It device through which there is

trb ue is a

between the flowing fluid

Corcino the rotor due
through the spaces of bladeslvanes of
to action resulting in increase in pressure
dynamic
for momentum of the fluid
I

KHAIMAH Exit
said

Ttu
 Part of a turbomachine

a wheel made of metal

YRotori Runner Impeller It is
be conical Cor cylindrical inshape
with a hub which can
through which the fluid
is operating
in shape
Rotor blades are aerodynamic
of RolI.blad e

the periphery of the rotor the fluid flows

fixed on

through these blades

the axe such
sy or It is the
outermost cover of
doesnot spill It also convert the kinetic
that fluid
heed
head to pressure
It guides the fluid from one rotor
KYStates blade
blade to the adjacent rotor blade
 Classification
direction of the energy flow
the
4 Based on

Fluid to rotor Power producing machines

ay
Power absorbing machines
by Rotor to fluid

of Based on the direction of the fluid flow through

machine
the vanes of the
of Axial flow machine
rod Axial flow
flow agreed Kaplan turbine
radio Fret or
98 I
µI rd
by Radial flow machine
centrifugal machines
x centrifugal pump

µ
Centrifugal compressor
machines
Tangential flow
F Pelton heel
X x machines
T dy Mixed floo
x turbine
Modern francis
L T tidal plant
Bulb turbine
t.FI FTF
37 Type of fluid medium
machines water oil etc
of Hydro Turbo
Gas turbine Burnt gases
Thermal Turbomachines
by
steam turbomachines steam
KY Based on the type of dynamic action of thefluid
ay kinetic energy to mechanical Energy Impulse
machine
by energy Pressure energy to
kinetic

mechanical energy Reaction machine

Applications of I lao of Thermodynamics

iy Pressure energy Hoo POCOD

energy
27 kinetic energy VII
2
37 Potential
energy Zg
4h map IT h f T a ft
47 Enthalpy
h utpie
In terms of head
FSgh F oh F Oh
17 Pressure head
27 kinetic heed II
2g
Potential head Z
Eggs
Volume
Control
Boundary 0 0 adiabatic
Heat
Sato

Fluid E ie in
ni
f
v w ve
WorkCW
w e
 Sf EE
Steady flow Energy Equations

FgJ nifuztyPaIiVII EgJ ine

niluhqe.tv
inch VII Zig ni hztk Eg the

Watts
line
_niff b VEII 1 g
4h LIKE APE

a
f

O
Casein If APE

H niffhi HD VEII
LIPE LIKE are negligible
Case If
he inch ha
for an incompressible flo machine
YIU 44 0
1212 Rd I I
SfEE becomes

incpigVI z.gJ nifezoz VI zgf keau.IO

inly IIs Z.d infpgz II ZD h.ee'T
i i
in in 3
IIE LE g f SES

in in ftp.tkuf z SgCzrEJ
po p SV
Bydefinition for stagnation pressure
in in
ftp.iSVI Betty Sgt ED
Po Foz

lie in Po Pod Sgt ED

APE
APE is negligible

Ki ni Po Pos

bit inCP pay if 4 1

 Application of I lao of thermodynamics

Y Efficiency 2 tf I too ideal

Ds II lao Losses
of Entropy
Sq Rev Actual
Absolute temperature T conditions

see in Turbomachinee

i Eddies Turbulence viscosity

Internal losses takeaway

1 energy
a
of Skinfriction Vane surfaces
Rotor
IIII­
Rotor shaft

Kinetic Energy Losses

Sy y µ 4
2
VI2 neo
2

inlet E it

c l l
Vz0
Bearing
44 Mechanical friction
Q 02 01 40 0 02
54 Leakage
inlet Ext
Lost
Efficiencies Turbine

Energyavailable Rotor Energyavailable

7
frictional Energy
Losses 7
at the fluid at the rotor losses at the
shaft

Q Iv I a
LIQ Q Q2

H
Y Hydraulic Cor Blade efficiency Wyd

27Mechanical efficiency 2nd SI

in line
zy Volumetric efficiency hard Q

47 Overall efficiency
qI
Rouch Rvd
in

Loverde 2yd
Compressor pump fan

Energysuppliedy frictional Energy available Rotor Energy

to the shaft losses t Losses
the fluid

ie Hydraulic COD Blade efficiency

3
4yd
 O
27 Mechanical efficiency
Zach

37 Volumetric efficiency
co.ni
mamI
fEtz.CI
47 Overall efficiency

Rhyd Rouch Erol

overall

Hodel studies of Turbomachine

Variables Com Parameters of Turbomachine analyse

machine D on L
Y Diameter of the
machine O iu T
Discharge through the
T
the machine
he rpm
Speed of
which the machine H ni L
44 Head under
is working

Density of the fluid f logging

ME
67Dynamic viscosity of fluid Ii he
she ME'T

77 Power p be METS
87Acceleration due 6 gravity g mfs LIZ
97 Young's modulus E T2
the in
 GH is combined as a single variable
8
Total number of variables m

dimensional unit h 3
Number of non

tr theorem the number

6 Buckingham's
according
M n 8 3 5 a terms
a terms
of
as Home Dork
Fi Tz Tz Fy Tg
S D N
choose the repeating variables
D
F af Q a Discharge coefficient
NDS
az f Db4y gH_ Head coefficient
gH az
N2D2
As f D N A
µ 7 Fz M_ Re
SHD2 SUD
a fa4Db4µc4p 7 a F powercoefficient
IN3Ds

ing f Db5hf5 E Tg
E
EI Compenibit
fµ2D2 M2DZ factor
 Independent of the
size D
Specificspeedy Ns
Turbine Nsp
Power coefficient
Ns 4
As Head coefficient
42
P
Es Eliminate D
Nsa 5
gH 4

p'k
g k µ3k 2 p's
Nst g'tups
g H
g Hee
µ j N
rags
d
Ms Nfp IPT Non dimensional

IT GHEG Hj specificspeed
rpm
I
Ns N IT Dimensionalspecificspeed
7 N 1
a
pm
g
qq.br Pump Nsp

Nsp
T Discharge coefficient
Head coefficient
K g's
Nsp
µ'sDH
GH GIT
rays N D
Nsp N TO
Non dimensional specificspeed
6
rpm

Nsp NI Dimensional specific speed

ask
1
Npm
speaf csp eedva
hres
fortwbneskfjpskompres.ro

Redford
Axial

axis
 Tutorial

mech losses 150kW hydraulic

Sd Data Q Saiki H lol m
D 9810 Yours
see 250 Khl Uz 4.5 m s
t
iE
avg.I.at
Ps 2972.4kcal
a

Net
fF
Q H
l
hydrallic Exit Rotor mah
Energy u

available
looser 7 love power Shoff
power

Net power available 2722.4 kind

2972.4 250
Phet Pa hiedlosses

Rotor power k
Proton Pret Exitlosses Put 76,0
2
4.5 Energyhead
Kid 2722.4 980 3
tooo 2 9 81 Kietrheed
Proton 2692.05 kcal
Proto mech losses
Shaft power Pshaff
2692.05 150

P
Theft 2542.05 Khl
K Hydraulic efficiency Rotor
2yd powere
Availablepower
2692.05
2972.4

d
90.564

27 Mechanical efficiency Cared Shaft power

Rotor power
2542.05
2692.05
Inch 94.4 f

Overall efficiency zones Shattpower

Available power

2542.05­2972
4

Coma 85 5 y
 Tutorial No I

Give Him 0 34 i50rpm m N

SI
To find Ms
Assume water as the
medium f 1000kghis
H
power F OOH o
fg
adf.se wfpTg 1000 9.81 34 40
It
P 13.34 66W 13.34 18Kke
E
is.at P value in Ns Should be in
9.81 40 Kw N in radls
N 2 1 2XTXl50_
N 0.038 Uniffen Go
ST
15.7rad s

Greg Mod Nm Goo rpm Om 0.05 m s Hm 12mi 2 871

Np Soorpm's Hp
60ms Op 66m31s
Prize
To find turbine

Let us consider the head coefficient a 8H­

F Dm I p
12 GO
2 fan f 2ohm E
It
P 0.87 9810 0.05 12

pm

Let us consider
the
P
Power coefficient a
P­fDE
s
m p

5 I F s
Saf x 4.47Dad

7
Pepe 11327.6714N

at the power station

The power available
Pavailable OH
pT
0.87 9810 6.6 60

P 3379.74 kW Available power

avail

required
Number of turbines
ht Pavalable­pp

3379.74
1137.67

9t 2.97 re 3 Suit Prototype

 D 0.3mg Q 162mi N 1500rpm 0.75
Given Pumpli h 2
P
1254kg
0.2mi 3000 rpm
Pump 2 Dz 2

To find Oz Roz Iz
Q­IU
T
Discharge coefficient D

E.si
0.21
Qz Q.NzDz 162 X 3000
N Df 1500 0.39
t
Os 96mY
Head coefficient gH­µ
a
D2

Ha issxsooixo
H.mygE 15002 0.32
kl
Ha 222 Tykg m_
kg
H is in terms of energy
0 57 1.67 1051 2­
POITHz 1000 222
ftp 1.67 bar
 Power Ps
wd
D Day
p sa Tig
10242 1000 96 222

3600 3600

Ps 5.92kcal

rpm
0 260 m H 1.73mg N 50 rpm 2 0825
Give
Specific speed is given by
M
50ft Kid
MST
1 760
1.7

P 909.5 Klay
turbine

Total power Pavailable 2h OH

0.825 9810 260 1.73
P 3640kcal
avail

Number of turbines required

ht Parailable
To
3640
909.5
Me 74.1
 Tutorial-1 Efficiencies and non-dimensional numbers for turbomachines
1. A flow rate of 3m3 /s of water is available at a height of 110 m at a project site. Due to losses in the
supply line, the head available at the inlet to powerhouse is estimated to be only 101 m of water.
The leakage losses in the powerhouse are negligible. Mechanical losses account for 150 kW. Frictional
losses in the rotor blades may be taken as 250 kW. The exit velocity of water from the turbines is 4.5
m/s. Calculate the hydraulic, mechanical, and overall efficiencies of the plant. The specific weight of
water may be taken as 9810N/m3 .

2. A gas turbine works with a pressure ratio of 6:1. The temperature and velocity of gases at the inlet
to the turbine are 900 K and 350 m/s, respectively. The isentropic expansion efficiency is said to be
85%. The velocity of gases at the outlet is 50 m/s. The specific heat for the gases can be taken as
1.005 kJ/kg-K and γ as 1.4. Determine the power output of the turbine for the unit mass flow rate
of gases

3. An axial flow air compressor has a pressure ratio of 1:6. The compressor draws air from atmosphere at
a temperature of 300 K. The inlet velocity may be considered negligible. The isentropic compression
efficiency of the compressor is 0.88. The velocity of air at the outlet is 40 m/s.The specific heat for the
gases can be taken as 1.005 kJ/kg-K and γ as 1.4. Find the power required to drive the compressor
to compress air at a nominal rate of 1 kg/s.

4. A reservoir has a head of 40 m and the channel leaving from the reservoirs permits a flow rate of
34m3 /s. If the rotational speed of the rotor is 150 rpm. Determine the dimensionless specific speed
of the turbine.

5. A small turbine runs at 600 rpm using water at 0.05m3 /s at a head of 12 m with an overall efficiency
of 87%. The turbine is accepted as a model for developing a prototype to be used in a powerhouse
with an available head of 60 m and a flow rate of 6.6m3 /s. The speed selected for the prototype is
300 rpm. Calculate number of turbines required for the powerhouse. Assume same efficiency for the
prototype.

6. An axial flow pump with an impeller rotor diameter of 300 mm handles water at a rate of 162m3 /h
running at 1500 rpm. The energy input is 125 J/kg and Total to Total efficiency is 0.75. If a
geometrically similar pump has a diameter of 200 , mm running at 3000 rpm, Find its i) Flow rate
ii) change in total pressure iii) input power.

7. The quantity of water avaialble for a hydroelectric power station is 260m3 /s and a head of 1.73 m.
If the speed of the turbines is to be 50 rpm and the efficiency is 82.5%. Find the number of turbines
required. Assume Ns = 760.

8. A small-scale model of a hydraulic turbine runs at a speed of 250 rpm under a head of 23 m and
produces 8.25 kW as output. Assuming a total-to-total efficiency of 0.79 and that the model and
turbine efficiency are related by Moody formula, find the power output of the actual turbine which
is 6.5 times the size of the model. Specify the type of turbine you choose.

9. A model of a water turbine 0.5 m diameter develops 10 kW running at 800 rpm under a head of
20 m. Prototype has to work under a head of 180 m at 200 rpm. If the efficiencies are same, Find
i) Diameter of the prototype ii) specific speed iii) power developed and name the type of turbine
runner.

