturalism
i. Advantages
There is no doubt that the multiculturalism will bring many advantages.

 It will boost the tourism industry, increase employment and income, raise local government
revenue; hence multiculturalism is good for economy.
 Better mutual understanding could be great helpful to eliminate deep-rooted prejudice and
racist issues.
 It enhances openness and inspire creativity, they might blend different cultures together and
creature new unique food, architecture, music, and culture.

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 Innovation and creativity: Immigrants from different nations bring a great source of diverse
knowledge and experience. They help improve trade and bring a lot of creativity and innovation
to a country.
 Economic growth: Doing business with people from different cultural jurisdictions like
immigrants can bring in new skills in the business. This helps a business tap into local and
international markets which contributes to economic growth.
 Community flavour and flair: Ethnic restaurants and stores add flavour and colour to
communities to attract tourists through their cultural celebrations, diverse cultural foods, and
participation in local festivals.
 Understand people: Multiculturalism helps us understand diverse cultures and lets us know how
to get along or interact with people from different cultures.
 Know what culture to take up: It enables you to find out what other cultures can be combined
or used in your culture.
 Learn different languages: You can be friends with people from different nations and as you
interact with them, you can learn their language.
 Know religion and traditions: Multiculturalism gives you an opportunity to know other
countries and know new traditions, new cultures, and religions by interacting with them.
 Skilled migrant labor: A multi ethnic country is a home for many immigrants with the majority
of them being a highly skilled work force. The skilled workforce brings a mix of cultural
experience needed for problem-solving and creating a strong team.
ii. Disadvantages
The side effects of multiculturalism are limited but still worth to be mentioned:
 Religious conflicts: Different religious beliefs bring a lot of conflicts within the
community and can bring tribal clashes.
o Language barrier: People from different cultures use different languages or terms
which are different from that of the natives creating some barrier in communication.
o Dealing with different cultures: It is difficult for people to deal with different
cultures, understanding their believes and norms.
o Fear of influence: Dealing with a multicultural society creates some fear among the
individuals that they may lose their original culture and identity by adopting cultures
from others inform of lifestyle, dressing, and other attributes of foreign cultures.

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o Bring differences in the society: People from different nationalities bring everything
from their homeland and the natives are not fond of that since it brings a lot of
changes.
o Education: Children from ethnic minority cultures or immigrants may take longer to
be accustomed to the local culture and this affects their academic performance.
o Risk of social conflicts: A social conflict can occur due to differences in beliefs,
practices, and ethnic rituals. Certain ways of life may cause conflicts between two or
more groups.
o Difficult managing multicultural workforce: It is very demanding to manage a
multicultural workforce. The minority group may feel overwhelmed by adopting
diverse cultures. This makes it difficult for the multicultural team to collaborate.
o Dependent on another culture: It diminishes’ one’s culture and leads to dependent on
another culture through learning new traditions and new ways of thinking.
o Phase-out of defined cultures: A multicultural world results in phasing out of defined
cultures existing throughout history.
Unit Two:- Apply Professional Ethics
Instruction Sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics –
 Explaining profession and professionalism

 Describing the concept of ethics and professional ethics
 Reflecting and evaluating ethical practices in the work place
 Applying codes of ethics, conduct and standards of professional practice
 Identifying mechanisms of ethical decision making
 Identifying factors that affect professional and ethical decision
 Promoting ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others

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Information Sheet 1. Developing the Concept of Profession and Professionalism
2.1 Developing the Concept of Profession and Professionalism

The word profession can be defined as a vocation or occupation requiring, especial, usually advanced
education, knowledge and skill. Thus, the term profession refers to the knowledge, skill and ability which can
be obtained through formal education and training. A person who attained a certain specialized skill is known
as a professional. A man trained in machine or automotive technology, a man trained in medical science and
the like. It should also be acceptable by the society. On the other hand, professionalism is defined as “The
skill, good judgment, and polite behavior that is expected from a person who is trained to do a job well”
Although each profession requires people with specific skills and talents, every efficient employee should have
general professional qualities. These qualities can help you show employers that you are a well-rounded
individual. Those who are highly respected and admired in their roles exude professionalism. Some qualities of
a professional include
 Knowing your staff.  Being honest.
 Standing for something.
 Keeping your word.
2.2 Characteristics of professionalism
There are different characteristics of professionalism. But Commitment and confidence, responsibility and
dependability, honesty and ethics, and appearance and professional presence are central professional
characteristics.
2.3 Values of professionalism
Someone who displays professional values will:
 Portray a professional image through reliability, consistency and honesty.
 Dress and act appropriately.
 Deliver work outcomes to agreed quality standards and timescales.
 Be accountable for their actions
Information Sheet 2. Describing the Concept of Ethics and Professional Ethics
2.1 Fundamentals of Professional Ethics

Professional workers are in charge to change the culture of ethics in their respective organization. They are
expected to be role models in accepting and implementing their professional code of ethics. As the result,

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fertile and conducive work environment will be created and effective, efficient, just, and ethical services be
delivered to the customers and the public at large.
Ethics is: the critical examination and evaluation of what is good, evil, right and wrong in human conduct.
A specific set of principles, values and guidelines for a particular group or organization.
Professional Ethics: Professional ethics refers to ethics that enables professionals to distinguish what is
right from what is wrong using morality as standard of evaluation professional ethics can be conceived as
parameter by which actions and behaviors of a professional can be determined as right or wrong. In
absolute terms all professions do not have the same set of values and standards such as accountants,
managers, lawyers, trainers, medical doctors, engineers and Technicians etc.
2.2 Approaches to Ethics
Strictly speaking, morality is used to refer to what we would call moral standards and moral conduct while
ethics is used to refer to the formal study of those standards and conduct. For this reason, the study of ethics
is also often called "moral philosophy." All moral theories address the questions of what is Good, why it‘s
Good, and where the Good is located? There are only three basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories. These
are teleological theories, deontological theories, and virtue-based theories.
1.2 The Branches of Ethics:
There are different branches of ethics in different perspectives.
Normative ethics is concerned with principles of morality. This branch itself can be divided into various
sub-branches (and in various ways. For this time there are four major branches.
i. Normative Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is
morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have direct implications for what
human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like.
ii. Descriptive Ethics is a form of empirical research into the attitudes of individuals or groups of
people. In other words, this is the division of philosophical or general ethics that involves the observation of
the moral decision-making process with the goal of describing the phenomenon.
iii. Meta Ethics is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.
iv. Applied Ethics is the practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-
world actions and their moral considerations
2.3 Importance of Professional Ethics
A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a manner that is socially
acceptable and respectful of one another. It establishes the rules for behavior and sends a message to every
employee that universal compliance is expected.
The prime objectives of the Professional Ethics are as follows:

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i. Moral awareness (proficiency in recognizing moral problems in engineering like plagiarism and
patenting)
ii. Convincing moral reasoning (comprehending, assessing different views)
iii. Moral coherence (forming consistent viewpoints based on facts)
A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a manner that is socially
acceptable and respectful of one another. It establishes the rules for behavior and sends a message to every
employee that universal compliance is expected. Similarly, there other Purposes of Professional Ethics
 Advance the quality of service the quality of service for professionals could render
 Evaluate the performance of professionals in each profession
 Distinguish acceptable and non- acceptable characters or code of conduct
 Serve as a foundation of professional identity
2.4 Professional Ethics Required from a Worker
Professional ethical principle serves for different purposes.
i. It lays down those moral principles that should be observed and respected by all the professionals.
ii. It helps professionals to ensure the provision of well standardized service to the society
iii. It serves as a bench mark for professionals to evaluate their activity and code of conduct accordingly,
etc. Example, a good mechanic would never repair one item in a car while sabotaging another part to
malfunction later. It would be unethical to advertise a certain product as having certain qualities if it really
does not.
2.5 Ethiopian Ethical service delivery
In the Ethiopian context, twelve principles Ethical service delivery are identified as the bases for ethical
service delivery in the working areas and the public at large. Based on these principles each profession is
expected to develop its own professional codes that address the particular nature of the profession. The
values are stated as principles of ethical service delivery and are 12 in number. These are:
i. Integrity x. Respecting the law
ii. Loyalty xi. Responsiveness
iii. Transparency xii. Leadership
iv. Confidentiality
v. Honesty
vi. Accountability
vii. Serving the public interest
viii. Exercising legitimate authority
ix. Impartiality

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2.6 Ethics and Law
Laws are norms, formally approved by state, power or national or international political bodies.
Many laws are instituted in order to promote well-being, resolve conflicts of interest, and promote
social harmony. However, there are several reasons why ethics is not law.
 First, some actions that are illegal may not be unethical
 Second, some actions that are unethical may not be illegal.
 Third, laws can be unethical or immoral.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ME3S_LWtQU (video)
2.7 Principles of Common Professional Ethics
There are fundamental principles of professional ethics that apply to all professions regardless
of their specific specialization. They are:
a. Punctuality: Punctuality refers to the state of being strictly observant of an appointed or
regular time across all professions a worker should be punctual not only when he/she
meets deadlines and when he/she is always available during working hours.
b. Honesty and integrity: honest basically refer to the art of telling the truth. Employers
and institutions expect their workers to be honest and hence professionals should be
honest, and at the same time work in good behavior and integrity.
c. Proper utilization of resources: A worker in any profession should handle the resources
in a way that she/he can use the resources for longer time. In other words, avoiding of
wastage in any, be it material or financial resources.
d. Loyalty and self –efficacy: Any worker, in a given profession must stand for, and not
against the employer or the institution. Moreover, an ethical professionals must develop
self-efficacy, that is an appraisal or evaluation that a professional about his /her
professional and personal competence to succeed in a particular task.
e. Working in cooperation with collogues: A worker of a given profession should make
sure that he/she has a good relationship with other workers. The main rationale behind
these codes of professional ethics is to create a fertile and good atmosphere for
cooperation and better productivity. He/she should serve hand in hand with other
professional for better productivity and effective provision of service.
f. Anti-corruption spirit: One way of fighting corruption is by making professionals to
comply with the laws, rules, and regulations of the state.
g. Confidentiality: A worker of give profession need to keep some information that should
be kept secret. For instance, in case of physician or nurse he/she has to keep all the

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information regarding the patient contained in a patient’s chart. Another example is that a
trainer should keep all information of student’s achievements confidential.
h. Commitment: A professional should help his /her clients and the whole community to
maintain and satisfy societal or public demands.
i. Persistent tolerance and democratic culture: Any worker or professional have to
develop the ability and willingness to accommodate differences in ideas, outlooks or
views is indispensable
j. Respecting the dignity of people: A professional or worker should respect the dignity of
all personal serving them in accordance with their basic needs, irrespective of their sex,
personal status, religion or by supernal factors involved.
k. Impartiality /Non-partiality: A professional should be impartial he/she should treat
all equally in his/her service delivery without any discrimination. for example, a trainer
should treat his/her students equally on the basis of their academic performance or
achievement.
l. Accountability and responsibility: Any worker in a given profession has
professional responsibilities or duties. As part of a given organization, everyone is
expected to be answerable for his/her actions.
m. Transparency: That is, his/her work must be open to the public to whom he/she delivers
public services. Confident professionals who work for the people effectively and
efficiently are usually transparent.
n. Responsiveness: Responsiveness refers to the extent that a professional satisfies the
needs, preferences, or values of his/her has connections and professional relationship with
his clients or public, he/she has to able to reply or respond to the people’s demand.
2.8 Some Characteristics of Work Ethics
Among the many characteristics of work ethics, the following are some to be mentioned:
 Teamwork
 Appearance
 Attitude
 Productivity
 Organizational Skill
 Communication
 Cooperation
 Respect

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Best Recommended Core Ethical Values includes the following.
A. Integrity, including. Exercising good judgment in professional practice.
B. Honesty, including. Truthfulness
C. Fidelity, including. Faithfulness to clients;
D. Charity, including. Kindness
E. Responsibility, including. Reliability / dependability;
F. Self-Discipline, including
Information Sheet 3 Reflecting and Evaluating Ethical Practices in the Work Place
3.1. Evaluating Ethical practices in the work place

