EKOSISTEM

Ecosystem Ecology
Animal ecology
Ecosystems
l An ecosystem consists of all the

organisms living in a community as well
as all the abiotic factors with which they
interact.
Ecosystems
l Ecosystems can range from
a microcosm, such as an
aquarium to a large area
such as a lake or forest.
Ecosystems
l Regardlessof an ecosystem’s size, its

dynamics involve two main processes:
l Energy flow
l Chemical cycling
l Energy flows through ecosystems, while

matter cycles within them.
Trophic
Relationships
l Energy and
nutrients pass
from primary
producers
(autotrophs) to
primary
consumers
(herbivores) and
then to secondary
consumers
(carnivores).
Trophic Levels
l Primary production in an ecosystem is

the amount of light energy converted to
chemical energy by autotrophs during a
given time period.
l Photosynthesis
Trophic Levels
l Consumers include:
l Herbivores – animals that eat plants.
l Carnivores – animals that eat other
animals.
l Decomposers – feed on dead organic
matter.
Trophic Levels
l Decomposition
connects all trophic
levels.
l Detritivores, mainly
bacteria and fungi,
recycle essential
chemical elements
by decomposing
organic material and
returning elements to
inorganic reservoirs.
Relationship between trophic structure
Food chain/
food web
Energy Flow
l Energy flows through an ecosystem entering

as light and exiting as heat.
Gross and Net Primary Production
l Totalprimary production in an
ecosystem is known as that ecosystem’s
gross primary production (GPP).
l Net primary production (NPP) is equal
to GPP minus the energy used by the
primary producers for respiration.
l Only NPP is available to consumers.
Energy Transfer
l The secondary production of an ecosystem is the amount of

chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own
new biomass during a given period of time.
Trophic Efficiency and Ecological
Pyramids
l Trophic efficiency is the percentage of
production transferred from one trophic
level to the next.
l Usually ranges from 5% to 20%.
Efficiency of energy in the trophic levels
Pyramids of Production
l This loss of energy with each transfer in a food
chain can be represented by a pyramid of net
production.
Pyramids of Production
l A pyramid of numbers represents the
number of individual organisms in each trophic
level.
Pyramids of Biomass
l Most biomass pyramids show a sharp
decrease at successively higher trophic
levels.
l Occasionally inverted
Nutrient Cycling
l Life on Earth depends on the recycling of essential
chemical elements.
l Nutrient circuits that cycle matter through an
ecosystem involve both biotic and abiotic
components and are often called biogeochemical
cycles.
Problems due to human interference to the ecosystem
1) Bagaimana dampak pertanian terhadap siklus nutrient (eg: nitrat)

2) Apa dampak dari Eutrofikasi?
3) Apa penyebab dan dampak dari efek rumah kaca?
4) Apa penyebab dan dampak dari penipisan ozon atmosfer
LANTAS, apa EFEK dari:

LEDAKAN populasi manusia?
Toxins in the Environment
l Humans release an immense variety of

toxic chemicals including thousands of
synthetics previously unknown to nature.
l One of the reasons such toxins are so
harmful, is that they become more
concentrated in successive trophic levels
of a food web.
Toxins in the Environment
l In biological
magnification,
toxins concentrate
at higher trophic
levels because at
these levels
biomass tends to
be lower.
The Three Levels of Biodiversity
l Genetic diversity comprises:
l The genetic variation within a
population.
l The genetic variation between
populations.
l Species diversity is the variety
of species in an ecosystem or
throughout the biosphere.
l Ecosystem diversity identifies
the variety of ecosystems in the
biosphere.
Endangered Species
l An endangered species is one that is in

danger of becoming extinct throughout
its range.
l Threatened species are those that are
considered likely to become endangered
in the foreseeable future.
Ecosystem Services
l Ecosystem services encompass all the

processes through which natural
ecosystems and the species they contain
help sustain human life on Earth.
l Purification of air and water.
l Detoxification and decomposition of wastes.
l Cycling of nutrients.
l Moderation of weather extremes.
l And many others.
Four Major Threats to
Biodiversity
l Most species loss can be traced to four
major threats:
l Habitat destruction
l Introduced species
l Overexploitation
l Disruption of “interaction networks”

Extinction
l Habitat fragmentation increases local

extinction and speciation.
l Species that have larger ranges or better
dispersal abilities are better protected
from extinction.
Extinction
l There have been five mass extinctions.
l Each time a large percentage of the species on
earth went extinct.
DOMINANT SPECIES IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE:
Kepunahan besar-besaran
diakibatkan oleh perubahan
disruptive secara global
The “big five” mass extinction:

1) Ordovician-Silurian
extinction (440 million YA)
2) Devonian extinction (365
million YA)
3) Permian-Triassic extinction
(250 millon YA)
4) Triassic-Jurassic extinction
(210 million YA)
5) Cretaceous-tertiary extinction
(65 million YA)
Apa efeknya tho?
• Diversitas berkurang – BYE BYE DINOSAURS!
• Terbentuknya adaptive radiation

EKOSISTEM

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EKOSISTEM

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Ecosystem Ecology

l An ecosystem consists of all the

l Regardlessof an ecosystem’s size, its

l Energy flows through ecosystems, while

l Primary production in an ecosystem is

l Energy flows through an ecosystem entering

l The secondary production of an ecosystem is the amount of

1) Bagaimana dampak pertanian terhadap siklus nutrient (eg: nitrat)

LANTAS, apa EFEK dari:

l Humans release an immense variety of

l An endangered species is one that is in

l Ecosystem services encompass all the

l Disruption of “interaction networks”

l Habitat fragmentation increases local

The “big five” mass extinction:

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