10. A small scale model of a hydraulic turbine runs at 360 rpm under a head of 22 m and produces 10 kW
output.Determine its: i) Unit discharge ii) Unit speed iii) Unit power. Take total to total efficiency
as 0.8

11. The initial and final total pressures of a fluid are 1 bar and 10 bar respectively. The initial total
temperature is 100 C. What is the work of compression for adiabatic steady flow with a total-to-total
efficiency of 75%, if the fluid is air as a perfect gas.
12. One-fifth scale model of a pump was testing in a lab at 1000 rpm. The head developed and the power
input at the best efficiency were found to be 8 m and 30 kW respectively. If the prototype pump has
to work against a head of 25 m, Determine the speed, power required to drive and flow rate ratios.

13. A geometrically similar model to scale 1:6 of a large centrifugal pump is tested. The prototype
parameters are speed 400 rpm, discharge 1.7 m3 /s, head developed 36.5 m and the power input
720 kW. If the model is tested under a head of 9 m, determine the speed, discharge and the power
to drive the model.

14. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1000 rpm. One pump has an
impeller dia of 300 mm and lifts water at the rate of 0.02 m3 /s against a head of 15 m. Determine
the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver a discharge of 0.01m3 /s.

15. A turbine model of 1:10 develops 1.84 kW under a head of 5 m of water at 480 rpm. Find the power
developed by the prototype under a head of 40 m. Also find the speed of the prototype. Assume
efficiency of both the turbines to be same. Find and verify the specific speeds.

16. A model of a Kaplan turbine, one tenth of the actual size is tested under a head of 5 m when actual
head for proto turbine is 8.5 m. The power to be developed by prototype is 8000 kW. When running
at 120 rpm at an overall efficiency of 85%, determine the speed, discharge and power of the model.

17. A turbine develops 6600 kW, when running at 100 rpm. The head on the turbine is 30 m. If the
head on the turbine is reduced to 18 m, determine the speed and power developed by the turbine.

18. A turbine is to operate under a head of 25 m at 200 rpm. The discharge of 9m3 /s. If the efficiency
is 90% Determine the performance of the turbine under a head of 20 m.

19. A pelton wheel produces 5000 kW under a head of 250 m and has speed of 210 rpm. Overall efficiency
of turbine is 85%. Find the unit quantities. If the head falls to 160m what are the new values of
speed, discharge and power. Also find specific speed.

20. Specfications for an axial flow coolant pump for one loop of a pressurised water nuclear reactor are:
Head=85 m, Flow rate=20,000 m3 /h, Speed=1490 rpm, Diameter=1200 mm, Density=714 kg/m3 ,
Power=MW. The manufacturer plans to build a model. Test conditions limit the available electric
power to 500 kW and flow to 0.5 m3 /s of cold water. If the model and prototype efficiencies are
assumed equal, find the head, speed andscale ratio of the model.

21. A radial flow hydraulic turbine produces 32 kW under a head of 16 m at a speed of 100 rpm. A
geometrically similar model with an output of 42 kW and a head of 6 m is to be tested under
gometrically similar conditions. If the model efficiency is assumed as 92%, find the diameter ratio
between the model and the prototype, the volume flow rate through the model and speed of the
model.

22. A radial flow hydraulic turbine is required to be designed to produce 20 MW under a head of 16 m
at a speed of 90 rpm. A geometrically similar model with an output of 30 kW and a head of 4 m is
to be tested under dynamically similar conditions. At what speed must the model be run? What is
the required impeller diameter ratio between the model and the prototype and what is the volume
flow rate through the model if its efficiency can be assumed to be 90%.?

23. Tests on a turbine runner 1.25 diameter at 30m head gave the following results, power developed=
736kW. Speed of 180 rmp and discharge is 2.7 m3 /s. Find the diameter, speed and discharge of a
runner to operate at 45m head and give 1472 kW at the same efficiency. What is the specific speed
ofboth the turbines.

24. A centrifugal pump handles liquid whose kinematic viscosity is three times that of water. The
dimensionless specific speed of the pump is 0.183 rev and it has to discharge 2 m3 /s of liquid against
a total head of 15 m. Determine the speed, test head and flow rate for a one-quarter scale model
investigation of the full size pump if the model uses water.
25. A fan operating at 1750 rev/min at a volume flow rate of 4.25 m3 /s develops a head of 153 mm
measured on a water filled U-tube manometer. It is required to build a larger, geometrically similar
fan which will deliver the same head at the same efficiency as the existing fan, but at a speed of 1440
rev/min. Calculate the volume flow rate of the larger fan.

26. A water turbine is to be designed to produce 27 MW when running at 93.7 rpm under a head of 16.5
m. A model turbine with an output of 37.5 kW is to be tested under dynamically similar conditions
with a head of 4.9 m. Calculate the model speed and scale ratio. Assuming a model efficiency of
88%, estimate the volume flow rate through the model.

27. A radial flow hydraulic turbine produces 32 kW under a head of 16 m and running at 100 rpm. A
geometrically similar model producing 42 kW and a head of 6 m is to be tested under geometrically
similar conditions. If model efficiency is assumed to be 92%, find the diameter ratio between the
model and prototype, the volume flow rate through the model, and speed of the model.

28. A centrifugal pump delivers 2.5m3 /s under a head of 14 m and running at a speed of 2010 rpm. The
impeller diameter of the pump is 125 mm. If a 104 mm diameter impeller is fitted and the pump
runs at a speed of 2210 rpm, what is the volume rate? Determine also the new pump head.
 a
rotor n
g t

vanes
a o

J A
aft

2 Front view
2 I g
a oo
o
o
o
r l o
1 o
o

y y

r hub radians r tip radius

d hub diameter d tip diameter
 I
11
I pBkola

aft ME
if
I Mean
f hab

fold
uaufece nd
diameter.gr

diameter
mean
mid
3
d
T
TE

K pitch 4 LE
y D
LE
E E

IE TE't
ne
TE
 Blade profile of a turbomachine convex
concave
cometewbire
pressure side
T T

Conca suction side

t
Corleone
t
L 1

Turbine Fluid on the pressure side will push

the blade
Compressor pump Blades drive the fluid

Tu Pressure at the is
ng Cha
Expansion device
the outd
is than
Pressure at the
Complip
Compressive
device
the
Reference planes

T
F

URI
fan vectoraddition
guestration
Absolute
velocity V Virtu is
ii 3 I
Y 7
yr A
streamline
4
C too CT T n
age
A Blade
angle

Yay
 Vr
side
pressure
Aft
suction
pgudionside
side Ira
Bpf prenue
Bff s

Vra
Radial flow machines MR

Radius
Radius.ont in
a

v l
in Nr
out
axis axis

7 Nr
i
Ir vz
Sri
Uz L U
g
n is
1 XI
vi
a
Tao I'T b
Es err
v d T.eu
T 7
has Aub
tip I
a
compressor tip Turbine
 Axial flow machine

O
axis axis

O te Id fast
D HEa
Too t t
T t
t n
t I t
22
TE
LE par

purr 7 Vr
A N
Us L
Vi
u I
t
t
1ps
t
if
t't't

t U
Byn y
t
pre
i
Nr
u Ips
Vrs
4 42 V
V Vz
I
uz
U

Comprehor Turbine
 Nor
I
fr Tur

Vr

Ha Bic
U

m s
U Absolute velocity
Inlet
4 Tangential
Blade velocity m s

Uri Blake velocity cays

V Absolute velocity mfs
velocity m s Outlet
Us Tangential
Relative velocityguys

nvfi ys.ua

H BI C Ki y t
k Vw 4
am
IT v i ueosa
 Yo Tangential Lor Peripheral Whirl component

Vf Flow cos Meridonial component

L Fbo angle degrees
Blade Vane angle degrees
pi
machines it will be its
axial
Vf Axial floo component
machine it will be if radid
Redid floo
Component

Euler's Energy equation

Energy transfer
all the bolide passages
i control volume includes
27 Mass flow in IQ SAF
v almost remains uniform
Absolute velocity
momentum
4y For analysis Angular
Date of angular momentum Applied Torque
Radidmk Uax.ae O
u
Uo U Vf
Vrad­Axidm
Vrad O
Uo U Vf Waxed tip
Axis outlet
shotgun d
hub
y

tangential Inlet
 Inlet Vel triangle

i k Pic
y
Its
z
f Vw
Outlet Velocity ale
hub
ok I
Ui
vs Nrr
Cossa nv
Va ft
K y PT
K Vas 54
From the newtons I
inD8
F m a m
daff dfz.DE
T F X distance
Torque
T in F L

from the right angled triangle

Cost
4 L r Cost

Cos I
by goose
L in
Substituting for
T ni zoo g
F r Cox

7 ni vii re vii r
 Work done Sec Power 21
per
Go
lie Tag
U cor
VI we
incur
r
in SAF in
4 or
ke ni vigor VI nor Uz ok

in in visa vi u
Romaine same
work
Specific
hi V y VI U unit may
be
in flow rate
ap
sb VTiuD unit weight
Esg bing.LV
g
the density
peif is independent of
of the working fluid
e
4
machine d _dared 4 42
c Axial flow
Id Vw Vw u

4Vw no
_Vw U
27 Hoz O 22 98 lat Vw U 2

Now
Nra
HI
T I

k
u Is
turbine
 70
Compressor Fan Vw O IN Nisha 4
µ hit inlet
Vigils
d Nr v Nri
auf Vf an
Hi Pic ITPic
f Vw 4 u u

Euler equation

Y Compresrorffan
Rf Mk
IN Ugly Vw U
A f Mk
dy Vw
ke u

2J Turbine
Uw U Vw U2 Rf Mk

Ink no
Vudu Afaik

Alternate form of Euler equation

IN_Viguz Vw U
Applying the cosine rule for
the velocity triangle
v
Hr vf vIuI2VuCo x
P
K y
K w 1 u
2
Inlet velocity triangle Vr 42 42 244,6 2

Outlet velocity triangle Vrf Vitus 24 2

 Ur 2v YZVEt 2446dL 124162

Ku Coms Yu GK
f 44 fufuf Crf VET
Vasu Uwm df viy fef u.tt f VI
d 2
H

HIV Pumpf
w lusty z
Compree

due
MKE changedue change
charge 6 centrifugal relative velocity
due to
absolute effect
Elocity in statichead
Lead 6
x x x x
6 understand static head
Extra reading
Component of energy transfer Okay
so
I in hoz ho Ktm hoz ho
422
F ha h 42­2
In the absence of any loses T
kl key ha h VIVI
2

uE
VEII na n t
E
 heh VEII VrFVz2­2

Abo for an
isentropic process
dh Tds dh Udp Tds 0
dye
For a turbo machine handling incompressible
flow

KII ha h VEII Unfit

I inside the impeller
of pressure
Rise static

centrifugal component Adr oh

Free balance Turbine's

u us
dm ndr Sd
p dp dA PDA
a

IDA drink Pumpfcompressor

d PDA

I
Idf fErdr
l
uEuf bra

X X
Axial flow machines U
I U s
tendon
d of dm 60

no

I
w ui
I vi
IIC.biz Static head
velocity
AKE ardatie
turbine
Euler equation for a

Voice VwzUz Energyfruit mass

he Vwi Energy unit weight padid

g
be VFVI i ufYI vfg.tt Alternateform

he V V Vs Vrf Axial flour turbine

Euler equation for a compressorHump

be Vw 1 Vw U he
VEII Vril
2
be VwzUz will Axialflow
g
ke
VIII III VENI
2
Radial
Component of Energy transfer
TPotential head E

of Pressure tho component R

Enthalpy component gp.l­t

4h ha h
VIIs
47 Absolute velocity component 2

at centrifugal velocity component ufut

y­gpyaeueq.gg
qq.gg component
machine static head
Impulse
kinetichead
rotorimpeller there
is no
Across the
but only there is
in static presence head
change
change in
kinetic energy 4kt

Reaction machine
there a charge in
Across the impeller rotor
is

Also there is change

in
static pressure head
Both pr E AKE
kinetic energy Sprinklers
curved plate
P

i
Pushes
p.iq Like
p AKE
 Reaction nyc

x l
T
Afl y
reaction R
Degree of

R
Static Energy head
Total Energy head

Total Energy
Static Energy 1 DynamicEnergy

Steam Turbines R StaticenthalpyI ah_

4h0
Total Enthalpy

Radial flow machines

R 421 VEINS
Turbine

HII ate VEII

I
II VEII complpump
 R 471 12 42
2 Turbine
Vogue VIL
I
R II Ur
2yr
Complpump
Ngu will

OL Rs l
G Ho Kinetic energy Impractical
Ho Static Energy yfv.rs
2
estate Uribe w
zero
2