Ethical practices of workers or professionals can be evaluated using ethical standards of
workers. Some Examples of good ethical behaviors in the workplace includes: Obeying the
company's rules, Effective communication, Taking Responsibility, Accountability,
Professionalism and Ethical.
3.1.1. Obeying the Company's Rules
In the most basic sense, the benefits of rules and regulations in business are that they protect
the company. By protecting employees, you protect the company from lawsuits. Following
rules and regulations help employees understand what is expected of them and what will
happen if they violate the rules.
3.1.2. Effective Communication:
Keys to Effective Communication are:
 Be positive.
 Be a listener
 Be an echo.
 Be a mirror
 Be real

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3.1.3. Taking Responsibility:  Refuse to take anything
It is the way to take responsibility for personal.
your life by doing the following:  Make yourself happy.
 Take responsibility for your  Live in the present moment.
thoughts, feelings, words and  Use the power of intention.
actions.  Feel calm and confident
 Stop blaming.
 Stop complaining.
3.1.4. Accountability: is an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to
account for one's actions public officials lacking accountability. Some steps to
accountability may include:
 Mustering the Courage to see it:
 Finding the Heart to own it:
 Obtaining the wisdom to solve it:
 Exercising the means to do it
3.1.5. Professionalism:
“Professionalism is someone's inherent ability to do what is expected of them and deliver
quality work because they are driven to do so.” Professionalism also encompasses the way an
employee interacts with other people, including coworkers, customers and supervisors "the
trend towards professionalism". Characteristics true professionals possess in the workplace
 A neat appearance.
 Proper demeanor (in Person
and Online)
 Reliable.
 Competent.
 Communicator.
 Good phone politeness
(Etiquette).
 Poised (Self-assured).
 Ethical

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Trust and Mutual Respect for Your Colleagues at Work
These examples of ethical behaviors ensure maximum productivity output at work.
Encouraging mutual respect will help to: Reduce workplace stress, conflict and problems. An
increase in workplace respect will help to improve communication between colleagues, increase
teamwork and reduce stress as peace in the workplace soars. Increase productivity, knowledge and
understanding. Every worker should try best to get respect and trust from colleagues in the work
place.
The Ways to Get Respect from Your Coworkers are
 Follow the Rules.
 Work Hard.
 Talk Less, Listen More.
 Assume the Best About People.
 Apologize and Admit Mistakes.
 Take Criticism and Learn from It.
 Stand Up for Yourself.
 Help Other People Succeed.
To build trust in the workplace also considers the following:
 Listen more than you speak.
 Solicit and act on feedback.
 Show appreciation every day.
 Empower your team by trusting them first.
 Encourage coaching.
 Practice consistency.
 Focus on nonverbal communication soft skills and
 Create an inclusive culture

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3.2. Ethical & Unethical Behavior in Workplace
Workplace ethics are a dynamic set of values that vary with people and their definition of a workplace. For
some, it is a physical office they go to every day, while others, their home office. No matter whether you
work from home or commute to work every day, workplace ethic is required to build a successful career.
Organizations are known to embrace ethical practices and behaviors to increase productivity and uphold
integrity—while setting a penalty for workers who default workplace ethics. Workplace ethics are the set of
values, moral principles, and standards that need to be followed by both employers and employees in the
workplace. It is the set of rules and regulations that need to be followed by all staff of the workplace.
These ethics are implemented by employers to foster both employee-employee relationship and employee-
customer relationships. An organization may decide to put these ethics into writing or not—they are
however meant to be followed.
3.2.1. Ethical Behaviors in the Workplace
Ethical behaviors ensure maximum productivity output at work and could be pivotal for career growth. The
following are the examples of ethical behavior:
A. Obey The Company’s Rules & Regulation
At the start of an employee contract, companies may need the employee to sign various documents,
including the company rules and regulation agreement form. Also, the employee may be given a handbook
that may serve as a guide. Some common rules are tardiness, inappropriate dressing, and language, etc. Due
to the excitement of getting a new job, some employees do not properly read these rules and may end up
deferring them in the future. Therefore, it is important that new employees properly read these rules &
regulations in other not to defer them.
B. Communicate Effectively
Effective communication is very important to avoid misunderstandings when dealing with issues in the
workplace. Communicating effectively may mean different things to people at different points in time.
Effective communication may also have an employee breaking one of the rules and regulations of the
company without getting penalized for it.

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C. Develop Professional Relationships
Good professional relationships are not only a thing that fosters teamwork among employees, but also help
with individual career development for employees. Developing professional relationships with coworkers or
other professionals outside the workplace will also directly or indirectly improve productivity. Professional
relationships between low-level and high-level employees will make it easier for ideas to be shared and
knowledge to be passed to junior employees. That way, the company can confidently have an intern work
on a tough project to meet a pending deadline due to the guidance from older employees.
D. Take Responsibility
It is important for employees to always take responsibility for decisions made both individually and in a
team. This is, in fact, a leadership trait that every employee who is looking to take up a managerial position
in the future should exhibit. Understandably, employees may want to save their job and are therefore scared
of taking responsibility for a particular event. However, they shouldn't let this fear take them. out of the
team.
E. Professionalism/Standards
There are professional standards that everything an employee does in the workplace. The use of informal
words in a formal workplace is highly unprofessional. These standards should be held high and applied to
every part of an employee's activity in the workplace. This should include the way they speak, kind of work
they deliver and their relationship with coworkers and customers.
F. Be Accountable
Accountability is also a very good trait of an employee. One of the things that may short change a talented
and responsible is the lack of accountability. Lack of accountability may result in your boss thinking you
have an "I don't care attitude" to the company's project or worst take you as a liar and may lead to job loss in
the long run. For example, at the beginning of each year, a certain amount of money is allocated to each
department. The manager is meant to oversee how this money is spent. If at the end of the year, the manager
cannot make an account of how the money was spent, he may then be suspected of stealing company funds.
G. Uphold Trust
An employee should not do anything that may make his or her employee withdraw trust. As an employee of
a company, your employee trusts you to get work done perfectly on time. Things like missing deadlines

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regularly or delivering work that needs to be revised over and over again will deny you a promotion. It may
even leave the employer not giving you tasks to complete in the future—a nightmare for freelancers.
H. Show Initiative without being told
Is the company running behind deadline and you feel you can stay a few extra hours after work to finish up?
Do it. You are a freelance designer and your client wants a particular poster designed but doesn't have a
copywriter to write the content. If you can write the contents, do so. Don't delay a client's work because of a
few contents.
I. Respect Your Colleagues
It doesn't matter whether you are dealing with the intern, a junior, janitor, etc. they should all be treated with
respect. As a manager, treating your team members with respect will help improve their productivity.
Giving constructive criticism and saying kind words to them even when they are not able to deliver
perfectly will help them strive to do better in the future.
J. Work Smarter
Don't just work hard, work smarter. The reason why you see an employee promoted to the post of manager
after just 2 years and a hardworking employee who has been with the company for 10 years failed to get a
promotion is smart work.
3.2.2. Unethical Workplace Behaviors
A. Lies:
Lying is a trait that is detested in and outside the workplace. It kills trust, affects relationships and may even
put people in trouble. There are different situations where employees lie in the workplace-with just one lie
opening the floor for many others. It could be a sales manager lying about the number of clients they were
able to get in a month or an employee calling in sick just to attend another job interview.
A lot of employees start lying from their CV, by adding experiences they didn't acquire, and the skills they
don't have. Employees need to understand that lying about work may eventually get them in trouble and
needs to stop before they lose their job.
B. Taking Credit for Others Hard Work
It is very common for managers to take credit for their team member's hard work when reporting to the
management. A team member may have brought an idea that helped the sales team improve their sales by

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200%. However, when giving a report, the manager doesn't mention the team member's name but claims the
idea as his. Employees need to reduce the use of "I", but embrace the use of “We". By taking credit for
another person's work, you will be denying the person a promotion, bonus or commendation for a job well
done. This will discourage the person from sharing ideas that will benefit the company in the future.
C. Verbal Harassment/Abuse
Employees need to stay away from using foul language on coworkers in and out of the workplace. This is
very important when dealing with customers. Customers are known to get angry and may result in verbal
abuse due to a bad product or service. They may even get insult you when they are at fault. As a customer
care representative, salesperson or any other employee, it is important that you don't use abusive words on
customers no matter how provoked.
D. Violence
Similar to verbal harassment, employees should not be violent when dealing with coworkers and customers.
Customers may likely provoke you, but it is better to keep shut and walk away rather than turn violent.
E. Non-Office Related Work
A lot of employees have side hustles which they use to supplement salaries. This is very good and only very
few companies are against employees working to make money outside work hours. However, some
employees still do non-office related work during office hours. Employees who have side hustles should try
doing them on weekends or employing other people to handle some of the business logistics to avoid eating
into office hours to get the work done.
F. Extended Breaks
Companies give lunch breaks to employees and people take advantage of these breaks to do other things
outside office work like, go for interviews, meet with friends or even work on their side hustles. They are
free to do whatever they want this lunch break. Employees, however, take advantage of these lunch breaks
and extend them beyond time.
G. Theft/Embezzlement
Some employees are known for diverting company funds into their bank accounts-padding project
quotations, invoices, etc. to deceive the company on how much was spent on particular projects. This act is

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detrimental to the company because employees who steal sometimes replace quality products with
counterfeits which are cheaper but causes damage in the future.
H. Corrupt Practices
Some common causes of corruption can be seen during the employment process of an organization. They
invite so many people to send their CVs and come for interviews but only people with the same political
affiliation with them get the job. This is also common with companies that ask for contractors to bid for a
project but the employees will only give them to their friends who may not even bid at all.
I. Management/Employers Unethical Behaviors
Workplace ethics is not for employees alone. Employers are also bound to workplace ethics and may also be
tried for unethical behavior.
J. Sex for Job /Promotion
It is common for managers, employers and major decision-makers to use their position in the workplace to
influence the hiring decision in exchange for sex.
K. Verbal Harassment
It is common among employers to verbally harass employees when they make little mistakes. This will
reduce employee morale and productivity. Employers should always say kind words to their employees.
L. Undue Pressure
Deadlines are a great way to make sure the work gets done on time. However, when employees are placed
under undue pressure, they end up trading quality for on-time delivery. An example of undue pressure will
be giving an employee a 1-day deadline for a project that would normally take a week.
M. Nepotism
This is a common type of corruption that happens in the workplace. An employee who has been working
hard for years while influencing company growth may get sidelined for a promotion because of another
employee who is a family friend, family, or friend of the employer. Things like this are what reduce
employee morale or even push talented employees to dropping a resignation.

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N. Unfriendly Work Environment
One of the things that can mar productivity is an unfriendly working environment. This may come as a
combination of abusive bosses, lack of commendation, nepotism, etc. An unfriendly environment is an
environment that combines various unethical behaviors into one.
O. Unrealistic Expectations
Creative usually have it worse when it comes to having unrealistic expectations from employees.
3.3. How to Solve Unethical Issues at the Workplace
3.3.1. Have Rules
Organizations need to have predefined rules and regulations regarding workplace ethics. These rules and
regulations should be given to new employees together with their employment contracts. Also having the
rules written at strategic places at the workplace will also help remind people about the rules. People tend to
unconsciously imbibe things they see every day.
3.3.2. Accept Feedback/Complaint
Make it easy for employees to send feedback or complaint in case of harassment, abuse, or any other
unethical activities going on in the workplace.
3.3.3. List Consequences for Unethical Behaviors
Consequences for unethical behaviors should also be placed alongside the rules at strategic places in the
organization. That way, if anyone wants to ignore the rules despite seeing them, the fear of getting punished
will stop him or her from going ahead.
3.3.4. Swift Justice/Disciplinary Action
Some companies often cover up issues of rape, sexual harassment, etc. when the perpetrator is a high-
ranking member of the organization. Things like this should not be accommodated. Irrespective of who
breaks the rule, there should be swift disciplinary action by the organization.
3.4. Factors that Affect the Practice of Ethical Behaviour
There are different factors that can affect the Practice of ethical behavior are individual and social Factors.

