Communications I

Problem Sheet One

1. Find the mean value (time average) and the power for the following signals
(a) v(t) = 3 cos(2π103 t),
[0, 9/2]
(b) v(t) = 3,
[3, 9]
(c) v(t) = 3 sin(40t) + 4 cos(π104 t).
[0, 25/2]
2. (a) Find the energy of the signal

 sin t
 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
g(t) =


0 otherwise
[π]
(b) Comment on the effect on energy of sign change or time shifting. What
is the effect on the enegy if the signal is multiplied by k?
3. Find the power for the following periodic signal.

0 t
2

[1/2]
 Problem Sheet Two
1. Find the energy Ex and Ey of the signals x(t) and y(t) shown in Figure 1.
Find the correlation coefficient between x(t) and y(t). Sketch the signal
x(t) + y(t) and show that the energy of this signal is equal to Ex + Ey .
(Why?)

x(t) y(t)

1 1

2
0 2 0
t t
−1

Figure 1:

2. Repeat the procedure for the signal pair shown in Figure 2. That is, com-
pute:
• Signal energies.
• Correlation coefficient.
• Energy of the signal z(t) = x(t) + y(t). (Is Ez 6= Ex + Ey ? Why?)

x(t) y(t)

1 1

2
0 2 0 0.5
t t
−1

Figure 2:

3. If a periodic signal satisfies certain symmetry conditions, the evaluation of

the Fourier series component is somewhat simplified. Show that:
 (a) If g(t) = g(−t) (even symmetry), then all the sine terms in the trigono-
metric Fourier series vanish (bn = 0).
(b) If g(t) = −g(−t) (odd symmetry), then the dc and all the cosine terms
in the Fourier series vanish (a0 = an = 0).

4. Show that the trigonometric Fourier series of the signal shown below is
µ ¶
4 πt 1 3πt 1 5πt 1 7πt
x(t) = cos − cos + cos − cos + ···
π 2 3 2 5 2 7 2

−3 −1 1 3 5
−5

−1
 Problem Sheet Three
1. Show that the Fourier transform of g(t) may be expressed as
Z ∞ Z ∞
G(ω) = g(t) cos ωtdt − j g(t) sin ωtdt
−∞ −∞

Hence, show that

• if g(t) is a real and even function of t, then G(ω) is real and even.
• if g(t) is a real and odd function of t, then G(ω) is imaginary and odd.

2. Using the definition of the Fourier transform:

Z ∞
G(ω) = g(t)e−jωt dt
−∞

show that if g(t) is real then G∗ (ω) = G(−ω).

(An important consequence of the above property is that if g(t) is real then
|G(ω)| is an even function of ω and 6 G(ω) is an odd function of ω).

3. From the definition of the Fourier transform, find the Fourier transform of
rect(t − 5).

4. Using time shift property, compute again the Fourier transform of rect(t−5)
and compare the two results.
 Problem Sheet Four
1. Find the Power Spectral Density Sg (ω) of the power signal g(t) = cos ω0 t.
(Hint: Compute the autocorrelation function first, and then use the prop-
erty Rg (τ ) ⇐⇒ Sg (ω)).

[ π2 [δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )]]

2. Find the power of the output signal y(t) of the RC circuit shown below
with RC = 1 if the input PSD Sg (ω) is given by:

(a) rect(ω/2)
(b) δ(ω + 1) + δ(ω − 1)
R∞
(Hint: recall that Sy (ω) = |H(ω)|2 Sg (ω) and that Py = 1/2π −∞ Sy (ω)dω)

R
+
+

g(t)
C y(t)

− −

[1/4, 1/2π]
 Problem Sheet Five
1. Consider the two baseband signals x1 (t) = cos 2000t and x2 (t) = cos 1900t.
Plot the magnitude spectrum of the signal s(t) = x1 (t) cos 10000t+x2 (t) cos 20000t.