Zero

Casasi­cy
R o Pure impulse machine
wheel Delaval steam turbine
eg Pelton
Loonsprinkles
27 A I Pace reaction machine egi
male
Not a turbo
24 R I Reaction machine
Utilization factor ConDiagram factor E

Converted uitilized Y
e Energy r
Energy available
Actual energy u o
C Eu ideal
Ea Ideal energy

C
YEI 142 WEI
Z

U u Vr Yeo

Vw U Vw Us Euler energy egg

E
Cooee
Vw u Versus 1 Is
2
Euleregg

2 Energy not
utilized
loss
O C 1

indicates he turbine perform

well a
It
and can be maximized while designing the
blades of turbine
 Tutorial

Sd Given d O 5M dz 0.15M N i5oo

rpm
35 14 200
Assume ni l Kgfg
Vz f Vf
To find it Riepe iiYK.ms iii R
Blade velocities
re L a piet
U AdN a x 0.5 1500
Ifi V
I Y 60 Go
k U 39.27 m
s
X U Yo
Uzi Adam aXO 15 1500
To T
L
Uz 11.78 m

T
s

N outlet
WEO VIVI ful
7 uz
Hojo
at inlet
Consider the velocity triangle
V
Cost VI Sind
y
Vw U Cost Vf _V Sind

35 X Cos 20 354 Sin 20

Vw _32 89 mfs If 9.97 M s _Nfs

iY Blade angles PierPe
4
tank HI 11.97
U Vw 39.27 32.87

f 6 inlet

Consider the outlet velocity triangle

ll 97
tanps.rs
z 11.78
C Vfa Vf

Exit
R2 45.450
I e
ii specific work H.m­

td.me Vau WE Euler equation

Vw U
32 87 X 39.27

4 I 291 k Specific work

or's

iity Degree of reaction R

r v
4 24 VEII
IIIIII
r r
gy
W Uf v Yi
R
uf VE
vFy yi
I­R vis
w
a
htss u.at
ui
ezq
a
I w II iur.LI
1291
R 0.58
 SI Given de 0.75mi 16 3000 rpm 4 180 VT 275 M s

C 0.9 Ur _0.9 Vr ni 2kg6

To find il Rietz iiY E iii Faxial
tT 0r75
Blade velocity U TdgoN_ SI
Go
117.81 mfs

Combined velocity triangle

e
poet
yet c

in
VffVfa Ly y P c H p
f E
s­kvw.tk
fi 4 oc
t vw
Vuk
f se vw
Lil
4
Ip
ur wf.iq
If

14
I Eu
Va
IL VV Nrr v
K RE Us
 I Vas 4
Consider the inlet velocity triangle
Sind Cosy NI
VI
V
Vw V God
Vfc V Sind
275 X Sin18
275 6218
261.54 mfs
f 84.98mfs
261.54 117 81 143.7 m
s
X Uno u

Blade angle tamp VfL

x
84.98
143.7
B 30.590
Sink Vf D Gsp Is
Ur
If
vri I.at 8sYn9so.sg

i67mls.­Vrz
0.9Vr 0.9 167 150 27 mfs

C W co Vudu
he 141 w Vudu VI
2 2

0.9 61.54 VIX 117.81

X117.81 1 862962
261.54 Vs 2

opposite direction
Use 27.3mg
 C 42 u E 4 Vs R
Tq
RO for R O

E y2v
V2
0.9 2752 VI
2752 n
V e 86.96 M
s

From the exit velocity triangle

VIE VfftUwf
86.96 Uff 427.35
82 54 m s
Vf

taupe
CIII Be tan
D
22280
w Vudu Axial tho aye u us
Work done we
261.54 27 5 X117.81

r K
lad 34.05 Khl on g
2 34.03 68.06 kW
Power D mix lol

Axial thrust Fa mi VA Ufa Gif

Fa 2 84.98 82.54

Fa 4.88N
f
 500
Sd Gg d 0.05M's dj 0.125cm L 900 i al 1500rpm R
42 700 Vw_0 Vf Vfz
To Cal O
find if Idf iiy R iii Pz
e u we
yeR2 I
K T
r
w tr
r vz

r
Vor d di

IT
O
Uz U

T
Y VA Nr
Vw 0
f 7 fC
No inletwhirl U

Blade velocity
y a d N AX 0.05 1500 3.9 M s

floes
us Adam n xo.izs xisa.a.g.mg pump
60 GO

consider the inlet

velocity triangle
Let us

V u tamp
taupe Vat 3.9 x tan 50

V e 4.68 Mls
 Similarly consider the outlet velocity triangle

HI
taupe VII tape U Vuk
UsVw VfL
tank
Vwa u2 YfIpz v­
Use us vffotfa.ec
9 2 4.68
tan 70
Vw 8 l mfs r

LKgw
i Specific work Ktm
btw Vagus Yu
8.1 9.82
a 79.54 Thg
in
R
42 42 Vr z2
reaction
iiY Degree of
2

is

From the inlet velocity triangle

PETIT
Iq
sink or

4
Ur VfL 6.11 Mls
Smp Sin 50
velocity triangle
Ily from the outlet
Smfh
VII
or Be Y
 Vrz VfL I
4.68
Sin 70
4.98 Mls
Sings

3.92 6.112 4.982

9.82
R
z 2

79.54
R 0.59 I

kl
iiiypz
O.­wE_uwis Ywiui­

Cy
VfzCotfsDUz.­
u q
14264242

O 2 Vf Cottbus
uE VffotRauk
Coffee U2_ Vfr V
Uf
Coff US
X
9.82
Coffee
4.68
132 25.480 225.50
 Vw 15 m s's Vfr_10 Ms's 4 30 51 8 ms's Q 1.5mF
SI Given
iiit R ivy C be isms
To find i I iiy4P
U Aw 2C Ue Uw
U
Aa
U
Velde so es
geht
guying A E 15M
L L
Ifol v VI

u
son

T yur
Oultet
vetate

V Eo 7 pre

Consider the inlet velocity triangle

taupe'u q tank E
f 33.690
e L
senteYung Vr
Sir 33.69
Simp
Ur 18.03Mfs
Consider the outlet velocity triangle
1
taupe D
Us sink VI
Vr

tamp Is Vr VI
8
Sink
61.930 Use 15
f a
61.93
ii we
wu WE Vz 17M

Vw q S
LIP
or are Luigi i4u twEI s

100
4ps 15 30
Gps 4.5bar
n's Vayu Vw y
mix Wm
iiiy Power
a

a mix to U i n's _f Q
15 30 1000 1.5
1500
in 1500 Kgb
675 KIN

ivy re ufzui VE 2 i
vrfufzI vrf 2vr.se
Vw u
Uwm 4582
2 2
R 30 82 17 18.03
2 2

15 30

R 0.89
 E
ivy utilization factor
Un Ul
c W_
but k Vw u 1k

C 15 30

15 30 1 152­2

C 0.8
 Tutorial-2
1. In a radially inward flow turbine, the diameter of the runner at the inlet is 50 cm and the diameter
at the outlet is 15 cm. The speed of the machine is 1500 rpm. The fluid at a velocity of 35 m/s
enters the runner at 20o to the tangent and leaves the runner without any whirl component. The
flow component of the fluid velocity remains constant in the runner. Calculate the blade angles at
the inlet and outlet, the specific work and the degree of reaction.

2. At a stage of impulse turbine the mean blade diameter is 0.75 m, its rotational speed being 3000
rpm. The absolute velocity of fluid discharging from a nozzle inclined at 18◦ to the plane of wheel is
275 m/sec. If the utilization factor is 0.9. The relative velocity at the rotor exit is 0.9 times that at
the inlet. Find the inlet and exit rotor angles. Also find the power output from the stage for a mass
flow rate of 2 kg/s and axial thrust on the shaft.

3. In a radial flow pump, the impeller has its smaller diameter of 5 cm and bigger diameter of 12.5 cm.
Its speed is 1500 rpm. The inlet blade angle is 50o . The fluid enters the impeller without any whirl
component. The flow component remains constant.

ˆ Find the specific work and degree of reaction at a blade outlet angle of 70o .
ˆ Also find at what outlet angle the impeller becomes a zero-work impeller.

4. In a radial flow turbine the outer diameter of the rotor is 1.5 times the inner diameter and the blade
angles at the inlet and outlet are equal. The drive for the machine is 3000 rpm. Determine the
diameters for a specific work of 2400 J/kg. Also find the degree of reaction. Assume no whirl at the
inlet and Vf 1 = Vf 2 .

5. The inner and outer diameters of the rotor of a radial flow machine are 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively.
The blade angles at the inlet and outlet are 40o and 70o , respectively. The fluid enters the rotor at
90o to the blade velocity, and the flow velocity remains constant in the rotor. Determine the speed
of the machine for a specific work of 1000 J/kg.

6. Absolute velocity of water at impeller exit is 14 m/s at an angle of 18◦ (α2 ). The blade peripheral
speed at the exit is 25 m/s, and the shaft speed is 1450 rpm. Whirl component of the absolute velocity
at the inlet is zero. The flow rate is 0.018 m3 /s. Find (a) the magnitude of the relative velocity and
its flow angle β2 and (b) the power required if pump efficiency is 100%.(c) If inner diameter is 0.6
times outer diameter, determine inlet blade angle (β1 ) if meridional velocity is constant. (d) Find
the blade height at the impeller exit (b2 ) neglecting vane thickness. (e) Degree of reaction.

7. A fluid is directed at a velocity of 60 m/s on the concave side of the blades of a radially inward flow
turbine at an angle of 25o with the blade tip velocity. The blade outlet angle is 50o with respect to
the blade velocities. The outlet diameter of the runner is half of that at the inlet. The speed of the
runner is 1000 rpm. the flow velocity remains constant. The discharge of fluid is at 90o to the blade
velocity. Determine the (a) blade inlet angle. (b) runner diameter at the inlet, (c) Runner diameter
at the outlet, (d) the specific work (e) the degree of reaction and (f) the utilization factor.

8. The impeller diameter of an axial flow pump is 50 cm. The impeller speed is 750 rpm. The fluid
enters the impeller at a velocity of 15 m/s, without any whirl.Determine blade inlet angle, specific
work when the outlet blade angle is (a)65o (b) 80o (c) 110o . Assume that the flow component remains
constant.

9. A fluid stream is available at 250 m/s at the outlet of the nozzles that can be placed at 25o to the
plane of the runner wheel in an axial flow turbine. The blade inlet angle is 40o . Calculate the blade
outlet angle, the diameter of the runner and the specific work if the speed of the runner is 1500 rpm.
Take (a) R=0.5 and (b) R=1.0
10. In an inward flow radial turbine, water enters at an angle of 220 to the direction of rotation and leaves
axially without whirl at the outlet. The inlet and exit diameter are 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively.
The rotor speed is 300 rpm. The flow velocity is 3 m/s and constant throughout. The width of the
wheel at inlet is 15 cms. Neglecting thickness of blades, Calculate:

(a) Rotor blade angles at inlet and outlet

(b) Power developed.

11. In a certain turbo machines, the inlet whirl velocity is 15 m/s, inlet flow velocity is 10 m/s, blade
speeds are 30 m/s and 8 m/s at inlet and outlet respectively. Discharge is radial with absolute
velocity of 15 m/s. If water is the working fluid flowing at a rate of 1.5m3 /s, Calculate

(a) Power in KW
(b) Change in total pressure in bar
(c) Degree of reaction
(d) Utilization factor

12. A hydraulic reaction turbine of radial inward flow type, works under a heat of 160 m of water. At
a point at entry, the rotor blade angles are 1190 and the diameter of the runner is 3.65 m. At the
exit the diameter is 2.45 m. The absolute velocity of the flow is radially directed with a magnitude
of 15.5 m/s and the radial component of velocity at inlet is 10.3 m/s. Determine:

(a) Power developed by the machine for a flow rate of 110 m3 /s

(b) Degree of reaction
(c) Utilization factor

13. An inward flow turbine has a degree of reaction of 0.6. The blade speed at the entry is 12 m/s
and the radial velocity of flow is constant at 2.4 m/s. The rotor diameter at entry is twice that at
exit. Find the utilization factor, angles of the blade at entry and exit assuming there is no exit whirl
velocity and no friction loss. Is the utilization factor maximum?

14. In a radial inward flow turbine, the outer diameter if the runner is 750 mm and the inner diameter
is 500 mm. The runner speed is 400 rpm water enters the runner at a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle
of 150 to the wheel tangent at inlet. The flow is radial at exit with a velocity of 5 m/s. Find the
blade angles at inlet and exit. Also determine the power output for a flow rate of 1.5 m3 /s, degree
of reaction and utilization factor.