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A. Individual Factors
Many individual factors affect a person's ethical behavior at work, such as knowledge, values, personal
goals, morals and personality. The more information that you have about a subject, the better chance you
will make an informed, ethical decision. For example, what if you had to decide whether to approve
building a new company store? What if you did not have the knowledge that the store would disturb an
endangered species nest? Without the appropriate knowledge, you could be choosing an unethical path.
Values are an individual's judgment or standard of behavior. They are another individual factor that affects
ethical behavior. To some people, acting in an improper way is just a part of doing business. Would you feel
that it is ethical to make up lies about your competitor just to win a contract? Some people's standard of
behavior will feel that lying for a business financial win is not unethical.
Morals are another individual characteristic that can affect an individual's ethics. Morals are the rules
people develop as a result of cultural norms and values and are, traditionally, what employees learn from
their childhood, culture, education, religion, etc. They are usually described as good or bad behavior. Would
you have good morals if you pushed a product on a customer that you knew was not going to help solve a
problem?
Many ethical work situations will also be affected by a person's goals. Which characteristics do you feel are
worthy to aspire to? Is financial gain ranked ahead of good character or integrity? If your personal goals are
about acquiring wealth no matter what the consequence, then you might act unethical in the future.
Lastly, an employee's personality plays an important factor in determining ethical behavior. Do you enjoy
risk or do you prefer the safe route? Individuals who prefer to take risks tend to have a higher chance of
unethical conduct at work. For example, if you are willing to risk dumping chemicals into a nearby water
supply to launch a profitable drug, then your riskiness could end up creating health issues in local citizens
for the sake of financial gain.
B. Social Factors
Cultural norms, the Internet and friends and family are three social factors that can affect ethical behavior.
Different cultures have norms that vary from place to place in the business world. For example, you might
have to face a request for a bribe in order to conduct business in certain countries in some countries. This
might be unethical to you but considered an acceptable norm in their workplace.

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Ethical practices:
Good ethical practice in the work place includes the following
 Acknowledging and respecting the attitudes and beliefs of others

 Separating professional and personal activities and interests
 Demonstrating effective interpersonal communication skills
 Maintaining informed ethical practice in the face of opposition, conflict, professional challenges and
limited resources
 Modeling high standards of behavior and presentation
 Offering and accepting advice as feedback on performance and for guidance and recommendations
 Acknowledging and working within scope of personal competence
 Keeping to commitments
 Meeting performance requirements, including:
 adequate preparation, personal presentation and time management
 Cooperating with colleagues in team and relay interpreting responsibility to communication.
3.5. Advantages and Implications of Workplace Ethics
A. It can stimulate positive employee behavior and create a positive ambiance in the workplace
B. Ensures management guides and mentors their employees in a healthy environment
C. A workplace with good ethics usually strengthens the bond employees have with their superior
D. It boosts productivity through employee performance and job satisfaction which in turn increases
company growth.
E. Bad workplace ethics can cause a strain in the relationship with company stakeholders
F. When it leaks (which it most likely will) poor behavior can be recorded and propelled into unsavory
headlines online. This can lead to reputational damage to the brand name.

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Information Sheet 4 Applying Codes of Ethics, Conduct and Standards of Professional Practice
4.1. The Purpose of Professional Codes of Conduct and Practice
A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with
integrity. A code of ethics, also referred to as an "ethical code," may encompass areas such as business
ethics, a code of professional practice, and an employee code of conduct. A well-written code of conduct
clarifies an organization's mission, values and principles, linking them with standards of professional
conduct. The code articulates the values the organization wishes to foster in leaders and employees and, in
doing so, defines desired behavior
4.2. Types of Codes of Ethics
A code of ethics can take a variety of forms, but the general goal is to ensure that a business and its
employees are following the laws, conducting themselves with an ideal that can be exemplary, and
ensuring that the business being conducted is beneficial for all stakeholders. The following are three types
of codes of ethics found in business.
i. Compliance-Based Code of Ethics
For all businesses, laws regulate issues such as hiring and safety standards. Compliance-based codes of
ethics not only set guidelines for conduct but also determine penalties for violations. In some industries,
including banking, specific laws govern business conduct. These industries formulate compliance-based
codes of ethics to enforce laws and regulations. Employees usually undergo formal training to learn the
rules of conduct. Because noncompliance can create legal issues for the company as a whole, individual
workers within a firm may face penalties for failing to follow guidelines. To ensure that the aims and
principles of the code of ethics are followed, some companies appoint a compliance officer. This individual
is tasked with keeping up to date on changes in regulation codes and monitoring employee conduct to
encourage conformity.
This type of code of ethics is based on clear-cut rules and well-defined consequences rather than individual
monitoring of personal behavior. Despite strict adherence to the law, some compliance-based codes of
conduct do not thus promote a climate of moral responsibility within the company.

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ii. Value-Based Code of Ethics
A value-based code of ethics addresses a company's core value system. It may outline standards of
responsible conduct as they relate to the larger public good and the environment. Value-based ethical
codes may require a greater degree of self-regulation than compliance-based codes.
Some codes of conduct contain language that addresses both compliance and values. For example, a
grocery store chain might create a code of conduct that espouses the company's commitment to health
and safety regulations above financial gain. That grocery chain might also include a statement about
refusing to contract with suppliers that feed hormones to livestock or raise animals in inhumane living
conditions.
4.3. Code of Ethics among Professionals
Advisers must be registered and certified or state regulators are bound by a code of ethics. This is a legal
requirement and also a code of loyalty that requires them to act in the best interest of their clients.
Certified public accountants, who are not typically considered fiduciaries to their clients, still are
expected to follow similar ethical standards, such as integrity, objectivity, truthfulness, and avoidance of
conflicts of interest. Professionals should obey by:
 Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public,
clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and
other participants in the global capital markets.
 Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own
personal interests.
 Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting
investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and
engaging in other professional activities.
 Practice and encourage others to practice professionally and ethically that will reflect credit on
themselves and the profession.
 Promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets for the ultimate benefit of
society.
 Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the
competence of other investment professionals.

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All companies will have a different code of ethics with different areas of interest, based on the industry
they are involved in, but the areas that companies typically focus on include: integrity, objectivity,
professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior.
A code of ethics in business is a set of guiding principles intended to ensure a business and its
employees act with honesty and integrity in all facets of its day-to-day operations and to only engage in
acts that promote a benefit to society.
4.4. The Difference between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct
A code of ethics is broader in its nature, outlining what is acceptable for the company in terms of
integrity and how it operates. A code of conduct is more focused in nature and instructs how a business'
employees should act daily and in specific situations. A code of ethics is a guiding set of principles
intended to instruct professionals to act in a manner that is honest and that is beneficial to all
stakeholders involved. A code of ethics is drafted by a business and tailored to the specific industry at
hand, requiring all employees of that business to adhere to the code.
4.5. Applying Code of Conduct
A code of conduct applies to everyone within an organization, with each company having their own code
of conduct that employees need to follow. A code of conduct is created by the employer to let their staff
members know what is expected of them in terms of behavior in the workplace. A code of conduct is the
most common policy within an organization. This policy lays out the company's principles, standards,
and the moral and ethical expectations that employees and third parties are held to as they interact with
the organization.
Some Codes of Conduct sets the values and principles that we as employees follow in our interactions
with each other and with our stakeholders such as customers and other business partners, our
shareholders and the regulatory authorities. It forms the basis for our behavior and for the public image.
4.6. Standards of Professional Practice
The Standards of Professional Practice are an agreed upon set of ethical and professional standards.
Members the professions use these standards in developing their own codes and guide them daily as they
continue their work. These include the following:
A. Professional Services
Members of the profession fulfill the responsibilities of their position by supporting the educational
interests, rights, and welfare of clients in accordance with the mission of the employing institution.

B. Agreement with Institutional Mission and Goals
Members who accept employment with an educational institution subscribe to the general mission and
goals of the institution.
C. Management of Institutional Resources
Members of the profession seek to advance the welfare of the employing institution through
accountability for the proper use of institutional funds, personnel, equipment, and other resources.
Members inform appropriate officials of conditions which may be potentially disruptive or damaging to
the institution's mission, personnel, and property.
D. Employment Relationship
Members honor employment relationships. Members do not commence new duties or obligations at
another institution under a new contractual agreement until termination of an existing contract, unless
otherwise agreed to by the member and the member's current and new supervisors. Members adhere to
professional practices in securing positions and employment relationships.
E. Conflict of Interest
Members recognize their obligation to the employing institution and seek to avoid private interests,
obligations, and transactions which are in conflict of interest or give the appearance of impropriety.
Members clearly distinguish between statements and actions which represent their own personal views
and those which represent their employing institution when important to do so.
F. Legal Authority
Members respect and acknowledge all lawful authority. Members refrain from conduct involving
dishonesty, fraud, deceit, and misrepresentation or unlawful discrimination.
Members demonstrate concern for the legal, social codes and moral expectations of the communities in
which they live and work even when the dictates of one's conscience may require behavior as a private
citizen which is not in keeping with these codes/expectations.
G. Equal Consideration and Treatment of Others
Members execute professional responsibilities with fairness and impartiality and show equal
consideration to individuals regardless of status or position. Members respect individuality and promote
an appreciation of human diversity in higher education. In keeping with the mission of their respective
institution and remaining cognizant of federal, state, and local laws, they do not discriminate on the
basis of race, color, national origin, religion, age, sex, affection or disability. Members do not engage in

or tolerate harassment in any form and should exercise professional judgment in entering into intimate
relationships with those for whom they have any supervisory, evaluative, or instructional responsibility.
H. Professionals Behavior
Members demonstrate and promote responsible behavior and support actions that enhance personal
growth and development of workers. Members foster conditions designed to ensure a workers’
acceptance of responsibility for his/her own behavior. Members inform and educate workers’ as to
sanctions or constraints on worker behavior which may result from violations of law or institutional
policies.
I. Integrity of Information and Research
Members ensure that all information conveyed to others is accurate and in appropriate context. In their
research and publications, members conduct and report research studies to assure accurate interpretation
of findings, and they adhere to accepted professional standards of academic integrity.
J. Confidentiality
Members ensure that confidentiality is maintained with respect to all privileged communications and to
educational and professional records considered confidential. They inform all parties of the nature
and/or limits of confidentiality. Members share information only in accordance with institutional
policies and relevant statutes when given the informed consent or when required to prevent personal
harm to themselves or others.
K. Research Involving Human Subjects
Members are aware of and take responsibility for all pertinent ethical principles and institutional
requirements when planning any research activity dealing with human subjects.
L. Representation of Professional Competence
Members at all times represent accurately their professional credentials, competencies, and limitations
and act to correct any misrepresentations of these qualifications by others. Members make proper
referrals to appropriate professionals when the member's professional competence does not meet the task
or issue in question.
M. Selection and Promotion Practices
Members support nondiscriminatory, fair employment practices by appropriately publicizing staff

vacancies, selection criteria, deadlines, and promotion criteria in accordance with the spirit and intent of
equal opportunity policies and established legal guidelines and institutional policies.

N. References
Members, when serving as a reference, provide accurate and complete information about candidates,
including both relevant strengths and limitations of a professional and personal nature.
O. Job Description and Performance Evaluation
Members clearly define with subordinates and supervisors job responsibilities and decision-making
procedures, mutual expectations, accountability procedures, and evaluation criteria.
P. Campus Community
Members promote a sense of community among all areas of the campus by working cooperatively with
staff, and others outside the institution to address the common goals.
Q. Professional Development
Members have an obligation to continue personal professional growth and to contribute to the
development of the profession by enhancing personal knowledge and skills, sharing ideas and
information, improving professional practices, conducting and reporting research, and participating in
association activities. Members promote and facilitate the professional growth of staff and they
emphasize ethical standards in professional preparation and development programs.
R. Assessment
Members regularly and systematically assess organizational structures, programs, and services to
determine whether the developmental goals and needs of workers are being met and to assure
conformity to published standards and guidelines.
Information Sheet 5 Identifying Mechanisms of Ethical decision making
5.1 Ethical Decision Making
An ethical decision is one that engenders trust, and thus indicates responsibility, fairness and caring to
an individual. Ethical decision-making requires a review of different options, eliminating those with an
unethical standpoint, and then choosing the best ethical alternative. Ethical decisions generate and
sustain trust; demonstrate respect, responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent with good
citizenship. These behaviors provide a foundation for making better decisions by setting the ground
rules for our behavior.