(a) The signal s(t) is multiplied by cos 10000t and fed to the filter with
frequency response
(
1 f or |ω| ≤ 2050 rad/s
H(ω) =
0 otherwise

Plot the magnitude spectrum of the output time waveform y(t) (see
Figure 3)

s(t) z(t) y(t)

H(ω )

cos(10000t)

Figure 3: DSB-SC receiver

(b) What happens if s(t) is multiplied by cos 20000t and fed to the same
filter? Plot the amplitude spectrum of this new output.

2. The signals m1 (t) = π2 sinc(2t) and m2 (t) = π42 sinc2 (2t) are to be transmit-
ted simultaneously over a channel. Call y(t) = (m1 (t) + x(t)) cos(1000t) the
signal transmitted over the channel, where x(t) = m2 (t) cos 6t.

(a) Sketch the spectra of x(t) and y(t) [Hint: recall that a product in the
time domain is equivalent to a convolution in the frequency domain).
(b) What is the bandwidth of m1 (t) + x(t)? [5/π Hz]
(c) Can m1 (t) and m2 (t) be recovered from y(t)?
(d) Design (only the block diagram) a sycronous receiver to recover m2 (t).
 Problem Sheet Six
1. Consider the amplitude modulated signal s(t) = (A + m(t)) cos ωc t, where
A = 2, ωc = 10000rad/s and m(t) = cos 100t + sin 100t. Compute:

(a) the peak amplitude mp of m(t).

(Hint: use the identity a cos ω0 t + b sin ω0 t = c cos(ω0 t + θ) with c =
√
a2 + b2 and θ = tan−1 (−b/a).
mp
(b) Compute the modulation index µ = A
.
Ps
(c) Compute the power efficiency η = Pc +Ps

2. The output signal from an AM modulator is

u(t) = 5 cos(1800πt) + 20 cos(2000πt) + 5 cos(2200πt).

Determine:

(a) the modulating signal m(t) and the carrier c(t),

(b) the modulation index,
(c) the ratio of the power in the sidebands to the power in the carrier.

3. Consider the modulating signal m(t) = cos 100t.

(a) Sketch the spectrum of m(t)

(b) Find and sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal φ(t) = 2m(t) cos 1000t
(c) From the spectrum of φ(t), suppress the LSB spectrum to obtain the
USB spectrum.
(d) From the USB spectrum, write the expression of φU SB (t).
 Problem Sheet Seven
1. Over an interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, an angle modulated signal is given by

φ(t) = 10 cos 13000t

The carrier frequency is ωc = 10000.

(a) If this were a PM signal with kp = 1000, determine m(t) over 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

(b) If this were an FM signal with kf = 1000, determine m(t) over 0 ≤
t ≤ 1.

2. An angle modulated signal has the form u(t) = 100 cos[2πfc t+4 sin(2000πt)]
where fc = 10 MHz.

(a) Determine the average transmitted power.

(b) Is this an FM or PM signal? Expain.
(c) Determine the frequency deviation ∆f . [4000Hz]
(d) Using Carson’s rule, find the bandwidth of the modulated signal.
[10kHz]

3. The message signal m(t) = 10sinc(400πt) frequency modulates the carrier

c(t) = 100 cos(2πfc t). The modulation index is β = 6.

(a) Write an expression for the modulated signal u(t). [Hint: you need to
find the value of kf ]
(b) What is the maximum frequency deviation of the modulation signal?
[1200Hz]
(c) Using Carson’s rule, find the bandwidth of the modulated signal.
[2800Hz]
 Problem Sheet Eight
1. Consider the FM signal
Z t
ϕ(t) = 10 cos[2πf0 t + kf x(α)dα]
−∞

where kf = 10π. The message x(t) is given by

2
X
x(t) = mn (t)
n=0

with
2n
mn (t) = sinc(t) cos(2nt).
π
(a) Sketch and dimension the Fourier transform of m1 (t).
(b) Sketch and dimension the Fourier transform of x(t).
(c) Using Carson’s rule, determine the bandwidth of ϕ(t).
[75/πHz]
(d) Assume now that x(t) = Ae−10t u(t). Using Carson’s rule, the band-
width of ϕ(t) is 50.4 Hz. Find the amplitude A of x(t). Select the
bandwidth, B, of the baseband message x(t) so that it contains 95%
of the signal energy.
[A = 1]