15. In a radial flow inward turbine the degree of reaction is 0.8 and the utilization factor for the runner is
0.9. The tangential speeds of the wheel at the inlet and outlet are respectively 11 m/s and 5.5 m/s.
Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet, assuming radial velocity components to be constant
and equal to 5 m/s. Flow is radial at exit. Find the power output for a volumetric flow rate of
2 m3 /s of water.

16. The internal and external diameter of a centrifugal pump are 20 cm and 40 cm respectively. The
pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles at inlet is 200 . Water enters the impeller radially
and velocity of flow is constant. Find the workdone by the impeller per kg of water for the following
conditions. (a) β2 = 300 (b) β2 = 900 (c) β2 = 1000 .

17. Liquid water flow at the rate of 31.5 kg/s through the rotor of a turbo machine where the inlet and
outlet mean diameters are 125 mm and 200 mm respectively. Speed of the turbo machine is found to
be 6000 rpm; absolute velocity of the flow at inlet is 35 m/s and is directed axially; absolute velocity
at outlet is 160 m/s and makes an angle of 300 with respect to the tangential direction. Using the
mean inlet and outlet diameters; determine:
 (a) The torque exerted
(b) stagnation enthalpy change across the rotor
(c) Power in kW
(d) Draw the velocity diagram at inlet and exit

18. In an axial flow turbine, the blade velocity is 60 m/s. The fluid enters at 30o to the plane of the
wheel at a velocity of 80 m/s. Calculate the blade inlet angle. If the blades are to be designed for
(a) R=0.25 and (b) R=0.5, calculate the blade outlet angle and specific work in each case.

19. The following data refer to a 50% degree of reaction axial flow turbo machine; Inlet fluid veloc-
ity=230 m/s; inlet rotor angle=600 ; inlet guide blade angle=300 ; Outer rotor angle=250 . Find the
utilization factor, axial thrust and the power output per unit mass flow.

20. At a stage of an impulse turbine, the mean blade diameter is 750 mm, its rotational speed being
2880 rpm. The absolute velocity of fluid discharge from a nozzle at 180 to the plane of the wheel is
280 m/s. If the utilization factor is 0.88 and the relative velocity at the rotor exit equals that at the
inlet, find the inlet and outlet blade angles (β1 &β2 ) and also find the power output from the stage
for a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s.

21. A jet of water having a velocity of 36 m/s impinges on a series of vanes moving with a velocity of
18 m/s. The jet makes an angle of 280 to the direction of motion of vanes when entering and leaves
at an angle of 1250 . With the help of velocity triangles at inlet and outlet, determine

(a) The angles of vane tips so that water enters and leaves without shock.
(b) The work done per kg of water entering the turbine
(c) Efficiency of the turbine.

22. In a mixed-flow compressor handling air at 16000 rpm, the stagnation temperature of the air at the
compressor inlet and outlet are respectively 270 C and 2150 C. The absolute velocity of the air at
the rotor inlet is axial while at exit the tangential component of the absolute velocity is 0.93 times
the tangential impeller speed. If the mass flow rate of air through the impeller is 15 kg/s and the
specific heat of air is assumed to be constant, find the impeller diameter and total power input.

********Good Luck *********

scheaed kmmi
dj.jo
f
ownfans
feud

out

at

a
 on

Fans Blowers Compressor

Y Compremiblefluids
Incompressible fluids klatafoil
1.02 6 107 Ppg
Pressure ratio
GayFans to
Premiere ratio
by Blower more than 2
Premiere ratio
Compressor
2 1740
presence ration
i
stage
Single
Penne ration Conoeltan
lo
iiYMulti stage

iy Redid floo companycentrifugal

compressor

Floro is in radial direction

Lener mess flow rate

iiY Axial flour compressor

Floro is in axial direction
More mass floorate
0
Parallel multietaging Manifold o 0

mj.OIfpanis.iqapz Same exit preserve

in Q Ps
I 2 s High discharge

lap lap lap

series multiotaging
484,0 Highpressure

Pat
LI editor
 Pi 1
Expression for pressure ratio of a compressor Poz
h u pO
Steady tho energy equation
c
e
infinity ni hatII line
01
hog hose
he Work abhor being Mfc aprenor

Turbine
be Inlorkproducing Mk
ho h I Specific stagnation enthalpy
2

visho in hq Kl

by in hoz ho
Ho Total enthalpy
Kl Hg
U GT
h ft a ft
h Cp T Absolute
To Toss To
Kl inCp Tg Temperate
Efficiency for a compremor

2 hot
hog hog

Cp Toal TED
81
It To
t
F
 To To 702 To

in w
Substitute for temperature change from
Kl Cp
It t
W
v
g Rtt
for an entropic antenion
CFTF
ci ftp.a

To To To Add subtract
inthe numerator

To
IT F

e
t

From the Euler's equation

W Wis Voir
For no whirl condition inlet Vo Waltzes
 C as
Vwz
Radial exit condition u 4 42 900
f
5 Ip Vasey
74 my
fr VEI
ke Vasek Vwf

rsyI­PET.Cg.I
F
Stpeter Livio Shp
t Vn's dunk
7
Lin ay Shp Vg
pvr be Vigna Kl _Vaslui
j there is difference
Because of the slip a

ideal actual
in tangential
velocities of the
at the exit
2

Actual whirl velocity ex.f

by slip factor
Id ed whirl velocity exit

Vis
Ww2

slip coefficient Slip Visits

Ww2
Living
Uw Ww2
 If Shp is considered then

C
Vas Vw Uwa
j

E
For static condition

For a radial exit condition 92900 Vw Us

a
e
Ea
Power inputfactor Work done factor Cri
Actual work done
r
YI
Hae I Klan lateVwzUz
power factor
will reduce idealwore
Both slip factor
v.io f f a
 For a radial exit condition WWEUz 122 98

ftp.u.IE i5t
For static conditions

D
e
e
i EI
Compressibility effect Need for pre whirling

hub
Tip
Leisprenue
Yakuts Shock
pitt
Guide
Vane I d 1
Inidevane
FIENEvelocity

Prewhiting is produced by giving the incoming fluid

a small whirl component using inlet quid vanes
i v
Y U Ad N
Wr
Vario ft 60

1 u
Ii www.ugiitxedvde
 Fluid preohirl the direction of the impeller
in

rotation will reduce the compereor work at a given

rpm speed
E Ers H
Effect of blade diacharge angle Ra on

Yedocity triangle
yet p 9o
us
y wt
7
VE var
Tvr 2

I
2

Vel 4k 2
velate I
f
47 VEH Nr
fur
f Nwfo C
ex Mi
Kuwait
Hoprecohil condition
Pre whirl condition

Variation of blade angle BI AfanzCdf de

for
9 MY
H nu H
n Grn

Biao 1998 Biao

Backwardcurved Redial Forward curved
 Workdone from the Euler equation is given by
at ht UwmUw u G
Vw D RV with

by W Vague T
4 HE USUI In terms of head developed
g
at the exit 2
From the velocity triangle
tan the k 2
Coto
YfIq Lord Cot Be I
VfzcotRz Uz Voz
Uns Us Vf Coffee
D A V Velocities Area
Discharge AIL
V KV Flow velocities
Q A Uf AIHz
Vfa d
Az
Substitute for Vukand Vfz in workdone eggalion
a
lad Luz Vffot B Use uz TdzN_
60
be Uf Us Cot pose

he Uf Uz.Q­ Cotta
ii and pI
At
any given diameter II speed
Let G uf Kotte
As
 ke C Q Equation of a straight
b.se
live.y a

III
C af Cs US

ofsthne.l­y
g Equation

pe98x

T T Be 981
H W

G uE

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C

EEEEE
t.mn
Be48 PEE k 118 I

t H
 Vz
T
nurseVfr Va
Vrs
Ks Pf Ks R2 T
k v ar

7 I

I 4 Vfp nvr

Vaio 7
U

R 98 Pa_900 1227900

Nra F Vs
auf VrEVf nugent
L2 HC Ks PF GL Pf
k 4 k va.eu 1 f used
1
w
u 1 us 1
Vwz Us UWEU2 Uws U2
We UwzUz lol VwzUz
Wellnitz
kt Vwfo.by
H Visits H UIT H VwIk
8 g g
 g
Surging and choking

velvet
q road

Y controls the pennies

Massflow rate
Surgingpoint Pr
fax points
c
b x operating
E
x
c

in
Pr

Surgy 3
notable

Marin
t­o
n's
Jax Thested

4 Stable operating 4
conditmg

Both Surgy Chocking Instability problems

 A
line
Surge

Fc Nz
Pr

offlow

M
 d 0 10MYS's 2 844
SI Data z 17 4 N 12000 rpm
60M Po lookpas To Sook 0 1.4
122 900 4 900
If
ii d dz iii R
To find iYP
K Vw uz 4 Roz
1ps Ld
Vr Uff TVs

t.fi
Iii
Oi

d
ur a aY Vf
S
Li
IR T Uno 0
k u 4
Fs Pr Pp 4
From the h s s diagram
For an isentropic process
i VI
7

PITT
Tosk To
to soo x 4 y

To 445.8k
 Compressor efficiency
To
Wiser Cp Tod
Wat Cp To Toi

to To
7oz To
G 84 44 5.8 30

Foz Zoo

Is 473.6k To
To AirCp 1.005KThyk
Actual workdone Way Cp To
473.6 30
1.1
Specific blook Had 174.46 KJhg.cl

For peace from Euler equation

Vw 0 Kozak
WadeVersus Vw Rd Uf

act 622
2n
103 6
174.46
6 1174.46 18
Uzi 417.7 m s

Mass floo rate in SAI SQ

ia kpa 1 1.18 kgfus
in 1.18 10

ni 11.8 Kgb
iYPower P ni he
11.8 174.46
P 2050 Kid

iiY a dad dye UI

g Tae

dz 417.7 60
TX 1200

d 0.664 m 664mm

d 0.66 0.332 on 7 332mm

dq 2 d

iiY Inlet blade angle fi

from the inlet velocity triangle
tan p HI
U

U Td he Ax 0.332 1200 208.6 M s

60 60

tan f 60­
208.6

f tai Iss
Pc 160
 Tutorial-4
Axial Flow compressors
1. Air enters a three stage axial flow compressor at 1 bar and 300 K. The energy input is 25 kJ/kg per
each stage. The stage efficiency is 0.86. Calculate the exit static temperature and the compressor
efficiency and the static pressure ratio.

2. The ambient conditions at inlet are 20◦ C and 1 bar. At exit the total head temperature and pressure
are 150◦ C and 3.5 bar, and static pressure at exit is 3 bar. Calculate the isentropic efficiency, the
polytropic efficienty and the air velocity at exit.

3. An axial flow compressor draws air from still atmosphere at 100 kPa, 310 K, at a velocity of 120 m/s.
The isentropic efficiency of compression is 70%. Find the stagnation pressure at the exit and the
power of the driving motor. Assume mechanical efficiency as 92% and a flow rate of 1 kg/s.

4. The overall pressure ratio of a six-stage axial flow compressor is 6. Its isentropic efficiency is0.92.
The mass flow rate is 4.5 kg/s and the suction is from free air at 100 kPa and 302 K. All the stages
are similar. The axial flow velocity remains same at 120 m/s and the mean blade speed is 275 m/s.
Calculate the polytropic efficiency, power.

5. The conditions of air at the entry of an axial flow compressor stage are p1 = 100 kN/m2 and
T1 = 300 K. The air angles are β10 = 51◦ , β20 = 10◦ , α10 = α20 = 8◦ . The mean diameter and peripheral
speed are 0.5 m and 150 m/s respectively. Mass flow rate through the stage is 30kg/s; the work
done factor is 0.95 and mechanical efficiency is 90%. Assuming an isentropic stage efficiency of 85%,
determine (i) blade height at entry (ii) stage pressure ratio, and (iii) the power required to drive the
stage.

6. The following data refers to an axial-flow compressors: Blade angle at inlet is 60◦ , turning angle
of flow is 30◦ , net whirl velocity is 100 m/s, degree of reaction 50% speed 36000 rpm, mean blade
diameter 140 mm, inlet pressure 2 bar and inlet temperature 57◦ C. Find 9i) Flow angle at inlet (ii)
pressure rise (iii) Amount of air handled and power if the blade height is 20 mm.

7. The overall stagnation pressure ratio in a multi-stage axial flow compressor is 6. The inlet is from
atmosphere at 100 kPa and 290 K. The isentropic efficiency is 84%. The blade angles are 40◦ and 80◦
at the inlet and outlet, respectively. The degree of reaction is 0.5. The mean blade speed is 180 m/s
and the velocity of flow remains constant. Calculate the polytropic efficiency and the number of
stages.

8. Air at 100 kPa and 300 K enters an axial flow compressor that has a flow coefficient of 0.6. The
total-to-total efficiency is 82%. The total-to-total pressure ratio is 1.7. If the coefficient of pressure
is 0.6 and the work-done factor is 0.85, calculate the mean blade speed, rotor blade angles at the
inlet and exit. Also find the power input for a flow rate of 10 kg/s.