Decision-Making is necessary in order to deal with conflicting duties, loyalties or interests create moral
dilemmas requiring decisions to be made and ethical decision-making involves the ability to distinguish
right from wrong along with the commitment to do what is right. Workers are expected to make ethical
and sound decisions in the workplace. Decisions should be made on the basis of established rules,
regulations, procedures and practices.
Ethical decision making is first based on the distinction between statements that are factual and those
that are value-based. Suggested information may be divided into two (true and untrue). It is wise to base
decisions on truth and morally accepted facts. Ethical decisions making is the process of identifying a
problem, generating alternatives, and choosing among them maximizing ethical values while also
achieving the intended goal. In short, ethical decision should be fully informed, aware of laws,
principles and rules, consciously and reflectively deliberated, intelligently, justifiable, and effectively
implemented.
Everything we do, or don’t do, is a choice that can affect our lives and the lives of others. Ethical
choices are based on principled decisions, not on self-interest or easy-returns. Such principles are based
on universal values that have been held across time, culture, politics, religion and ethnicity. Any
decision can be evaluated in terms of these universal values or core ethical principles trustworthiness,
respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship before making any decision the responsible
person should consider the following points:
 There should be accurate and comprehensive information. As in any other decision-making

process, facts and evidences must be organized beforehand.
 Relevant policy and legislation have to be considered
 The advice of others (i.e., professionals on a given area) should be sought before making any
final decision.
In making ethical decision, it is necessary to:
 Notice and eliminate unethical options -right vs. wrong. Ethical thinking requires a sensitivity to
perceive the ethical implications of decisions.
 Evaluate complex, ambiguous and incomplete facts. It is often difficult to obtain all necessary
information.
 Select the best ethical alternative. Resolve any ethical dilemmas-right vs. wrong. Not all ethical
responses to a situation are equal.
 Have ethical commitment, ethical consciousness, and ethical competency. Ethical thinking and
decision making takes practice

5.2 Rationalization
Studying ethics, involves attempting to find valid reasons for the moral arguments that we make. Most
people already have general ideas – or what philosophers call intuitions ‘or Presumptions– about what
they think is ‗right ‘or ‗wrong ‘. But a philosophical approach to ethics requires people to think
critically about the moral ideas that they hold, to support or refute those ideas with convincing
arguments, and to be able to articulate and explain the reasons and assumptions on which those
arguments are based. The real value of discussing and debating ethical questions is not to win the
argument 'or to ‗score points 'against the other person! It is more important to provide carefully
considered arguments to support our ideas, and to allow for rational – and deeper – understanding of the
reasons underlying our beliefs, ideas and attitudes. Crucially, this requires careful listening to, analysis
of and learning from the arguments that others make. Three forms of critical reasoning that individuals
can use to justify their arguments are outlined below:
 Reasoning by analogy /comparison/ explains one thing by comparing it to something else that is
similar, although different.
 Deductive reasoning applies a principle to a situation. For instance, if every person has human
rights, and you are a person, then you have human rights like every person.
 Inductive reasoning involves providing evidence to support a hypothesis.
5.3 Some Steps to Ethical Thinking and Ethical Behaving
Steps in ethical thinking and behaving include the following:
 Clarify/ identify the relevant facts of the case/: Determine precisely what must be decided. What are
the alternatives? Eliminate any impractical, illegal or improper alternatives.
 Assess/ identify the relevant ethical principles /- Separate facts from beliefs, desires, theories and
opinions. Assess the influence of personal and/or collective world views on assumptions about 'fact'.
Assess the credibility of the sources of information and the motivations of the stakeholders.
 Decide/. Identify other relevant ethical principles and resolve conflicts between them /- Are there
some right vs. wrong choices? Classify any ethical dilemmas involving right vs. right choices and
evaluate the viable alternatives by prioritizing the ethical values so that you can choose which values
to favor.
 Implement/ Decide on ethical principles and standards which are relevant to the case at hand -
Develop a plan to implement your decision in a way that maximizes the benefits and minimizes the
costs and risks. Involve as many stakeholders as possible during implementation.
 Monitor/ Reconsider any remaining conflicts between the case and ethical principles and standards.

/- Monitor the effects of decisions and be prepared to take alternative action based on new
information.
 Reflect/ identify whether the decision would withstand public security, and finally make decisions/ -
Review you decision making process. Will do it differently next time? Were you fully aware of your
own values and worldview during the process? What feedback should you seek?
5.4 Important principles for making Ethical decision:
 Empathize with another. Put yourself in the other person's shoes and understand how they are
feeling. Treat other people the way you would like to be treated.
 Demonstrate selflessness. Do not be selfish and put yourself before others. Do the right thing even
when it might not be what you really want to do.
 Be fair. Ethical people are compassionate and caring. They are always honest and fair when dealing
with others.
 Respect another's opinions and choices even when you disagree with them.
 Value nature. Do not view it as only a resource for sustaining life, but as a life force in and of itself.
 Act responsibly. Be a trustworthy and responsible person that others can rely on.
Information sheet 6 Identifying Factors that affect Professional and Ethical Decision
6.1 Factors that affect Professional and Ethical Decision

The code of ethics usually includes the six universal moral values that state
you expect employees to be:
a. Trustworthy: Worthy of confidence specifically: being or deriving from a source worthy of
belief or consideration for evidentiary purposes a trustworthy informant. Other Words from
trustworthy. trustworthiness noun
b. Respectful: Respect for persons may perhaps be the most fundamental principle in all of
ethics. Respect (full)calls on each and every one of us to respect the intrinsic dignity of all
other people. If something is intrinsic to us, it is essential to our being and cannot be earned. It
is a property of being a person.
c. Responsible: Responsibility is an ethical concept that refers to the fact that individuals and
groups have morally based obligations and duties to others and to larger ethical and moral
codes, standards and traditions.

d. Fair: Fairness is concerned with actions, processes, and consequences, which are morally right
honorable, and equitable. In essence, the virtue of fairness establishes moral standards for
decisions that affect others. Fair decisions are made in an appropriate manner based on
appropriate criteria.
e. Caring: The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on
interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue.
f. Good citizens: Celebrating diversity and differences; go to local ethnic festivals and introduce
your child to friends who represent a variety of lifestyles, cultures and religions.
6.2 Dress codes:
A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regards to what clothing groups of people must wear.
Dress codes are created out of social perceptions.
6.3 Code of conduct:
A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper practices of
an individual party or an organization. The code of conduct may include:
i. Mission statement and values.
The mission statement communicates the purpose of the organization. The vision statement provides
insight into what the company hopes to achieve or become in the future. The values statement reflects
the organization's core principles and ethics. Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act
one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior. Some values have intrinsic worth, such
as love, truth, and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits
or behaviors that are instrumental as means to an end.
6.4 Workplace policies and procedures.
 Code of conduct.  Non-smoking policy.

 Recruitment policy.  Drug and alcohol policy.
 Internet and email policy.  Health and safety policy.
 Mobile phone policy.  Anti-discrimination harassment policy
6.5 Industry Compliance and Regulations
Disciplinary actions;-Professional practice standards means the set of documents that specify the legal and
ethical requirements for professional practice that include the standards of practice and essential
competencies for code of ethics, practice guidelines, regulations and bylaws.

There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are individual,
organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily on a person during the
decision-making process, especially in the work place. Many people look to friends or associates for
guidance when making questionable decisions. Sometimes a person may make a decision based on the
opportunity they are put into. Some people make decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way
they were raised. No matter how a person comes to make a decision, there are usually three factors that
influence a person’s ethical decision-making process.
The first factor in the ethical decision-making process is called the individual. Individual factors can affect
a person greatly when making ethical or unethical decisions. Every person will have a slightly different
belief when it comes to individual factors. It is always best to talk with an employee or consult the code of
ethics before making individual decisions.
The next factor is the organizational factor. The organizational factor can be defined as a set of values or
norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization. Organizational factors can affect
decision making if all of the employees or associates have negative views and make unethical decisions.
Organizational factors can be affected by the people closest to the decision maker. If the organization and
all of the employees believe in a code of ethics, then most likely the decision will be ethical.
The last factor is the opportunity factor. This can be defined as a situation that encourages or discourages a
person. Opportunity factors are based on whether there are opportunities to make ethical or unethical
decisions. If the company promotes the do whatever it takes.
Information Sheet 7 Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice with clients, Colleagues and others
7.1. Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice
In order to promote Ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others the following
behaviours should be considered:
a) Be a Role Model and Be Visible
Employees look at top managers to understand what behaviour is acceptable. Senior management sets the
tone for ethics in the workplace.
b) Communicate Ethical Expectations;- An organizational code of ethics can reduce ethical

ambiguities. The code of ethics should state the organization’s primary values and the ethical

rules that employees are expected to follow. Managers should remember that a code of ethics is
worthless if leaders fail to model ethical behaviours.
c) Offer Ethics Training
Managers should set up seminars, workshops and similar programs to promote ethics in the workplace.
Training sessions reinforce the organization’s standards of conduct, to clarify what practices are and are not
permissible, and to address possible ethical dilemmas.
d) Visibly Reward Ethical Acts and Punish Unethical Ones
Performance appraisals of managers should include evaluations of how actions measure up against the
organization’s code of ethics. Appraisals need to include how managers achieve these goals, as well as the
goals themselves.
e) Provide Protective Mechanisms
The organization provision of formal mechanisms that allow employees to discuss ethical dilemmas and
report unethical behaviour without fear of reprimand that could include developing roles for ethical
counsellors, ombudsmen or ethical officers.
f) Enhancing the Workplace Model Behaviour
A better workplace requires leaders to model behaviour in every aspect of their role. In your career, the
ability to demonstrate leadership with a sound ethical basis is essential to your success for any role.
7.2. Ways to Improve an Organization's Ethical Climate
a) Empowerment of Employees
One way to improve the ethical climate of your organization is to give employees more power over their
work. If employees have an ethical code and more control over their work outcomes, they are likely to
justify your trust in them to make the right decision. Empowerment also can produce better results from
employees, such as more creative solutions to business problems, when implemented effectively. Give
employees a reason to act more ethically and to be more innovative – such as to keep their autonomy over
their work – and you will also increase your company's efficiency.
b) Communication Policies and Procedures
Improve your communication policies and procedures so that information will flow more smoothly and
frequently between employees and managers. For example, assign a manager, HR specialist or ad-hoc team
to create a series of training scenarios that teach employees the right thing to do in common situations
faced in your company.

c) Discipline and Consequences
You can't expect all employees to comply with the ethics policy without some kind of discipline. Enforce
your consequences for violations of the ethics policy evenly, regardless of the offender's high or low status.
If you don't have the time to do this, delegate the job to a manager or HR director. Be sure to maintain
careful documentation of employee violations in case you get sued over disciplining or terminating an
employee for an ethical violation.
d) Changing Bad Patterns
As you look at employee behaviours and enforce your ethics policy, you might see patterns of unethical
behaviour. This might indicate that some rules and procedures need to be changed in the organization, even
it affects ways of doing things that save time or money or increase profits.
From a business standpoint, the short-term losses should be outweighed by the resulting improvement in
the long-term reputation of your business.
Unit Three:- Develop the Practice of Patriotic Personality
Instruction Sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics –
 Identifying the basics of patriotism
 Developing qualities of patriotic citizen
 Describing executing responsibility
 Discussing the concept of corruption
 Developing the sense of volunteerism
 Practicing industriousness in the work place
Information Sheet -1 Identifying the Concepts and Basics of Patriotism
1.1 Definition of patriotism
Patriotism in a Modern notion is defined with the respect of human rights and constitutional democracy. It
is an appreciation of multiculturalism Whereas Patriotism in a rational meaning defined as sense of
attachment to a homeland or the country and alliance with other citizens who share the same sentiment to
create a feeling of oneness among the people.

1.2 Patriotism versus Nationalism
1.2.1 The Similarity between Patriotism and Nationalism
Patriotism mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in
the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and
culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power
1.2.2 The Difference between Patriotism and Nationalism
Nationalism and patriotism both show the relationship of an individual towards his or her nation. The two are
often confused and frequently believed to mean the same thing. However, there is a vast difference between
nationalism and patriotism.
 Nationalism means to give more importance to unity by way of a cultural background, including
language and heritage. Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with more emphasis on values and
beliefs.
 When talking about nationalism and patriotism, one cannot avoid the famous quotation by George
Orwell, who said that nationalism is ‘the worst enemy of peace’. According to him, nationalism is a
feeling that one’s country is superior to another in all respects, while patriotism is merely a feeling of
admiration for a way of life. These concepts show that patriotism is passive by nature and nationalism
can be a little aggressive.
 Patriotism is based on affection and nationalism is rooted in rivalry and resentment. One can say that
nationalism is militant by nature and patriotism is based on peace.
 Most nationalists assume that their country is better than any other, whereas patriots believe that their
country is one of the best and can be improved in many ways. Patriots tend to believe in friendly
relations with other countries while some nationalists don’t.
 In patriotism, people all over the world are considered equal but nationalism implies that only the
people belonging to one’s own country should be considered one’s equal.
 A patriotic person tends to tolerate criticism and tries to learn something new from it, but a nationalist
cannot tolerate any criticism and considers it an insult.
 Nationalism makes one to think only of one’s country’s virtues and not its deficiencies. Nationalism
can also make one contemptuous of the virtues of other nations. Patriotism, on the other hand, pertains
to value responsibilities rather than just valuing loyalty towards one’s own country.
 Nationalism makes one try to find justification for mistakes made in the past, while patriotism enables
people to understand both the shortcomings and improvements made.

In Summary,
Patriot: Expresses the emotion of love towards his country in a passive way
Nationalist: Strives for independence and the interests and domination of a nation and expresses his love
or concern for the country in an active political way.
1.3 The moral standing of patriotism
Many think of patriotism as a natural and appropriate expression of attachment to the country in which we
were born and raised and of gratitude for the benefits of life on its soil, among its people, and under its
laws. They also consider patriotism an important component of our identity. Some go further, and argue
that patriotism is morally mandatory, or even that it is the core of morality. There is, however, a major
tradition in moral philosophy which understands morality as essentially universal and impartial, and seems
to rule out local, partial attachment and loyalty. Adherents of this tradition tend to think of patriotism as a
type of group egoism, a morally arbitrary partiality to “one’s own” at odds with demands of universal
justice and common human solidarity. A related objection is that patriotism is exclusive in invidious and
dangerous ways. Love of one’s own country characteristically goes together with dislike of and hostility
towards other countries. It tends to encourage militarism, and makes for international tension and conflict.
Tolstoy’s and Kateb’s moral objections to patriotism, mentioned above, are in line with this position.
What, then, is the moral status of patriotism? The question does not admit of a single answer. We can
distinguish patriotism as Extreme, Robust, moderate, Deflated and Ethical which needs to be judged on its
merits.
1.4 Types of Patriotism:
There are two types of Patriotism. Traditional and Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism
1.4.1 Traditional Patriotism
Traditional patriotism is a patriot one who dies for its country, respects and the national anthems, flags, and
loves the physical features of the country. Some major characteristics of traditional patriotism are:
 Love of one’s country and particularistic sense of belonging to nation or country;

 The patriotic attachment is to territory or to the country in abstract;
 It is required to be loyal only to the government irrespective of its political character;
 The state is considered as supreme and has the sovereign power;
 It can degenerate into nationalistic chauvinism and promotes intolerance and endangers the
peace of the national state etc.

1.4.2 Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism
 Its guiding Principles are the constitutional democracy;

 It celebrates one’s belongingness to constitutional state;
 Loyal to the values and principles of democracy enshrined in democratic constitution;
 It tends to universalism and promote internationalism; etc.
Generally, patriot in modern sense is the one who live the community or the people he/she belongs stand
for the right of the others. It is also readiness to make sacrifices for what is considered its best interest.
1.5 Basics of Patriotism
There are certain conditions that make people to love their homeland and these conditions are known as
factors or basis for building patriotism. These factors include tolerance of diversity, legality, and
prevalence of rule of law in the country.
1.5.1 Tolerance of Diversity
Tolerance of diversity accepts any kinds of difference as natural. Differences in race, language, colour,
religion, etc by themselves are cultural values of a country. This condition indicates that, patriotism is not
only love of the soil of one’s birth land, its scenario-the physical topography but more importantly love of
people of the country. These and other positive contributions and benefits of diversity and pluralism always
exist when there is trust and tolerance of citizens and good governance of the state.
1.5.2 Prevalence of equality
Equal access implies equitable distribution of natural resources political power and social services to the
people of the country. Citizens would not have sense of love for their country unless they are entertained
equally to use all kinds of opportunities in their country.
1.5.3 Prevalence of Rule of Law
Rule of law is another important factor for the development of patriotic feeling. Therefore, to enable
citizens to have strong patriotic feeling and positive attitude towards their country, there should be
prevalence of rule of law.

Information Sheet -2 Describing qualities of patriotic citizen
2.1 Describing qualities of patriotic citizen
Some of the qualities of a patriotic citizen are as follows:
2.1 .1 Respecting constitution and its provisions
In the constitutional system it is a duty of every citizen to show unreserved support for the implementation
of constitutional provision. They can also do this by fulfilling constitutional obligations in good faith.
1.1.2 Respecting the rights of others
A patriot has the duty to respect the constitutional right and entitlement of individual and group. As a
patriot you are expected to respect the rights of your fellow citizens.
1.1.3. Loyalty
Loyalty is the quality of being faithful allegiance to the particular state or people. Loyalty of Patriots is
devoted to the nation and its historical and cultural achievement. However this does not mean that patriots
should be loyal to dictatorial and undemocratic governments that undermine human rights and freedom of
citizens. Struggling against such governments is by itself the attribute of patriotism.
2.1.4. Developing tolerance and developing the culture of peace
Tolerance and the culture of peace are important attribute of true patriotism in multicultural society. In
countries such as Ethiopia where different groups with varied languages, religions and other attributes
coexist, it is important that there is the space for all of them to have some common ground that offer them
the opportunity and privilege to claim pride in their own legacy and history. As a patriotic person, you
need to be keen in solving your problems and differences in a peaceful manner.
2.1.5. Respect and protect national heritages
Ethiopia has many important national heritages and historical sites. The Rock Hewn Church of Lalibela, The
Palace of Jima Aba Jifar, the Palace of Atse-Fasil in Gondar and the various monument located in Ethiopia are
just few of national heritages among many. These national heritages not only attract thousands of tourists, but
they are also source of generating income. Therefore, a true patriot is expected to protect these national
heritages.

1.1.6 Keep National Secrets
State secrets are those you should keep due to social mindedness and love for your country. A patriot
always maintains national secrets, especially, at the time of war. A patriot is not a dictator and does not
make treason against his/her country.
1.1.7 Respecting National Symbol
A patriot always respects his/her country’s national values. National symbols include such things as
national flag, national anthem, and national day or days of independency. The first two are important
features for the identity of nations across the world. They indicate the independence of a country and its
citizens on a legal footing to other nations that a patriot should reject. Beside this Ethiopia has also national
day such as March 2 victory of Adwa, May 5 is the day that marked the end of the five years struggle
between Ethiopian patriots and the Italian invaders.
1.1.8 Exposing unjust act
As a patriot, you are expected to expose wrong doing, unethical activities and mismanagements of any
organization, individual and groups. True patriots publicize information about human right violations by
anybody. They also give out information about any illegal act that may be going in any organization.
Information Sheet #3 Executing Responsibility
3.1 The Concept of Responsibility
Responsibility is that state of being answerable for an obligation and having the skill, ability, and capacity
to bear it. It also means the ability to do or not to do something. In other words, one becomes responsible
for one’s action. It means accountability. Responsibility could be keeping promise, observing laws and
other social values taking inlet yourself and your fellow. Therefore, executing responsibility include: -
3.1.1 The value of keeping promise
Keeping promise is a declaration which binds the person who makes it, either in honor, conscience, or law
to do or for bear certain specific act. A good citizen always keeps his/her promise, because he/she has at
least a moral obligation to do so as a member of the society. Promising rule goes by appeal to the value that
the practice of promising has for us as members of a society. The chief value of the practice of promising is
social coordination and cooperation. Promises allow people to trust one another, which in turn allows for
all sorts of cooperative benefits.

3.1.2 Avoid wastage of public property
Public property is land or buildings that are for the use of everyone. This may include all those properties in
your school, public toilets in your surroundings and others. Public properties also include those owned by
government like power generating plants, electric power transmission towers across the country, roads,
telecommunication networks and hospitals. As a citizen, you have the responsibility to protect such properties
for future use.
Wastage of public property can take many forms, for example:
 Misappropriation or misuse of public property

 The purchase of unnecessary or inadequate goods
 Reckless use of the properties of the state
 Too many staff being employed in particular area, incurring cost which might otherwise have
been avoided
 Staff being remunerated for skills that they do not have, but are required to have under the terms
or conditions of their employment
 Programs not achieving their objectives and therefore the cost being clearly ineffective and
inefficient
Wastage of public property can result from such things as:
 The absence of appropriate safeguards to prevent the theft and misuses,

 Purchasing procedures and practices which fail to ensure that goods and services are necessary
and adequate for their intended purpose.
3.1.3 Concerned with Global issues
The natural environment is the environment composed of land, water, air, human beings and other living
creatures as well as human created surroundings. Human survival depends on natural environment.
Responsible citizen gives strong attention to protect his/her environment from the Resource depletion
following problem:
 Over population  Environmental degradation

 Pollution  ozone layer depletion
a. Water pollution.  Terrorism
b. Waste and waste disposal.  Human trafficking
c. Ocean acidification.  Drug trafficking etc.
d. Acid rain.

Ethiopia has an environment owed with plenty of natural resources. It is a home to a wealth of biological
diversity. Its wild life includes animals such as Walia Ibex, Mountain Nyala and Chelada Baboon etc.
3.1.4 Preservation of Historical Heritage
Historical heritages are things that reflect the living condition of the ancient people, their culture, their
work and their artifacts etc. Historical heritages are the best proof of a nation’s history and traditional
culture. They are considered as precious material, spiritual treasures which promote strong sense of
national pride and patriotic enthusiasm.
Historical and cultural heritages are widely used for two main sorts of modern function:
I. They provide socio cultural places of identities and are also resources for an important leisure
service industry.
II. They are the main source of tourism industry. A country with plenty of historical and cultural
heritage has the potential to attract many visiting people from all over the world. For instance,
 Harar Jegol building,  Aba Jiffar palace in Jimma

 The city of Harar  Kumsa Moroda palace in
 The axumites obelisks Nekemte
 Axum Tsion Church  Sofomer cave of Bale
 Ge’ez language, (Ethiopia’s  The Nejashi mosque in Tigray
first written language,) etc.
 Rock hewn churches of
Lalibela
 Fasildes castle in Gondar
3.2 Types of Responsibility
Citizens’ responsibility can be seen as individual or group.
3.2.1 Individual responsibilities
Individual responsibility refers to the moral and legal obligation of citizens to take care for and take
responsibility for themselves and their action. Individual responsibility includes fulfilling personal
responsibilities to oneself, family, friends and others. Personal responsibility leads to social acceptance.
 Citizens personal responsibility Includes
 Self-governance  Supporting families

 Obliging the law  Behaving in civil manner

 Managing their life properly  Adhering the social and
 Respecting the right and moral principle etc.
interest of others
 Being responsible for the
consequences of one’s
action
3.2.2 Group Responsibility
Group responsibility is the responsibility shared by all members of a group, community, or a nation to
promote the public interest of the common good. In any society members have various social obligations
in their society. These responsibilities are often called civic responsibilities. Some of citizen’s social
obligations include:
 Performing public service  Managing and resolving

honestly conflict
 Paying tax  Negotiation and compromise
 Protecting public property and  Being informed and attentive
concern for the environment to public issues
 Taking part in political  Obeying the law
activities
Fulfilling obligations is the basis for social life
It is clear that those who discharge their individual responsibilities can successfully discharge their
group responsibilities. Both personal and group responsibilities can be categorized in to Moral and legal.
I. Legal responsibility: includes promises, appointments, assignments, occupations, customs,

traditions, moral principles, citizenship, and laws are all sources of responsibility.
II. Moral responsibility: includes discharge: respecting seniors (elders), punctuality, honesty,
keeping promise are all examples of moral responsibility.
Responsibility can also be classified as Personal Responsibility, Social Responsibility and

Environmental Responsibility.
 Personal Responsibility:
 make and keep agreements;

 set goals and create ways to achieve them;
 accept consequences of personal choices; and

 Acknowledge personal accomplishments.
 Social Responsibility:
 communicate with others in a way that empowers them, not demeans them;
 honor others' rights, dignity, and worth,
 work together toward common goals,
 negotiate problems and conflicts successfully; and
 Create opportunities for others.
 Environmental Responsibility:
 become conscious of the various contexts in which we function;

 respect property and take care of equipment, the classroom, the school, and the community;
 Recognize the importance of the individual taking care of the environment as well as
influencing others to take care of the environment.
3.3 Characteristics of Responsible person
Responsible person is the one who identifies and accepts the consequences-good or bad- of his
decisions. Responsible behavior is made up of essential elements-honesty, compassion, respect values
and norms of a society, fairness, accountability and Courage. In addition, responsible persons are those
who do the right thing even no one is watching and See things through.
 Being responsible means:
 Think before we act.