9. The following data refers to a test on an axial compressor. Atmospheric temperature and pressure
at inlet are 18◦ C and 1 bar. Total head temperature in delivery pipe is 165◦ C. Total head pressure
in delivery pipe is 3 bar. Calculate (a) total head isentropic efficiency (b) polytropic efficiency and
(c) air velocity in delivery pipe

10. An eight stage axial flow compressor provides an overall total pressure ratio of 6:1 with an overall
isentropic efficiency 90%, when the temperature of air at inlet is 20◦ C. The work is divided equally
between the stages. A 50% reaction is used with a mean blade speed 188 m/s and a constant axial
velocity 100 m/s through the compressor. Estimate the power required and blade angles. Assume
air to be a perfect gas.
11. A multistage axial flow compressor absorbs 4.5 MW when delivering 20 kg/s of air from stagnation
condition of 1 bar and 288 K. If polytropic efficiency of compression is 0.9 and if the stage stagnation
pressure ratio is constant, calculate (a) Pressure at compressor outlet (b) the number of stages (c)
overall isentropic efficiency of compressor. Temperature rise in the first stage may be taken as 20◦ C.

12. An axial compressor has a mean diameter of 60 cm and runs at 15,000 rpm. If the actual temperature
rise and pressure ratio developed are 30◦ C and 1.3 respectively. determine (a) power required to
drive the compressor while delivering 57 kg/s of air, assuming efficiency 86% and initial temperature
of 35◦ C (b) the stage efficiency and (c) the degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exit is
55◦ C.

13. The following data refers to a test on an axial flow compressor. Atmospheric temperature and
pressure at inlet are 18◦ C and 1 bar. Total head temperture in delivery pipe is 165◦ C. Total head
pressure in delivery pipe is 4.5 bar. Static pressure in delivery pipe is 4 bar. Calculate (i) Total head
isentropic efficiency (ii) Polytropic efficiency and (iii) Velocity in delivery pipe.

14. An axial flow compressor takes in 2.5m3 /s of air at 1.02 bar and 42◦ C and delivers it at 3 bar and
60◦ C. Determine the power required and static efficiency.

15. An axial flow compressor stage with 50% reaction has the following data. Air inlet stagnation
temperture is 290 K, relative flow angle at rotor outlet measured from the axial direction is 32◦ , flow
coefficient is 0.55. What is the stagnation temperture rise in the first stage of the compressor

16. Anaxial flow compressor stage draws air with stagnation conditions of 1 bar and 35◦ C. Assuming
a 50% reaction stage with a flow coefficient of 0.52 and ratio ∆Vw /U = 0.25. Find the rotor blade
angles at the inlet and exit as well as the mean rotor speed. The total-to-total efficiency of the
stage is 0.87 when the stage produces a total-to-total pressure ratio of 1.23. Find also the pressure
coefficient and the power input to the system, assuming the work input factor to be 0.86. The mass
flow rate is 12 kg/s.

17. An axial flow compressor is designed on the free vertex principle. The speed of the machine is
5000 rpm. The hub-to-tip ratio is 0.6 and the work done is 25 kJ/kg. The work done factor is 0.94.
The stage isentropic efficienty is 0.89 and the ambient conditions are 1 bar and 300 K respectively.
The inlet absolute velocity is 150 m/s. Calculate the following:

• The tip radius and the corresponding rotor air angle at the exit.
• Mass flow rate
• Stagnation pressure ratio
• Power required
• The rotor air angles at the root section

18. At entry to an axial flow compressor, the total head pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K.
The overall isentropic efficiency is 85%. It is assumed that the degree of reaction is 0.5. The total
number of stages is 10. All stages contribute equal amount of work. At a particular stage the blade
speed at the mean height is 210 m/s and the axial velocity is 175 m/s and the work done factor is
0.92. Calculate

• The rotor air angle at inlet

• Overall pressure ratio
• Polytropic efficiency
• Static temperature of the air at the entry to rotor
• Static temperature of the air leaving the rotor
Classification's Drum Disc Type Afc
7 Rotorblades

Pont
Pi
d
Cang
gap

Af
discharge C.in
Y For green diameterGize and higher
a

27 Higher pressure ratios 730

34 Multistaging is easier than centrifugal compressor
Gas
47 Thrust developed per frontal area 4 turbine

Dement
the
Y complex design Smallergat cooling
kd
costs
27 Higher operation a

lactometer 02 21

It is the ratio of ideal work requirement of the

to it actual value
compreseor stage
X Hided cp Tz T
Hadad GCS T
 X will be higher newly inetalled Afc
for a

X will reduce with usage of Afc's

Pr
_f f LEX wided
p
04
A
E same µ

of

oz
02
oi
Af
of the
or
S
nr
Redial Equilibrium Theory
F
r tip 7
Streamlines T y

q to
downatnam
r
upstream p
e
s
y

turbomachire is three dimensional

Y Floo in a
the tangentantial velocity
24 Flow velocity and
are for the operation of the
very important
compressor
 The radial component of the velocity is of
least important for a steady flow condition

44 There are centrifugal forces which are

exerted on the Vaneyblades while flooing
streamlined downstream
57 The flour is upstream
looks like a concentric cylinder
of the blade now it
67 The velocities in three dimensional flow

I Fiat To Fk Ff flow
cylindrical
Cartesian V eV ytV To I Tangential

cylindrical V 8ft VI
For a steady floe fPtdp
Ptsd
which is concentric
streamlined The properties 9 p Koff
of the fluid p S V are constant fluid
element
0
There are velocity charges in
no tr
it
tho r direction dvr 0 oiaxia
r is the radius at concentric streamline
any
from the axis
can be obtained
84 The radial preserve gradient
a differential small fluid element
considering
by
 From fluid mechanics for a plane circulating
floo with radial equilibrium condition

dfa t.VE Coto

can be written ai
Equation
F If VOI
ifIncompesaiblett
Po p 11
Stagnation pressure
r
Po pts II II so tho

Po pts II VII
w r te r
Differentiating egg

derf.dqziSLII.dfI ivo.daE

Substitute
df
d I.­de
svIdIIi evident
for dard from

II e
Tofte.vIdI svidI
f
d
VII vii III ish.dvI
dr

1 dare VIII VII e vii did

 d
crj.vn zr.Vftr3Vw
E.LEi u.dIId
II III dCdrY

So the is called as simpleequilibrium

equation Condition
is constant Po constant
if Total pressure
Pressure throughout from hub 6 tip
dry at all the radii
constant work
So the ear becomes

I DIII DIII
EKITI dtaw.IT o

og t.dk o

iiib For compressibleflows

U ho h IT
g
Told du poke
Fromthermodynamics
Tds dh Odp

Tds dh Udp
dh
Tds
dlf
dPo
static

Toda Iho Stagnation

 If the compressor caring is properly insulated
Toda withinsulation

O Iho dgPo_

dho dog
eqr w.r 6 r
Differentiate
pressuregradient
Enthalpy ddhg ej.dk
dr
gradient
substitute for I dater in ear
we
get
ddhf etf.de I pd rdVI5
ho constant d o
Speed r
across the radii
There is a constant energy transfer
or
of the compere
viidate acrid
dr
o

d IT traded o

2
d
t
dE
and both are similar
Comparing the equation
we can calculate the flow and
Vang this equation
tangential velocities Vw
For a free vortexflow
o
2
becomes d
then
Yt 0
 0.86
Soir DIA n 3s 19 1 bar T Zook's Kluge 25k54g 2s ge
1.005 kJ
Cp kg K Pu
To find i Ty iyya iiiyPr
4 Ps

s s
wm Cp I T g n
n
25 18 1.005 18 Tz 30
I

Tz 324.5K

Tz T
tage s
I T
0.86 TI Soo
324.5 Soo

321.4 KL T2

lb Istaf
tem CpG E

25 8 1.005 8 Tz 324.5

Tz 349.76k

Ts Tz
stage
Tz Tz
0.86 Tz 324.5
Ts 346.2k Ts
349.76 324.5
 stage
Hm Cpthe TD
25 103 1.005 18 74 349.76
376 G k
Tf
T4
stage
Tee Tz
E

i
iiyPressure ratio Pr
Pr
IT fat f
e stage 1
pep
4
4
xios 3
122 1 27 bar

Pr
tf e
2,7 21.27

IIttage peek F i
i 27
27
34
Pz 1.58 bar

Thestage they the 1.95bar

iii Compresior Efficiency Z
K 7k
Tae Ti

t.CI F­
saofi.aeji.I­
y 363K Ty L Ty

363 Soo
2
374 Soo

0.85 D 854
c
 Tutorial-4
Axial Flow compressors
1. Air enters a three stage axial flow compressor at 1 bar and 300 K. The energy input is 25 kJ/kg per
each stage. The stage efficiency is 0.86. Calculate the exit static temperature and the compressor
efficiency and the static pressure ratio.

2. The ambient conditions at inlet are 20◦ C and 1 bar. At exit the total head temperature and pressure
are 150◦ C and 3.5 bar, and static pressure at exit is 3 bar. Calculate the isentropic efficiency, the
polytropic efficienty and the air velocity at exit.

3. An axial flow compressor draws air from still atmosphere at 100 kPa, 310 K, at a velocity of 120 m/s.
The isentropic efficiency of compression is 70%. Find the stagnation pressure at the exit and the
power of the driving motor. Assume mechanical efficiency as 92% and a flow rate of 1 kg/s.

4. The overall pressure ratio of a six-stage axial flow compressor is 6. Its isentropic efficiency is0.92.
The mass flow rate is 4.5 kg/s and the suction is from free air at 100 kPa and 302 K. All the stages
are similar. The axial flow velocity remains same at 120 m/s and the mean blade speed is 275 m/s.
Calculate the polytropic efficiency, power.

5. The conditions of air at the entry of an axial flow compressor stage are p1 = 100 kN/m2 and
T1 = 300 K. The air angles are β10 = 51◦ , β20 = 10◦ , α10 = α20 = 8◦ . The mean diameter and peripheral
speed are 0.5 m and 150 m/s respectively. Mass flow rate through the stage is 30kg/s; the work
done factor is 0.95 and mechanical efficiency is 90%. Assuming an isentropic stage efficiency of 85%,
determine (i) blade height at entry (ii) stage pressure ratio, and (iii) the power required to drive the
stage.

6. The following data refers to an axial-flow compressors: Blade angle at inlet is 60◦ , turning angle
of flow is 30◦ , net whirl velocity is 100 m/s, degree of reaction 50% speed 36000 rpm, mean blade
diameter 140 mm, inlet pressure 2 bar and inlet temperature 57◦ C. Find 9i) Flow angle at inlet (ii)
pressure rise (iii) Amount of air handled and power if the blade height is 20 mm.

7. The overall stagnation pressure ratio in a multi-stage axial flow compressor is 6. The inlet is from
atmosphere at 100 kPa and 290 K. The isentropic efficiency is 84%. The blade angles are 40◦ and 80◦
at the inlet and outlet, respectively. The degree of reaction is 0.5. The mean blade speed is 180 m/s
and the velocity of flow remains constant. Calculate the polytropic efficiency and the number of
stages.

8. Air at 100 kPa and 300 K enters an axial flow compressor that has a flow coefficient of 0.6. The
total-to-total efficiency is 82%. The total-to-total pressure ratio is 1.7. If the coefficient of pressure
is 0.6 and the work-done factor is 0.85, calculate the mean blade speed, rotor blade angles at the
inlet and exit. Also find the power input for a flow rate of 10 kg/s.

9. The following data refers to a test on an axial compressor. Atmospheric temperature and pressure
at inlet are 18◦ C and 1 bar. Total head temperature in delivery pipe is 165◦ C. Total head pressure
in delivery pipe is 3 bar. Calculate (a) total head isentropic efficiency (b) polytropic efficiency and
(c) air velocity in delivery pipe

10. An eight stage axial flow compressor provides an overall total pressure ratio of 6:1 with an overall
isentropic efficiency 90%, when the temperature of air at inlet is 20◦ C. The work is divided equally
between the stages. A 50% reaction is used with a mean blade speed 188 m/s and a constant axial
velocity 100 m/s through the compressor. Estimate the power required and blade angles. Assume
air to be a perfect gas.
11. A multistage axial flow compressor absorbs 4.5 MW when delivering 20 kg/s of air from stagnation
condition of 1 bar and 288 K. If polytropic efficiency of compression is 0.9 and if the stage stagnation
pressure ratio is constant, calculate (a) Pressure at compressor outlet (b) the number of stages (c)
overall isentropic efficiency of compressor. Temperature rise in the first stage may be taken as 20◦ C.