 Responsible person is:
 Think about how our actions
 reliable, trustworthy, and
affect others.
dependable
 Think before we speak.
 Gain knowledge and
 Are accountable
experience
 Fix our mistakes.
 Benefit others and the society
 Keep trying. ...
at large
 Are reliable and always do our
 Develops independence and
job.
self esteem
 Clean up our own messes
Independent person: is a state of being free from control, subjugation or dictation by any extreme body.
It is a situation of being dependent of one’s resources.
3.4 Respecting Values and Norms of Society

Value: have to do with the principles beliefs or accepted standards of a person or social groups
Moral: it has to do with human behavior and the distinctions between good, bad, right and wrong
behavior. For instance, helping a person in need of assistance, helping in protecting public safety, peace
and order are among the moral and ethical values of a society. In general, good citizen responsibilities
may include:
 Respecting the right of others

 Paying attention to how well our elected leaders do their jobs
 Paying fair tax
 Serving in the armed forces
 Voting
Information Sheet #4 Discussing the Concept of Corruption
4.1. Concept of Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an

organization which is entrusted with a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse
power for one's personal gain. Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic
development and further exacerbates inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis.
Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to account can only happen if we understand the way
corruption works and the systems that enable it.
4.2. Corruption in Ethiopian Context
Reading causes of corruption in Ethiopia, there is no extensive research done to date. However,
offering and receiving bribes were practiced during the emperor’s period (1930- 1974). Later on, during
the Dreg Regime, the system of corruption became more sophisticated. Some manifestations of
corruption were the nationalization of privately owned business by the government; parent offering
bribes to Keble administrators to free their sons from national military service; Individuals and officials
with access to government structures being allowed to get goods at lower prices and selling them at
higher price in the market to generate income. Besides these, it was impossible to have access to public
services and utilities without bribes. In general, nepotism, patronage, abuse of office, kick back
demands from government procurement contractors was characteristics of that regime (1974-1991).
This was because there were no accountability and transparency systems.

Even after the Dreg Regime, corruption was still a problem to development. To address such a
problem, the government of Ethiopia a civil service reform program as part of the general strategy to
curb corruption by the year 1994.The reform program was under taken on the basis of a task force
established by the prime minister’s office. When the civil service reform program approached an
implementation phase, Federal Ethics and Anti- corruption Commission (FEAC) was established in
October 2001.
Some measures taken in the promotion of ethical standards and fight against corruption in Ethiopia are
as follows:
 The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission was established;

 A management manual was developed to help managers detect work and service areas
vulnerable to corruption and measures to be taken to address the problem;
 As it is not possible to fight corruption individually, a working together manual for the
investigators, prosecutors, and judiciary was developed;
 Code of ethics for politicians and civil servants was developed;
 Anti-corruption procedure and evidence law was developed and being implemented;
 To assess the extent and prevalence of corruption in the country and institutions most affected
by it, a corruption survey was undertaken
In light of the problems, important steps are made in this area. For example, federal ethics and anti-
corruption commission is established and related legislation such as evidence and procedure law and
mandate of the commission are enacted.
Causes of Corruption
The following are some main causes of corruption:
1. Low Pay scales/ Wages
Most of the employees in the government sector are paid low wages and salaries. Hence some
employees revert to corruption for more financial benefits.
1. Low Job opportunities.
This is another cause of corruption. Due to the lack of job opportunities, many people like to go for
corruption mode to get a job offer. They will be ready to pay lump-sum amounts for the job offer to the
higher officials or politicians.

Lack of Strict and fast punishments:
Even if someone is found guilty or even caught red-handed by the anti-corruption officials or media,
the convicts get less punishment. First, they will be suspended for a few months or weeks and then re-
posted to another location with the same Job grade and pay. So this means the official who did the
corrupt practice is given a free license to continue his practice.
If the government is so strict that any such corrupt incidents will lead to permanent removal from the
job and also punishment like several years imprisonment, then the corruption will come down to a large
extent.
2. Lack of fear of bad reputation
If a person is corrupt or has done some unacceptable misconduct, they have to be avoided and not be
respected. But currently, those with corruption and other offense-related history are given prominent
positions like members of parliament or even higher posts. Instead of being disrespected, they are
respected.
5. Lack of Public Unity
The public openly criticizes corruption, but interestingly there is no unity among the public to stop
corruption. If a person wants to get his done his work, he gets it done by corruption means if possible
and then later criticizes the corrupt official. If the public stands united against corruption so that no one
is ready to offer bribes to get their work done, then the corrupt officials will have no other option but to
work in a corruption-free manner.
During the election, politicians try to lure the people by offering money and other things. If these
politicians win and get power, they try to regain 10 to 100 times the amount spent in the process.
6. Lack of transparency in affairs and deals
Many seat selection processes like in education, contracts for the job, employee income reports (wealth
possession), etc., lack transparency.
7. Lack of Independent detective agency
Lack of the independent detective agency is to investigate with full power and freedom to expose the
corrupt individuals. The existing agencies are under the control of either the government or the armies
and are not free to work. Hence anyone who commits offense will not be afraid of the investigation as
they can escape from it by taking the help of those controlling them.
8. Lack of state funding for elections

State funding for polls is the best way to beat corruption. Political parties receive party donations and
will not disclose them to the fullest. In doing so, they encourage corruption. They collect massive
amounts from industrialists with a promise to help when in power. The presence of state funding can
abolish party donations and minimize corruption.
9. The option of many political parties
In a democracy, anyone can establish a political party. So there are chances for the corruption of many
political parties in the country.
If a political party wins, then the party members will desire to expand the party all over the country. To
do so, they need enough financial reserves. Once they come into power, they opt for corrupt means to
make the wealth needed to expand the party.
10. Lack of enough powers to the judicial system and other independent organizations.
Like the election commission cannot ban a politician from contesting in case they make a mistake or do
not comply with the rules during the poll campaign (like distributing money to people etc.). Similarly,
the judicial system has low options to punish someone who is found to be
11. Lack of accountability
In government, there is a big trend in corruption. This is because of a lack of accountability. The
employees in government offices do not perform to their par excellence. If they have 100 files to be
cleared in a week, they may not even clear 50 of them in that week. They tend to postpone the
clearance of the files. So those who are in the urgency of the clearance have to get them done by
rewarding the officials involved in the clearance office. This lack of accountability in government
offices is the chief cause of corruption.
If there is a mandate that all the files or at least 95% of files received by government offices for
clearance are cleared in the said period, then corruption can be minimized to a large extent.
12. Encouragement of Unhealthy Competition
Competition in business is a good sign for the quality of service to be delivered. But in developing
nations, there is an encouragement of unhealthy competition. Therefore, these causes of corruption
have to be eliminated for the better growth of the nation.

4.3 Types of Corruption
4.3.1 Grand Corruption
It is a type of corruption in which huge amount of public property and government money flow into the
pocket of individuals within a short period of time. The principal participants of grand corruption are
higher government officials, political leader, higher level professionals and higher-level merchants.
This type of corruption mostly conducted when there are governmental agreements, during
international or higher level of purchase bids like purchase of industrial machines, purchase of war
ammunitions, fertilizers, transport vehicles, and installations of huge industries.
Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power that benefits the few at the expense of the many, and
causes serious and widespread harm to individuals and society. It often goes unpunished. Grand
corruption is a crime that violates human rights and deserves judgment and punishment accordingly.
There are three major branches of grand corruption include Political corruption, Bureaucratic
corruption and Organizational (Systemic) corruption.
a. Political corruption: An illegal act by an office holder constitutes political corruption only if
the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in
influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage,
graft, and embezzlement.
b. Bureaucratic corruption: A useful working definition of public sector corruption is the abuse
of Authority by public officials to make personal gains. One manifestation of this is when civil
servants, or bureaucrats, exploit their powers of discretion, delegated to them by the government, to
further their own interests.
c. Organizational (Systemic) corruption: is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses

of an organizational process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly
within the system. It is also termed as endemic corruption.
5 Petty corruption
It is a type of corruption under which small amount of public property (wealth) is transferred illegally
in to the pocket of individuals. Even though the transfer of abused wealth small in amount it crates the
greatest gap between the government and the people. It aggravates the grievances of the people.
Mostly the participants of petty corruption are administrators at different levels of government
structures, government workers at grass root levels, and job seekers.

Petty corruption also defined as a type of everyday abuse of entrusted power by low- and mid-level
public officials in their interactions with ordinary citizens, who often are trying to access basic goods or
services in places like hospitals, schools, police departments and other agencies.
6. Manifestation of Corruption
Corruption can be manifested in different ways including the following: There are many types of
corruption. For most people, bribery probably comes first to mind when they hear the word corruption,
but other common types of corruption include bribery, nepotism, fraud, embezzlement, theft, etc.
6.1 Bribery
Bribery is the bestowing of a benefit (money or favors) to influence an action or decision unduly. It can
be initiated by a person who seeks or solicits bribes or by a person who offers and then pays bribes. The
«benefit» in bribery can be virtually any inducement: money and valuables, company shares, inside
information, sexual or other favors, entertainment, employment or, indeed, the mere promise of
incentives.
6.2 Nepotism
Nepotism is favoritism shown by public official to relatives or close friends generally involve abuses of
discretion. Such abuses, however, are governed not by the self-interest of an official but the interests of
someone linked to him or her through membership of a family, political party, tribe, religious, or other
group.
If an individual bribes an official to hire him or her, the official acts in self-interest. If a corrupt official
hires a relative, he or she acts in exchange for the less tangible benefit of advancing the interests of
family or the specific relative involved (nepotism). The favoring of, or discriminating against,
individuals can be based on a wide range of group characteristics: race, religion, geographical factors,
political or other affiliation, as well as personal or organizational relationships, such as friendship or
membership of clubs or associations.
7. Embezzlement, Theft and Fraud
In the context of corruption, embezzlement, theft and fraud all involve the taking or conversion of
money, property, or valuable items by an individual who is not entitled to them but, by virtue of his or
her position or employment, has access to them.
In the case of embezzlement and theft, the property is taken by someone to whom it was entrusted.
Therefore, embezzlement and theft can be defined as «stealing money or other government property. »