12. An axial compressor has a mean diameter of 60 cm and runs at 15,000 rpm. If the actual temperature
rise and pressure ratio developed are 30◦ C and 1.3 respectively. determine (a) power required to
drive the compressor while delivering 57 kg/s of air, assuming efficiency 86% and initial temperature
of 35◦ C (b) the stage efficiency and (c) the degree of reaction if the temperature at the rotor exit is
55◦ C.

13. The following data refers to a test on an axial flow compressor. Atmospheric temperature and
pressure at inlet are 18◦ C and 1 bar. Total head temperture in delivery pipe is 165◦ C. Total head
pressure in delivery pipe is 4.5 bar. Static pressure in delivery pipe is 4 bar. Calculate (i) Total head
isentropic efficiency (ii) Polytropic efficiency and (iii) Velocity in delivery pipe.

14. An axial flow compressor takes in 2.5m3 /s of air at 1.02 bar and 42◦ C and delivers it at 3 bar and
60◦ C. Determine the power required and static efficiency.

15. An axial flow compressor stage with 50% reaction has the following data. Air inlet stagnation
temperture is 290 K, relative flow angle at rotor outlet measured from the axial direction is 32◦ , flow
coefficient is 0.55. What is the stagnation temperture rise in the first stage of the compressor

16. Anaxial flow compressor stage draws air with stagnation conditions of 1 bar and 35◦ C. Assuming
a 50% reaction stage with a flow coefficient of 0.52 and ratio ∆Vw /U = 0.25. Find the rotor blade
angles at the inlet and exit as well as the mean rotor speed. The total-to-total efficiency of the
stage is 0.87 when the stage produces a total-to-total pressure ratio of 1.23. Find also the pressure
coefficient and the power input to the system, assuming the work input factor to be 0.86. The mass
flow rate is 12 kg/s.

17. An axial flow compressor is designed on the free vertex principle. The speed of the machine is
5000 rpm. The hub-to-tip ratio is 0.6 and the work done is 25 kJ/kg. The work done factor is 0.94.
The stage isentropic efficienty is 0.89 and the ambient conditions are 1 bar and 300 K respectively.
The inlet absolute velocity is 150 m/s. Calculate the following:

• The tip radius and the corresponding rotor air angle at the exit.
• Mass flow rate
• Stagnation pressure ratio
• Power required
• The rotor air angles at the root section

18. At entry to an axial flow compressor, the total head pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K.
The overall isentropic efficiency is 85%. It is assumed that the degree of reaction is 0.5. The total
number of stages is 10. All stages contribute equal amount of work. At a particular stage the blade
speed at the mean height is 210 m/s and the axial velocity is 175 m/s and the work done factor is
0.92. Calculate

• The rotor air angle at inlet

• Overall pressure ratio
• Polytropic efficiency
• Static temperature of the air at the entry to rotor
• Static temperature of the air leaving the rotor
 construction of a centrifugal pump
Hes
gauge dray
Fresnel
I pipe
Delivery
queue

L value

in
000 t
t.qgg.de
vibrations
FEET
Suction
pipe
Ap la
it
Immersed

Stainer filter

Exit LEGUI
GuideVane

High pressure liquid

 Pressure heeds associated with centrifugal pump

g i Frictional head ht
Tank
at hfs frictional loss on the
1T
Suction side

aeedofI
hts.IEonot
Eye pump
BYhfd Fictional loss on

the delivery side

hfds Loss of heed

on

T the delivery side of

the pump
hf hfs tht d
Su heedChs Itfrom the surface
is the heed
to the of the impeller centre line of pump
of the sump eye
It is the head from the egeof_
Delivery head hd
Centre line of pump
to the Waterloo
their
theme loss Exit loss of the fluid
47 kinetic head
in the sump Vs o
9 fluid
As the is stationery
therefore VI 0
2g
 Euler head He
Euler'sequation
He VwIk_Vw
tf g
If Vw 0 No whirl at the inlet
HE USUI
g
Manometric Heed Hou

Head under which the pump will work

V
Hm hatsthsthed hid 1
losses
o

hf hfs hfd and h hsthd

Hm hf th VI
2g
suction side
MOI I
Hm h h
dfV
Delray side

Efficiencies associated with centrifugal pump

Energysupplied Mech Energy

Hydraulic Energy
Losses available at available
to the shaft rotor the

EnergyLordPower
i Mechanical Efficiency Rouen

the rotor Impeller

Zoned Energy available
Energy supplied to the shaft
queens I
0.856 0.95
Inah IT d l o
I

27 Hydraulic efficiency Cord Manometric

Efficiency

thefluid
CordHeed available with
2yd Energy
available the rotor
Energy Cors head
0.85 60.95
0 2 21
Yaya
I
I

Manometric head Hm
2yd He YI
1E
Euler head
Hou
Cyd HM_
Vasey Vogul VII if to o

g g
gHm
Kyd g Han
Vagus
Vagus Vw ll
Volumetric Efficiency Rm

Mass b Volume of the fluid exiting the pump

2n
tolueof Hfludat
d
Rvd
Ifaf Lord
0 40
0
20,4 Cho 0960.98
 Di Q

Overall efficiency hoverall

Head available with thefluid
Easy E
bread
to the shaft
Energy supplied
IN
I
Manometric head
road
Powerinput to the shaft

Zverall 2meeh 2rad Rhyd

Analysis of centrifugal pump

H
Y Effect of RI on
Exit blade
Kl Vb Q and H Vb Q for varying p angle
UI Gtf Q C Q G UE
Az
Coffs
Aa
Pressure head H
In terms of Y
H Mfg Usatf
Asg K Gtp
It Cz Cy Q r Cs Ust G
a
g Asg
few
PE 90
H
fado
g II
0 I 2 3 4 Q s s a io
 o l 2 3 l Q s

Td
slip and slip factor N_
60
Heat
Pd 1
c
k 3
KIKI's slip Vw this 4Vw
ri t
Turn
I Nfa pig
Vis Vis
slipfactor

f
i a a

To minimize the slip

be smooth
Uri 4 Vane surface has to
1 mV
_Vf a streamlined flow b n
of Maintang
Vance
U the blades ERJ
Vw o
Cyane congrinent flow

Nopressure gradients

re

streamliner
Maximum Suction Lift MSD
Delivery pipe
q value

O
p's centreline
Mining
Eye

t.EET E in
f ya
nation
pipe T
sump Tpa 1 zeo CDatud
to FEET
i

A Pa
Footnote
is
under which the pump
hs Maximum height
critical
above the dump
placed
Maximum Suction Lift

Pa Atmospheric pressure
head
h Atmospheric
gPg_
minimum pressure
Pz is the
Pressure which the fluid
Ensure that 13 papaw
changes its phase
 Applying Bernoulli's equation
no
Losses hfs
4 Pj Vig z

k hu
g tug Eat hfs 7
ha VI Pa­i
ha
Zz ha hfs Sg
sg
T
Ms L ha hu
KI hfs
MSL ha h
big 1 hts
27 minimum
Factors affecting M S L
has to
Height at which centrifugal pump
4 Altitude
be installed had
Fiction length alia fittings
27 Pipeparameters hfs
Vad
Fluid velocity at the eye of the impeller
her Tempt hvT
temperature
44 Ambient coresatmospheric
NPSH
WET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAP

Required
HESH manufacturer

upset Available the installation point

HPSHavailable NPSH
required
 Head

T
hutvigthts
Limit
upper
4 in
I T installation
limit
I
pump available
MISH we
1 a y

ha
ease
I
n f HPSHarequid

t.tt
Snap

UPS H MSL hs

ha hv V
hfs hs
hePSH ha Chu V hfsths
available
Minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump hewn

the pumpto
It is the minimum speed required for

start deliveringthe fluid Delray valve

Manometric head given by
is Yp Impeller
U t
Hai Forced vortex
2g
start delivering fluid
Hp Hm Pump
the
Head regrid by
Hp's KII Elton Hp
deliver fluid
G pump 6
Hp's tdI u
_adgo beaded
602 28 Go
 g
For N Nain Minimum speed required

Hp Edf Naef THENmin Hm

602 28
Hm
Nantz 6022g
Cdf did
Hmm 602X2gH
T Cdf d y
Hm Lmao HE
2mono
Iffy
Hmm
HE

Tilde d f
Priming
the the impeller has fled
i starting pump
to be filled with the working fluid
Hao

into the
The processof filling the fluid
through the priming value 6 ensure
Caeing
the fluid Uto
the impeller is merged in

Lowest pressure
Cavitation Eye of the impeller
of bubbles air
it Preye Prrapour iy Formation
iiy stick onto the surface of
pipefcany

iii Fluid flood over

these bubblesthey
Collapse
collapsing of bubbles continuously material get eroded
ivy
y Kap ng ly
Multistaging of centrifugal pumpa
Pz in
Seria Regainparallet

atfaTTE
E.IE
a
aa
Ere I 2 H
Hz 2

v
gout
f t
Issue
Hi
4

H TO

TN Q

QQ
the discharge
Increase the pressure ay Increase
heed at the same at the same pressure
head
discharge
 or
an

750 0.0075M N Earp

Sofa Given P 550 42 s d 0.03on off 0.06M
0.85
4 900 Vaio Uf_Vfz Vfv Rhyd
i

To find iyklm iiydii.gl it Hm

x uz Uwa

y
1ps v trr
r
j rr

Inlet Vel
Lik
V It Nfs
f il
f
U
Vw o
u FX003X5 2.35 Mfs
Fdg Go
Perviflowafies
a 5o
TdzN_ xo.gg 4 mfs

Fromthe inlet velocity triangle

taupetuff Vf u tamp

Vfr 2.35 x tan 55

Uff 3.36 ms

Vfr142 14 41 3.36 ms
From the exit velocity triangle
taupe e
tanf Is
Uz Voz

U2 Uws
fp WageUz VfL
tanks
4.71 3.3
tan 75
Vw 3.8 M s

i Specific work land Vayu Yiu VIK

Kl 3.8 4.71 17.95 TY
18
M
iiy Q Af If Aff Aff Ad b Afj nds.bz
Q Td bµ Fdzbz
Q TX 0.06 0.0075 3.36
Q x s
in 19 f can Kgw
iiiy Power Ps n's inn
in low x 4.75
503 Had
P 4.75 17.95 in 4.75 181g a
D 85.4 Kl

NYHydraulic efficiency Zayd

Zayd HI Hm_2yd HE
HE
Rhydx
Uw Us VoieTO
g
Rhyd X VwzU2­g
0.85 x 3.8
4.71­9.81
Hm 1.56M
SI Greg N 960 rpm Hourlong 0 50 63 m Vf _6 5 mfs
l 0.15 0.85 P2 9854 98
Vw_0
2yd
To find iydziiybzii.iq ivy P VYNsp
f beths4 Hydraulic efficiency
7
As I
ked
ur 17
He He
Rhyd

HE
E
Nr
4 4a B't HE 11.76M
f g
U
Vw 0
From Euler's equation HE Vw 81 Vasek
8
g
From the exit velocity 4k week
He
_lkgI
rsVwgI.­l
UIs
1.76
9.81

IT
11.76 9.81

10.74 Ms
But tdH Go uz 60 10.74
GO a N Tx 960
0.21 m
i Exit diameter
ii width at exit b's
b
Q
fz Td Uf
n

50 503 9 0.21 x 6.5

0.011 on
exit velocity ale
iii
taus Urge HI
U2
2 tan
tuff
a tan
LEET
I 31.180
in IQ 1000 50 55
iiiY Power P in Idea's
M
af
in 50 boys
F 50 10.742
the rotor
P 5.77

if Specific speed Nsp NTI

Hmh Head underwhich
thepumpworks
960 x

10

Nsp 38.17 rpm

 SI Ernani di 0.35mi dz 0.7M Hms28mV
To find i Marin
2hyd T

m.int 6oHm
of Cdf di Hon
IHEU
2 9.81 602 28
Nnin I
t.ae o I
Main 3738 rpm
738 rpm to start
i pump has to
run
Comment
the water
delivering Pumpwill
Deliverfluid 5
notbein a
27740 750,800rpm
position to delier

YE a UsWw2
Applythe energy equation let
I 2
it

fits.is FgtEIoeF
i
7EIia
tyg 4 Z Zz 9 0
VII
2

Ye Trl
pic
from the outlet velocity triangle y
Uwfo U

taupe q GERE v u
www.y
g
 y Ug Uffotfz
those ly Vffotp
Substitute for Uws from
vi vwf Uff
VE Ce VffotPDIVff
VI Uf 2UsVffotfstVffcoffE Uff Coset0 1 Cotto
VE af 2yvffotpz Vf.it tp
Uf Uf 2kvfzcotfa vffcose.EE
Substitute for Yik
and Vaz in equation