Fraud, however, consists of the use of false or misleading information to induce the owner of the
property to relinquish it voluntarily. Fraud, therefore, can be defined as «cheating the government
through deceit. »
8. Abuse of Discretion
In some cases, corruption can involve the abuse of discretion, vested in an individual, for personal gain.
For example, an official responsible for Government contracting may exercise the discretion to
purchase goods or services from a company in which he or she holds a personal interest or propose real
estate developments that will increase the value of property. Such abuse is often associated with
bureaucracies where there is broad individual discretion and few oversight or accountability structures,
or where decision-making rules are so complex that they neutralize the effectiveness of any
accountability structures that do ex
9. Consequences of corruption
Impact of corruption is very hard on public life. This is more of awkward and defaming condition than
being problematic. But it appears that the corruption is ever rising and unstoppable. Further, the people
involved in corruption seem to be hiding by blaming others. Even they are proud of themselves as they
made more money in short time. To worsen the condition further, those involved in corruption are able
to get better promotions and opportunities. People also have developed an opinion that it is the only
way to get their work done. If not, the work will be pending for long or even might not be done.
10. Effects of corruption on people
 Lack of quality in services
In a system with corruption, there is no quality of service. To demand quality one might need to pay for
it. This is seen in many areas like municipality, electricity, distribution of relief funds etc. If a person
has to purchase a like medicine, due to corruption in education then the candidate after completion of
his course will not like to provide quality health service if there is not enough remuneration for his
service. Further candidates who do not have the ability can also get into the same seat by purchasing it.
So though he becomes a medical practitioner, he may not be competent enough.
 Lack of proper justice
Corruption in the judiciary system, leads to improper justice. And the victims of offense might suffer.
A crime may be proved as a benefit of the doubt due to lack of evidence or even the evidence erased.
Due to corruption in the police system, the investigation process goes on for decades. This lets the

culprits roam free and even perform more crimes. There are even chances that criminals due to old age
due to the delayed investigation. So it leads to a sense of “Justice delayed is justice denied.”
 Chances of Unemployment
For example, the private education and training institutes are given permits to start providing education.
This permit is given based on the infrastructure and sufficient recruitment of eligible staff. Here there
are good chances of corruption. The institute or college managements try to bribe the quality inspectors
to get permits. Though there is no sufficient eligible staff these institutes get permission from the
inspectors leading to unemployment. Instead of 10 faculties, a college is run by 5. So, even if well-
qualified persons wish to get a job there, they will not be offered. If there was no corruption by
inspectors, then there would be a chance for more employment.
 Poor Health and hygiene
In countries with more corruption one can notice more health problems among people. There will be no
fresh drinking water, proper roads, quality food grains supply, milk adulteration, etc.
These low-quality services are all done to save money by the contractors and the officials who are
involved. Even the medicines provided in hospitals for the hospitals are of sub-standard in quality. So,
all these can contribute to the ill health of common man.
 Pollution
Pollution is mostly emitted in the form of water pollution, air pollution, and land pollution. This
pollution is from vehicles and factories. The governments have a monitor on this pollution by regular
check of vehicle emissions and also industrial exhausts.
Corruption in the government department lets the industry people opt to release of untreated and
harmful waste into rivers and air. If there is no corruption, there can be fair probes. Then the industry
personnel will treat the waste such that it is less toxic and harmless to environment and people in it. So
we can mean that corruption is also the main cause of pollution.
 Accidents
Sanction of driving license without proper check of driving skills in the driver leads to accidents and
death. Due to corruption, there are countries where one can driving license without any tests.
 Failure of genuine research
Research by individuals needs government funding. Some of the funding agencies have corrupt
officers. These people sanction the funds for research to those investigators who are ready to bribe

them. In doing so, they do not sanction the funds to genuine and hardworking investigators. Thus the
research and development will be lagging. This seems to be not a problem for the common public. But
if we notice the resistance of microbes to drugs, we can know that there were no new compounds
discovered in the past few decades for the efficient treatment of resistant microbes.
B. Effects of Corruption on Society
 Disregard for officials
People start disregarding the official involved in corruption by talking negatively about him. But when
they have work with him or her, they again approach them by a thought that the work is done if some
monetary benefits are provided. Disregard towards officials will also build distrust. Even lower grade
officer will be disrespectful to higher grade officer. So even he may not obey his orders. There were
even incidents where a lower grade police officer kidnapped higher grade officer for not offering him
leave when asked.
 Lack of respect for rulers
Rulers of the nation like the president or prime ministers lose respect among the public. Respect is main
criteria in social life. People go for voting during the election not only with the desire to improve their
living standards by the election winner but also with respect for the leader. If the politicians are
involved in corruption, people knowing this will lose respect for them and will not vote such
politicians.
 Lack of faith and trust in the governments
People vote to a ruler based on their faith in him/ her but if found to be involved in corruption people
lose faith in them and may not vote next time.
C. Effects of corruption on Economy
 A decrease in foreign investment
There are many incidents wherein foreign investments which were willing to come to India have gone
back owing to heavy corruption in the government bodies.
 Delay in growth
Due to desire to mint money and other unlawful benefits, the official who needs to pass the clearances
for projects or industries delay the process. A work which can be done in few days may be done in a
months’ time that leads to delay in investments starting and growth. Even if started, company growth
hinders as every work linked to officials get delayed due to need to provide bribes or other benefits.

 Lack of development
Many new industries willing to get started in particular region change their plans if the region is
unsuitable. If there are no proper roads, water, and electricity, the companies do not wish to start up
there. This hinders the economic progress of that region.
 Differences in trade ratio’s
Some countries have inefficient standard control institutes. Or in other words, these standard control
institutes are corrupt that they can approve low-quality products for sale in their country. Hence you
can see countries manufacturing cheap products dump them in big markets. These countries can
manufacture cheap quality products but cannot dump in countries with strict standard control institutes.
They can do so only in countries with chances of corrupt officials in standard control. One best
example is products which can’t be just dumped into Europe and US markets can be done in other
country markets with poor import regulations and quality checks. So there arises trade deficit that these
countries cannot manufacture their own products at the cheaper price than those exporting to them. So
if corruption is minimized than these countries will have fewer trade deficits in-terms of exports and
imports with other countries and their economies can prosper.
1. Approaches towards combating Corruption
There are two types of approaches toward combating corruption.
 Preventive approach: it is based on laws of the land starting from the constitution, other laws
and rules. It focuses on the preventive role that those laws can play, E.g., Rules related to
financial administration.
 Curative Approach: It includes receiving complaints investigating corruption cases and bring
the corrupt officials before justice particularly committed citizens that are vigilant to protect
public property are needed to fight against corruption. Such as Whistle blowers, these are
people who expose wrong doings unethical activities or criminal acts happening in their
surrounding without identifying themselves as a source.
2. Mechanisms for Combating Corruption
As discussed in the previous section, corruption is like a cancer and unless it is treated immediately it is
likely to affect the entire system. Therefore, taking measures to reduce its causes and thereby its
impacts are indispensable. In this regard, penalizing corrupt officials and civil servants may help as a
starting point. However, only an integrated and comprehensive approach results in meaningful solution.
The basic and integrated anti- corruption approaches are as follows:

3. Political Commitment
Combating corruption through governmental actions is ultimately a matter of political will. Without
genuine political will, government’s promises to reform the civil service or introduce transparency and
accountability are unlikely to take place. Unless the leadership is committed, the fight against
corruption is incomplete. Accordingly, there has to be a system whereby political leaders play an
exemplary role of being ethical and free from corruption. This helps to send message to the public that
corrupt act will not be tolerated and no one is above the law. This may include exposing illegal acts of
officials and trial of their cases at the appropriate court.
 Administrative Reform
Administrative reform is an important ingredient to combat corruption. The following can be cited an
element of administrative reform. First, the most basic area is to make institutions effective. This
requires eliminating redundant structures; introducing transparent and accountable rules and
regulations; sharpening institutional focus on strategic goals for the achievement of maximum results,
giving due attention to area that are phone to corruption and better equipping of civil servants for their
tasks. In line with this, introducing appropriate living wages to the officials and civil servants; creating
suitable working environment including making employment and promotion on the basis of merit are
areas that need attention in the administrative aspect to combat corruption. It is also necessary to ensure
government decisions and the monitoring of performance on the basis of sound data. On top of that, a
properly functioning public administration also requires transparent budgeting and financial
management systems with sound expenditure systems.
Administrative reform is expected to improve access to information by the public, about the services
provided and decision made. On top of that, transparency, of administration or service delivery brought
about by administrative reform should result in consultation with stake holders’ trough focus groups,
public hearings, client satisfaction surveys, etc., about how the institution is delivering services and
how it would deliver in the future.
 Transparency and Accountability
Transparency and accountability are the pillars of democracy and good governance, thus, are important
at all levels of governance. If the activities of the government are transparent and officials and civil
servants are held accountable for their decisions, the chance for corruption will be minimized. Usually,
corruption takes place when there is lack of transparency and accountability.

Transparency is ensured by putting in place such measures as setting standards for timely services,
requiring reasons for decision and providing redress against decisions. Unless it is specifically wanted
to be secret by law, the public needs to have information from a specific organization on the type of
service, its standard and conditions of delivery. That is to avoid ambiguity; limited access to
confidential information must be defined by law.
On the other hand, accountability mechanisms can be exercised through administrative, legal and
political arrangements. Administrative mechanisms may include internal audit, evaluation and reporting
of performances in writing. Besides these, anti-corruption legislation, code of ethics for every
profession and audit mechanisms by certified audit institutions would serve as a legal accountability
while oversight mechanisms such as parliamentary committee and Ombudsmen would help as political
mechanisms of accountability.
Legal Framework
Legal framework is the other essential mechanism for combating corruption. Under this sub- heading
the following legal aspects will be discussed:
I. Anti- corruption law
Though enforcement is the least effective mechanism to combat corruption, there should be anti- -
corruption laws to penalize corrupt officials and civil servants. The anti- corruption law should not only
penalize the corrupt but also provide mechanisms for confiscating the property or wealth obtained
through corruption. It has to provide protection for those who report cases of corrupt practices. The list
of anti-corruption laws should include investigation and prosecution of cases of corruption, disclosure,
of financial interests and other properties, and whistle blower protector mechanisms.
II. Code of Ethics
Code of ethics serves bas guide to acceptable and unacceptable behaviour at work place. It includes
sanctions, when there is breach of the provision in the code of ethics by those working within the
government machinery. The code of ethics should be prepared in line with the need of every
government institution or organization.
III. Conflict of Interest Laws
Conflict interest is any interest is any interest that either directly or indirectly influences the officials
and civil servant in the discharge of their duties. In order to avoid conflict of interest, officials and civil
servants working in areas that are susceptible to corruption should be required by law to declare and

register their assets and financial interests. According to the Canadian experience, for the purpose of
registration, assets are classified into three, i.e. exempted assets, declarable assets and controlled assets.
Besides the above, conflict of interest law shall define clearly what type of work-related behaviour are
acceptable and unacceptable, and specify work areas that are prohibited as outside employment in
relation to each position. For example, the law shall include identification of risk areas or activities
such as whether running personal business venture or participating in shareholding business activities.
IV. Whistle-blower Protection Law
The campaign against corruption cannot be successful unless it is backed by the involvement of public.
To do so, protection mechanism is needed to encourage the public to expose corrupt officials and civil
servants. Otherwise, the public may not be actively involved due to fear of revenge from corrupt
individuals of groups. Similarly, there should be a reporting centre where members of the public may
expose corruption without disclosing their identity.
 Establishment of key Institutions
Creating and strengthening institutions which are directly related to fight against corruption is essential.
Thus, the following institutions are focus of attention:
 General Auditor
 Ombudsman
 Ethics Coordinating Body;
 The Judiciary.
 Strengthening Civic Organizations and Undertaking Public Awareness Programs
Strengthening civic organizations and undertaking public awareness programs are also crucial in the
fight against corruption. In line with this, the following strategies are necessary to reach the various
sectors of civic organizations and the general public:-
 Mass media;
 Professional associations;
 Religious organizations;
 Others undertaking public awareness Program. For example, establishing and strengthening
consumer associations.