VtE eEB datasets

If Hj µ 2uifGtgk g
2
ufi 2uzvffotpsyffcosecpJ UI ub.lk
g

5 uft2 VfIaseEkt2

45 If UffaseepatsusI

Pfg fifty Vffaseepd

4 wagged
to 1
 35M AstHd
SI Give Nsp 0.075 rev's 42 128 bz Yjhdz H
Kom I
f 0.005 he 2g
Q 0.04mils dp 0.15mi's Lp
Abbad 6 t of A Rhyd 76
f y Hug 44 y
Vw

To find it da UwaUs
csoMfs
a wry
v12
V2
co io
T
µ

Vfitin our
Vwso
74 y Pl C
U
Discharge Q ApUp 7 Xp
Ap
0.04­9
0.052
4

the pipe
Up 2.26 M
s
Total head Comes in

he hf other entry exit bend

4fLpVp t 3 Is
2
gdp 2g
4 0.005 40 2.262
he 6gIg
3
CZ a
2.17 on
2 9.81 0.15
 Head under which the pump is working Hai
2.17 37.17 on
Han H he 35

the pump
Specific speed for
Nsp 0.075 a 04
GHIke 9.81 37.17 4

N 31.29 rpd
N 1877.4 rpm

No blocking 64 A
Foo Area A Fdgb
Actual floo Area nds.bz Td2b2
g µ
A
Ted G OOG

0.94 Tdzbz bj O.dz

Af
Af 0.94 xtxdxo.dz

Af 0.295 df is

Q AfzVfz 142 1
Discharge Afs
41 0.04­0.295
d
Kfz 0.136­
dg
UzTd2N_ Txdot 1877 4
a qq 3 dz
60 60
 Hydraulic efficiency 2hed Hymes yHn

g
0.76 37.1729.81­
2 98.342

wz
ok
from the exit velocity triangle
tanks B tanks so Vw Us
y
tan 60 0.136
d
4 98.3 dz
da

l 732 0.136

off 4,8 98.5 dd

l 732 0.13
4.88dg 98.5 of
method
By trial and error

dz 0.214 on

Vfa 0.1352 2.95 Ms

0.242
Ung 4882 22.8 M s
G 214

98.3 0.214 21.04mfs

Sdi Giani N 1200rpm ltmzzmgllf 3 in siRz 38 dz 2d
d _0.3mi 0.05ms
dz 0.6mg
To find a
fi BYKmt 2hyd Ruano

k
f t­c uz
Vwz.­lk
K vq pze
x
Ld
r
Uff Tv

f
44n Nr
Vw 074 Pic
U

the impeller
Tangential velocities of
wind N Ax 0.3 1200 18 85 M s
GO GO
UI TDZN eTXO GXKN n z7 fm g
42 24 37.7mg Copy
60 GO

From the inlet velocity

Ale
tanf _Hut Breton Egs
Bir9.040
 From the exit velocity triangle
tan p
VI tanks
Uz Uwa
Vw uz VI
tank
3
37.7
tan 30
Vw 32.5 m s

Ww2U2
32.5 X 37 7
1213 94
Tkg
4 1.214 KJhy
m

Q AX 0.6 0.05 3 0.283 m

TdjbzVf
in SQ low x 0.283 283 Kgb
283 X l 214
Power P
risk a

P 343.25 kind

Euler head He WWII

g
32 5 37.7

HE 124 89 on
Hm_
9 Manometric Efficiency 2mm HE

32­124
89
Romano 25 62 Y
 Tutorial-5
Centrifugal Pumps
1. The blade angles at the inlet and outlet of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 55o and 75o ,
and the corresponding diameters are 3 cm and 6 cm respectively. The blade width at the outlet is
0.75 cm. The speed is 1500 rpm. The entry of water is radial without any whirl component. The
flow component of fluid velocity remains constant in the impeller. Draw the velocity triangles and
calculate (a) the specific work, (b) flow rate (c) power of the machine and (d)the manometric head.
The hydraulic efficiency may be taken as 0.85.

2. A centrifugal pump is driven by an induction motoro at 960 rpm. The flow rate of water is 50 lps
against a head of 10 m. The flow velocity is constant at 6.5 m/s through the impeller. The blades
are radial at the outlet and the losses are estimated as 15% of the output. Assume that water enters
the rotor at α1 = 90o . Calculate (a)tip diameter of the impeller, (b) width of the blades at the
outlet, (c) fluid delivery angle (d) power and (e) specific speed.

3. The power input to a centrifugal pump is 50 kW at the shaft while running the pump at 1440 rpm.
The impeller tip diameter is 30 cm and the blade width at the tip is 1.5 cm. The water flow rate is
110 lps. The vacuum gauge reading at the suction flange is 20 cm of mercury and at delivery flange
the pressure gauge reading is 370 kPa. The blade outlet angle is 65o . A 2% slip may be assumed.
Calculate the (a) theoritical head, (b) ideal head, (c) hydraulic efficiency (e) mechanical efficiency
(f)specific speed of the pump. Assume radial entry and constant flow velocity.

4. A centrifugal pump has its impeller with inlet and outlet diameters of 35 cm and 70 cm respectively.
It is used in a setup with a manometric head of 28 m. Determine the minimum starting speed.

5. The basic design of a centrifugal pump has a dimensionless specific speed of 0.075 rev. the blades are
forward facing on the impeller and the outlet angle is 120◦ to the tangent,with an impeller passage
width at the outlet being equal to one-tenth of the diameter. The pump is to be used to raise water
through a vertical distance of 35 m at a flow rate of 0.04m3 /s. The suction and delivery pipes are
each of 150 mm diameter and have a combined length of 40 m with a friction factor of 0.005. Other
losses at the pipe entry, exit, bends,etc. are three times the velocity head in the pipes. If the blades
occupy 6% of the circumferential area and the hydraulic efficiency (neglecting slip) is 76%, what will
be the diameter of the pump impeller?

6. The inlet and outlet diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 30 and 80 cm, respectively.
The width of the impeller at outlet is 12 cm. While running at 600 rpm, the pump delivers 3.89m3 /s
at a head of 42 m of water. The water eneters the impeller radially. Tne velocity of flow of water in
the impeller is constant. The manometric efficiency of the pump is 85%. Calculate the blade angles
at the inlet, outlet and power of the driving motor if the mechanical efficiency is 97.5%.

7. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has the inlet and outlet diameters of 6 cm and 18 cm respectively
with the blades bent backward at 70◦ to the wheel tangent at the outlet. The blade width at the
outlet is 3 cm. The speed of the pump is 1000 rpm and the flow rate of water is 0.125m3 /s. The
volute casing is designed to recover 25% of the outlet velocity head of the impeller. The losses in the
impeller are equivalent to 20% of the velocity head at the oultet. The flow component is constant in
the impeller and the entry of water is without any whirl component. Calculate (a) the pressure rise
(b) manometric efficiency of the pump (c) power and (d) specific speed.

8. A centrifugal pump is installed at a site where the atmospheric pressure and temperature at 100 kPa
and 35o C. The pump has a maximum flow rate of 40 lps of water. The suction pipe of diameter
10 cm is 8 m long. The friction factor of the pipe is 0.005. The resistance of foot-valve and other
pipe fittings together is equivalent to 2 m length of the suction pipe. Determine the minimum height
 above the water level in the sump, where the pump can be installed. If the pump is actually installed
2.5 m above the sump water level, find the NPSH.
9. The outlet diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump is restricted to 25 cm and width at the
outlet to 1.5 cm. The blade angle at the outlet is 60o . The drive to the pump is from a motor at
1440 rpm. Find the number of identrical stages required to pump water to a boiler, operating at
4 MPa. Capacity of the boiler is 60 kg/s. The hydraulic efficiency of the pump is 80%. The entry
of water to the impeller is radial, without any whirl component and the flow component remains
constant in the impeller. If the overall efficiency of the setup is 75%, find the power of the motor to
drive the pump.
10. It is proposed to design a pump to have a flow rate of 2m3 /s at the head of a 30 m of water If the
mechanical efficiency=0.98, manometric efficiency=0.88. During the design process different speeds
were considered to be 2880, 1440, 960, 735 and 590 rpm. Assume that the blade angle is 45o and
outlet blade angle is 65o , find the possible dimensions of the impeller. The entry of water to the
impeller is radial.
11. A centrifugal pump is running at 1000 rpm. The output vane angle of the impeller is 45o and the
velocity of flow at the outlet is 2.5 m/s. The discharge through the pump is 200 lps when pump is
working against the head of 20 m. If the manometric efficiency of the pump is 80%, determine (a)
diameter of the impeller (b) width of the impeller at outlet.
12. A three stage centrifugal pump has a impeller of 40 cm diameter and 2.5 cm wide at the outlet.
The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 30o and reduce the circumferential area by 15%. The
manometric efficiency is 85% and overall efficiency is 75%. Determine the head generated by the
pump when running at 12000 rpm, and discharging the water at 0.06m3 /s. Find the shaft power
also.
13. Show that the pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump with backward curved vane can be
expressed as
p2 p1 1 2
− = V + U22 − Vf22 Cosec2 β2 ]
ρg ρg 2g f 1
where the subscripts 1 and 2 represents the inlet and outlet, β is the blade angle, U is the tangential
velocity of the impeller and Vf is the flow velocity. Neglect the losses in the impeller.
14. The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 0.5 m in diameter and rotates at 1200 rpm. Blades are curved
back to an angle of 30◦ to the tangent at outlet tip. If the measured velocity of flow at the outlet is
5 m/s, find the work input per kg of water per second. Find the theoretical maximum lift to which
the water can be raised if the pump is provided with whirlpool chamber which reduces the velocity
of water by 50%.
15. The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 0.3 m in diameter and runs at 1450 rpm. The pressure gauges
on suction and delivery sides show the difference of 25 m. the blades are curved back to an angle of
30◦ . The velocity of flow through impeller, being constant, equals to 2.5 m/s, find the manometric
efficiency of the pump. If the frictional losses in impeller amounts to 2 m, find the fraction of total
energy which is converted into pressure energy by impeller. Also find the pressure rise in pump
casing.
16. During a laboratory test on a pump, appreciable cavitation began when the pressure plus the velocity
head at inlet was reduced to 3.62 m while the change in total head across the pump was 36.5 m and
the discharge was 0.048m3 /s. Barometric pressure was 750 mm of Hg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. What is the value of critical cavitation parameter σc ? If the pump is to give the
same total head and discharge in a location where the normal atmospheric pressure is 622 mm of Hg
and the vapour pressure of water is 830 Pa, by how much must the height of the pump above the
supply level be reduced?
17. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has external and internal diameters of 500 mm and 250 mm
respectively. Width of outlet 50 mm and running of 1200rpm. It works against a head of 48 m. The
velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 3 m /sec. The vanes are set back at
an angle of 40◦ at outlet . Determine (i) Inlet vane angle, (ii) Work done by the impeller on water
per second and (iii) Manometric efficiency.

18. The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450 mm and internal diameter of 200
mm and it runs at of 1440 rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow through the impeller of 2.5 m/s
and that the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25◦ . Determine (i) Inlet vane angle (ii) The
angle, absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the tangent and (iii) The work done per unit
weight of water.

19. A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 metres and a design speed of 1000 rpm.
The vanes are curved back to an angle of 30◦ with the periphery. The impeller diameter is 300 mm
and outlet width 50 mm. Determine the discharge of the pump. If Manometric efficiency is 95%.

20. A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at
1200 rpm works against a total head of 32 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant
and equal to 3 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 30◦ at the outlet. If the outer diameter of
the impeller is 600 mm and width of outlet is 50 mm. Determine (i) Vane angle at inlet , (ii) Work
done per second by impeller impeller and (iii) Manometric Manometric efficiency efficiency.

21. Find the power required to drive a centrifugal pump which delivers 0.04m3 /s of water to a height of
20 m through a 15 cm diameter pipe and 100 m long. The overall efficiency of the pump is 70% and
4f lV 2
co-efficient of friction f = 0.15 in the formula hf = .
2gd
22. A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 60 rpm delivers 0.53m3 of water per minute. The
diameter of the piston is 200 mm and stroke length 300 mm. The suction and delivery heads are
4 m and 12 m respectively. Determine (i) Theoretical discharge (ii) Coefficient of discharge (iii)
Percentage slip of the pump, and (iv) Power required to run the pump.