Information Sheet- 5 The Sense of Volunteerism
5.1 The Concept of Volunteerism

Volunteerism is the practice of donating time, energy, knowledge and skills for the benefit of a
community as asocial responsibility rather than for any financial reward. And a volunteer is a person
who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a service voluntarily. In an
employment-related context, volunteerism is concerned with the methods and tools employers use to
support employees that want to volunteer.
People choose to volunteer for a variety of reasons. For some it offers the chance to give something
back to the community or make a difference to the people around them. For others it provides an
opportunity to develop new skills or build on existing experience and knowledge.
5.1.1 Benefits of volunteerism
 The act of volunteerism resulted in: Gain confidence
 Make a difference
 Meet people. Volunteering can help you meet different kinds of people and make new
friends.
 Be part of a community
 Learn new skills
 Take on a challenge
 Have fun!
 Creates or develops anticorruption mentality.
 Serves as pressure group to government or the society.
5.1.2 The qualities of volunteer

 Enthusiasm  Integrity
 Flexibility  Teamwork
 Reliability  Communication
 Creative and passionate  Good organizational skills
5.2 Basic Principles of volunteerism
 Volunteering:
 benefits the community and the volunteer
 work is unpaid
 is always a matter of choice

 is not compulsorily undertaken to receive pensions or government allowances
 is a legitimate way in which citizens can participate in the activities of their community.
 is a vehicle for individuals or groups to address human, environmental and social needs.
 is an activity performed in the not for profit sector only
 is not a substitute for paid work
 Volunteers do not replace paid workers nor constitute a threat to the job security of paid
workers
 Respects the rights, dignity and culture of others.
 promotes human rights and equality
Information Sheet - 6 Developing the Practice of Industriousness

6.1 The Concept of Industriousness
The term industriousness is derived from the word industry which means the quality of regularly
working hard. A person having the characteristics of working hard is said to be industrious. Thus,
industrious usually refers to the characteristics of diligent, punctual and hard-working person.
We have to respect all types of work. In order for people to get what they need and want; they have to
work. This means we have to respect every profession and labor work. Work is the only respectable
and legal way to earn money. Work is the base to fulfill our basic necessities and other needs and
wants. Work is very important for the survival of human race and civilization. Ethiopia is a very poor
country. By working hard, it is possible to produce the goods and services that are needed to get out of
poverty. We need to develop the skills and provide opportunities so that everyone can work their way
out of poverty.
6.2 The Culture of Hard Work and Development
Many people in developed countries work very hard. Because of this they are able to produce more,
goods and services to consume. When you are able to produce more, then you have more choice to
satisfy your needs and wants. This enhances your creativity, productivity, and or quality of your work.
Creativity can lead to the invention of new things such as technological development.
Ethical work conduct enables workers to possess proper behavior and as to develop proper relationship
with other workers and help they create good industrial environmental. Hard work is not enough; we
need to be educated and skilled in order to move towards development.

6.3 Characteristics of Industrious person
Industrious person is a person who works energetically and devotedly, hard-working and diligent.
Industrious traits are essential if you hope to overcome obstacles, motivate yourself, and achieve your
dreams. Being industrious includes working hard with energy, devotion, and diligence.
Some of the most common traits of industrious people include efficiency, perseverance, and a strong
work ethic. These traits are obtainable if you do not currently have them, by developing and sharpening
your own industrious traits.
i. Becoming More Efficient
 Plan ahead. One of the best ways to be more efficient is to plan ahead. Don't just plan for the
things you know will happen (though you should obviously do this as well); try to anticipate the
workload and needed time.
 Manage your time wisely.

 Prepare supplies and plans in advance as much as possible.
 Make lists of items "to do." The best way to stay on top of your workload, no matter what
profession or area of studies you're in, is to make lists, update progress and check items off as
you accomplish them.
 Delegate work and share tasks. Depending on your job description, your personality type, and
available workers with complementary jobs, you may be able to work together with others.
ii. Developing Perseverance
 Develop specific, measurable goals. The best way to set yourself up for success is to create
S.M.A.R.T. goals: Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, and Time-bound.
 Visualize your success. Visualization techniques are an effective way to bring about positive
change in your own life.
 Resist the urge to procrastinate. Procrastination will quickly kill your will to persevere.
 Take pleasure in your effort. The key to staying motivated is to find pleasure in your efforts,
even when they don't seem to be paying off.
iii. Cultivating Strong Work Habits
 Be punctual. being punctual is important to success.

 Eliminate or reduce distractions. Every day you're faced with countless choices, but one of
the choices that may be most difficult for some people is the choice between diligent work and
a fun, short-term distraction. While distractions are good in moderation to relax and "unplug"
your brain, they should be restricted to evenings and weekends so that your work productivity
is not affected.
Example: Think about how much time you waste on a given day checking your social media,
like Facebook and Twitter. Spending 10 minutes on Facebook every hour of an eight hour
workday adds up to 80 minutes of time wasted online.
 Be more professional. Ultimately, though, your version of professionalism should place the
needs of your employers and your professional responsibilities over your own personal
interests.
 Ignore the little things at work that upset you.

 Be more self-disciplined and keep yourself motivated.
 Stay above the gossip that circulates through your workplace.
 Show kindness and respect to everyone you work with.
 Make sure your personal attitude is professional, appropriate, and contributes to a
healthy work environment.
 Develop a healthy morning routine. Treat your body and mind in the morning before you
come to work sets the pace for your entire day, and can either sabotage your efforts or set you
up for success.
 Have restful evenings. Just as your morning routine sets the pace for the rest of your day, your
evening routine could set the tone for what your morning will be like. Going to bed stressed, not
getting enough sleep, or spending too much time in front of the watching television at night can
affect how well-rested you are in the morning.
iv. Communicating Effectively
 Take a moment to calm down. Communicating effectively is difficult when you are upset or stressed: If
you are feeling upset or stressed, then take a moment to calm yourself down before having a conversation.
 Try taking a few deep breaths.

 Make yourself a cup of herbal tea.
 Visualize a pleasant place for a few minutes.
 Go for a walk.

 Focus on the conversation. It is also important to stay focused and listen when you are talking
to someone.
 Before you start a conversation, put away your cell phone, focus your eyes on the speaker,
and pay attention to what the speaker is saying.
 If you get confused about something the speaker says, it is okay to ask a question. For
example, you can say something like, “Can you clarify what you meant when you said
___?”
 Work on your body language. How you hold yourself and the expression of your face can also
have an impact on the amount of information that you retain. You can demonstrate that you are
listening by:
 Making eye contact.

 Nodding and responding with appropriate facial expressions.
 Facing the speaker and leaning in slightly.
 Be more assertive. Assertive speech is important for effective communication. If you use
passive rather than direct communication, then you risk being misunderstood or unheard.
 Use simple speech. Communicating effectively is to use simple speech rather than complex
speech. Before you speak, try to think of the simplest way for you to express yourself. Consider
your audience and think about what would help them understand the point you are trying to
make.
6.4 Factors Affecting the World of Work
The small business owner needs to know what things frequently affect the workplace balance. Knowing
what to look for will help the small business maintain an expected level of harmony, thereby increasing
production and raising job satisfaction.
 Workplace Deviance
When employees wilfully engage in conduct that puts the small business or its employees at risk, it is
called workplace deviance. Pilfering, laziness and hostility are appropriate examples of workplace
deviance. Employees that witness deviance are likely to be discouraged and less happy at work.
Workplace deviance allowed to continue unchallenged by management is especially disturbing for
other employees.

 Tardiness and Absence
Chronic employee tardiness affects the workplace in a number of ways. Other employees have to make
up the work difference and may feel angry or resentful toward the late employees. People who are
chronically late are displaying their disregard for others, even though this may be subconscious.
Chronic absences are also workplace factors that can upset balance. When people take more days than
allotted or bail out during stressful projects, other workers have to fill in. These factors can lead to
stress and negative feelings.
 Company Changes
New technologies like new machinery, updated computer systems or new inventory applications can
confuse some workers. However, some small business employees look at equipment changes as a work
upgrade and appreciate the effort. Changes in staffing, reshuffling of duties and even changes in the
coffee served can affect the workplace environment.
 Growth Opportunities
Employee growth opportunities like paid workshops or college courses positively affect the workplace.
When workers feel they have the opportunity to learn more and possible advance, they display positive
attitudes toward the business. People who are not given the chance to improve may feel
underappreciated by their employer. Regular, insightful performance reviews can affect the workplace,
too.
 Teamwork and Dysfunction
Employees who work together to meet challenges and reach goals have a positive, uplifting effect on
the business. When groups or teams enjoy this kind of camaraderie, it is often infectious and can
influence other work groups in the company. On the flip side, departments that don't communicate and
lack cohesion achieve little and stimulate no team pride. This type of work dysfunction can affect other
departments and may trigger a discouraging domino effect.
6.5 Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction
Job satisfaction is a big factor in employee engagement, and the level of discretionary effort team
members are likely to make. No doubt, people’s work performance suffers when they don’t feel
satisfied with their jobs, not to mention their quality of life. Of course, every person is unique in what
they wish to achieve from their work, but there are some job satisfaction factors that psychologists
usually agree on. Job satisfaction depends on several different factors such as satisfaction with pay,
promotion opportunities, fringe benefits, job security, relationship with co-workers and supervisors, etc.

Job satisfaction may lead to cost reduction by reducing absences, task errors, conflicts at work and
turnover. As work is an important aspect of people’s lives and most people spend a large part of their
working lives at work, understanding the factors involved in job satisfaction is crucial to improving
employees ‘performance and productivity. Factors affecting the level of job satisfaction are;
 Working  Initiation and  Respect from Co-

Environment Leadership Workers
 Fair Policies and  Feel of Being  Relationship with
Practice Loved Supervisors
 Caring Organization  Safety and Security  Feedback
 Appreciation  Challenges
 Flexibility
 Pay  Responsibilities
 Age  Creativity in Job  Nature of Work
 Promotion  Personal Interest

 Feel of Belongings and Hobbies


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TVET Program Title Industrial

Electrical/Electronic Control Technology

Page 0 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

 Developing the concepts of morality

Information Sheet-1 developing the concepts of morality

1.1 Concept of morality

Different scholars define Morality as:

Page 1 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

a) To whom or what does morality apply?

Morality may be applied to four areas:

i. The ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions;

ii. The ability to make value judgments; and

iii. The ability to choose between alternative courses of action.

Are all animals non-moral? Is domesticating animals’ moral?

Page 2 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

c) Where does Morality come from?

i. Values are given by a supernatural being.

ii. Values are part of the fabric of nature.

1.1.2 Forms of Morality

We can separate morality into two forms:

1.1.3 The relation between Morality with Law and Religion

ii. Morality and religion. Is morality dependent upon religion?

Morality need not be based exclusively on religion for five reasons.

 Supernatural existence cannot be proven.

Page 3 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

 Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.

iii. Why should human beings be moral?

 Enlightened self-interest – I will be better off

1.1.4 Purpose of morality

The purpose of morality is constituted in the five purposes to:

i. Keep society from falling apart;

ii. Ameliorate human suffering;

iii. Promote human flourishing;

iv. Resolve conflict of interest justly and orderly

v. Assign praise, blame, reward, punishment and guilt

1.1 Moral principles

1.1.1 Types of Moral Principles

i. Absolute Moral Principles

Page 4 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

ii. Relative Moral Principles

 It is morally wrong to spend money on a luxury item.

1.1.2 Impacts of Moral Principles

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1.1.4 Moral Characters in School or College

1.1.5 Practice of morality in the work place

Page 6 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

3.1 The Similarity and Difference between Ethics and Morality

3.1.1 The similarity between ethics and morality

The similarity between ethics and morality are as follows:

3.1.2 The difference between ethics and morality

The difference between ethics and morality is explained here in detail.

Table 1. The difference between ethics and moral

Page 7 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1

What is it? General principles set by group Response to a specific situation

Applicability in No (legally not to be obligated) Yes (legality is applied)

Expression Morals are expressed in the form of Ethics are abstract.

Freedom to think No Yes

Perspective seen from the perspective of an dependent on the prism of others

Belief has a religious connotation usually associated in the field of law,

Page 8 of 81 PB; Mersha K… Program Title: EECT-II Version -1