23. A centrifugal pump handling water has backward curved vanes. The impeller tip diameter is 0.5m.
The tip angle is 45◦ . if the radial velocity of flow at the exit is 15 m/s, the flow at inlet is radial and
the total-to-total efficiency of the impeller is 0.7, when the head developed by the impeller is 68 m.
Find (i) The speed of the rotor in RPM. (ii) The manometric head assuming that 50% of kinetric
energy at the impeller exit is wasted and loss of head in the impeller is 5m and (iii) The lowest speed
to start the pump, if u1 = 21 u2 .
 Steam turbine Steam LorsSuperheated steam idealgae
High pressure temperature
k 731447 critical values
pitiedpoint
Pe Tc
steam is expandedtrough
in
7 cont

e ftp.IIEE.am
Vapour is very critical
leakage
Large mass flour rate
bird one
Axial steam
S
preferred

Steam turbines 2 High pressure stages

I
94 stages 2 pressure
stage

3 stages I 1 Highpressure itage

by
2 too pessue stage

Classification
rotors
kinetic energy is donor bed in the
of Impulse are
BY Reaction Both kinetic pressure energy
rotors
abhor bed in the
I
v
KET PE Bateau turbine
Impulse reaction
 Example Impulse De Laval turbine Curtis
Reaction Pardon's tu bine 50T reaction

in esteem turbines
i
Compounding

350bar 4584
says
if Turbine

T
tzePatin
condenser
I
Paton
ape 350 bar Tat m
740 bar
H Pressure in the turbine
Condenser pressure Palm
So I 14 mfs
4 Velocities
without compounding

Expand KE FT
Y Nozelses losses
not efficient huge
conversion is
Energy
the component
uncontrolled High stray in
Speed
Balancing problems
will be complex
Design
cost escallation

Compounding staging
Pressure compounding
Vecolity compounding
velocity compounding
Pressure
Compound ung
Expansion is shared in multiple rows
if Pressure compounding
nozzles States ranee
of Iv Iv

k 1 1 4
present

velocity so a

in
of Velocity compounding If the expansion takes place
intermediate stator rings are
the nozzle and the
the steam to the next stage
deflecting
n

Type
p

Remee
Od
O velo
Velocity
pressure
 Pressure Velocity compounding
N R S R2 Sz Rg Ss R4
Tenure

velocity
Velocity Pressure

Pressure Velocity
steam turbines
Analysis of single stage Vr Vra
R Oi
Impulse turbine De Lord turbine pipa

Cup

HI yaps
1
p

KE absorbed
7 PIC
combined velocity triangle are inlet a outlet

C
E AD Vo U

Af Vastu FILE
juju Vr Vf
24 Vv

4 it L
sp
Pat AL D
u
1

y t
f Um 1
4 seetudak
g p x u
4 Outlet Vel4k
al Is
ft spa
VI Nt
Vt t r
Vi
wa
Va
a­

Expression for the workolone

Euleregration
expression from
We have the workdore
be do u C u
ad
H do Vudu
I Voz
From the inlet velocity triangle

asf Gsp WI
Ur
cost Void ash future R
_Vf
 Substitute for Vw in

U Cosa U
Cop

From the outlet velocity triangle

costs coifs _VII

Yg Urs
Vs Urfoof u

Substitute the values of Vw Is in

ke Vr Gsp Ufo Ps u u

he tVriCosRl VrzCosfz
uJu.­kl
uLVriCosfl
VrzCospD­kl
u.l Coop Ir a
Uriospa­tricosp

Let g
If i k Cops
co Pi
ke u it G K
subtitle for Vr
From equation Gsp
he u cost u i Csk

For a value of 2 speed

ni K G
given
Fora Delavalturbine Gel KH Kl zuCy fok u
 To maximize the World one
d Cullfok it o
o
da
V Cox 24 0

Y Co L ZU

U V CSL

Substitute the valueof a'in equation

LV co
Wong
Yog 2
462 et Gk

Cidade ufq ftGk

Won Y a ask
ys
L K I
For De Coral turbine Cb

klay 420,1 tix

up
a 456,22
a
Parson's reaction turbine R 0.5 4 182422 4
Aerofoil E
B
Us

is 2
f C
µ D
A

i d
P
PE

Y T
V
KE

4 182 I da R 0.5
f
T T 9 T triangles
Exit 060 Blade symmetrical
Thao blade angle
angle
angle
Expression for workdone
Euler's equation
µwtVwDu
From the velocity 4W ng 154
I II
Vw pickles I
cost YY i Nr
Coke Vaq Vw Vacek fi IT µ
x
Ww214 D
Coop
Vis
 Vw weep u

Vas in
Substitute for Vo
he food Vr Cops a u

For R 0.5 s Urgell i 4 182

H food V Cost a u

kl for be 24 costs U U 760

Let speed ratio 0 4

ke 4 Goose
Ey
Y 26k op Lord weufG E4 E
value of 2 speed N
Fromthe egg for any given
d o ddufsu.us
u9 o

Zu O
246K
u
46 cost
U Y God

Substitute the value of n'in equation

2
co L CY Cost
Won 2 4 4,6
242652 4,2652
way 42632
 tqtagegxi.cl stem turbine stage
T
no

1 l
l t_
p 7112 Lil 2

I stage
I't If Ifs
Rotor Vf I
I2

8
Hofmann
i
q Yf
f Ks k fiction
f Ps 2

I stage v e Ufos d
Cator 5 Tx's I
fnctionf
fr

Eu stage
Rotor
vf
J
dor­.­EE
us ur
I
evm
7
Tufts
 K 0.9
4 GNI d 1.5mi he Sooo rpm 4 28 0 0.45

wi 6kg6
pz R 30 iii P Bz if P
To find iyvwiklwa.iiyfaa.ae
K y 4
Vw
f se t e
T t T x Ving u
e Br L
p y avg.tn
VI Vfz
vf fr L
Il
VI

Uw Ww2

Tx i 5 300
Blade speed a TIN 235.6 m
s
Go 60

I 6 523 8 m
01 0.45
_f 203.545 s

From the inlet velocity triangle

Vw _Ufo 4­
Cox
but
523.8 6 20

No 492 Ms

x Vw U
taupe se
492 235.6
f tan Iff 256 m s

to 179
Pi Sind _VI
v
f 34.9302350 Yf Y Sind _523 Six
Vfr _179 m s
 fr 79 Is
30 35 3 320
Ps p e

K Vra Viz 0.9 Yr

q
Vr
Sinti
Ey Sint1
179
Sir 350
Vr 372 mfs

Vr 0.9 512 281 M s

From the exit velocity triangle

costs Vr
2
y Gps
281 Cos520

238.8 m s
y
Vase y u
y Vastu 235.6
238 8

v wee 3.2 M
s

Sint2 Huffy Uf Vr Smf f 281 X Sin320 148Mls

in Uf 6 179 148 181 hl

it Faxial
ivy P in by in Uno iVwDu
6 492 3.2 235 6

P Foo K Kl
 Tutorial-6
Steam Turbines
1. A single stage impulse turbine has a diameter of 1.5 m and running at 3000 rpm. The nozzle angle is 20o .
Speed ratio is 0.45. Ratio of relative velocity at the outlet to that at inlet is 0.9. The outlet angle of the
blade is 3o less that inlet angle. Steam flow rate is 6 kg/s. Draw the velocity diagrams and find the following
(i) Velocity of whirl (ii) Axial thrust (iii) Blade angles (iv) Power developed.

2. A delavel steam turbines received steam at a pressure of 10 bar, dray and satureated and exhausts at 1 bar.
There are four nozzles, each of which are inclined at 20◦ to the plane of wheel. The average peripheral
velocity of the blades are 450 m/s. Calculate the blade angles for the blade, assume that inlet and outlet
angles are the same. If the area of the throat at the nozzle is 0.24m2 , calculate the power developed by the
turbine.

3. Draw the velocity diagram for a stage in impulse turbine with two rings of moving blades for the following
parameters. Nozzle angle is 15◦ , moving blade tip discharge angle is 30◦ , fixed blade discharge angle is 20◦ .
Final discharge is axial. Friction loss per blade is 10% of relative velocity. It occurs both on the fixed and
moving blades. Find the blade velocity for nozzle steam exit velocity of 500 m/s and the diagram efficiency
of the stage.

4. The following data refers to a particular stage of a parson’s turbine. Speed of the turbine is 1500 rpm, mean
diameter of the rotor is 1m, stage efficiency is found to be 80%, blade outlet angle is 20◦ , speed ratio is 0.7.
Determine the available isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage.

5. In a reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35◦ and 20◦ in the direction of the rotor. The stator
blades are the same shape as the moving blades, but reversed in direction. At a certain place in the turbine,
the drum is 1m diameter and the blades are 100 mm high. At this place, the steam has a pressure of 1.75
bar and the dryness fraction is 0.935. If the speed of the turbine is 250 RPM and the steam passes through
the blades with out shock . Find the mass of steam flow and power developed in the ring of moving blades.

6. Steam flows through the nozzle with a velocity of 450 m/s at a direction which is inclined at an angle of
16◦ to the wheel tangent. Steam comes out of the moving blades with a velocity of 100 m/s in the direction
of 110◦ with the direction of blade motion. The blades are equiangular and the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s.
Find:(i) Power developed, (ii)The power loss due to friction (iii)Axial thrust (iv) Blade efficiency and (v)
Blade coefficient.

7. Dry saturated steam at 10 atmospheric pressure is supplied to single rotor impulse wheel, the condenser
pressure being 0.5 atmosphere with the nozzle efficiency of 0.94 and the nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is
18◦ to the wheel plane. The rotor blades which moves with the speed of 450 m/s are equiangular. If the
coefficient of velocity for the rotor blades is 0.92, find (i) The specific power output (ii) The rotor efficiency
(iii) The Stage efficiency (iv)Axial thrust (v) The direction of exit steam.

8. The following data refers to a particular stage of a Parson’s reaction turbine. Speed of the turbine = 1500
RPM, Mean diameter of the rotor = 1 m, stage efficiency = 0.8, Blade outlet angle = 2O◦ , Speed ratio =
0.7. Determine the available isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage.

9. In a reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35◦ and 20◦ in the direction of rotor. The stator blades
are the same shape as the moving blades, but reversed in direction. At a certain place in the turbine, the
drum is 1 m diameter and the blades are 100 mm high. At this place, the steam has a pressure of 1.75
bar and dryness is 0.935. If the speed of the turbine is 250 RPM and the steam passes through the blades
without shock, find the mass of steam flow and power developed in the ring of moving blades.

10. A De’Laval turbine is used as a prime-mover in a thermal power station. The turbine is supplied with a
high pressure steam issuing from the nozzle with a velocity of 850 m/s. The nozzle angle is 20◦ . The mean
blade velocity is 350 m/s. The blade are symmetrical. The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/min friction factor is
0.8. Determine (i) Blade angles (ii) Power developed (iii) Blade efficiency.
11. In a single stage impulse steam turbine the mean diameter of the blades is 1 m. It runs at 3000 rpm. The
steam is supplied from a nozzle at a velocity of 350 ms and the nozzle angle is 20◦ . The rotor blades friction
factor is 0.86. Draw the velocity diagram and calculate the power developed if the axial thrust is 118 N.

12. The data pertaining to an impulse turbine is as follows: Steam velocity=500 m/s, blade speed=200m/s, exit
angle of moving blade=25◦ measured from tangential direction, nozzle angle=20◦ . Neglecting th effect of
friction, when passing through blade passages, calculate (i) inlet angle of moving blade (ii) exit velocity and
direction (iii) work done per kg of steam (iv) axial thrust and (v) power developed for a steam flow rate of
5 kg/s and (vi) Blade efficiency

13. The blade speed of a single ring of impulse blading is 300 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20◦ . The isentropic
head drop is 473 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency is 0.85. Given that the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7
and the blades are symmetrical. Draw the velocity diagram and calculate for a unit mass flow of steam (i)
Axial thrust on the blading (ii) steam consumption per kW if the mechanical efficiency is 90% (iii) Blade or
diagram efficiency, stage efficiency and maximum blade efficiency (iv) energy loss in blade friction

14. In a single row impulse turbine stage steam is supplied dry and saturated at 5 bar and the exhaust pressure
is 2.8 bar. There is carry over velocity of 75 m/s from the previous stage and the kinetic energy at exit from
the nozzle is only 90% of the theoretical available energy. The nozzle is inclined at 20◦ with the direction of
blade rotation and blade speed ratio is 0.4. The blade exit angle is also 20◦ . For a steam flow rate of 2.5 kg/s
the output of the stage is 206 kW. Estimate (i) velocity of steam at exit from the nozzle (ii) diagram or
blade efficiency (iii) the relative velocity ratio (iv) stage efficiency.
 What is a hydraulicturbine
kob me are the machines which convert the
hydraulic
into mechanical work The hydro energy
hydro energy
is the stored energy
potential in reservoirs by comtructy
the dams

Layout of
a
hydro electric power plant

Dam and
s

I shaft
e TEI y i

i pao.ua ssoEeEIjyjYm
S one.tn

Yutaka
a
gz TI
 Elaseifation
4 Based on the available at the vanes
energy
of Impulse type Pelton turbine
Francis Kaplan
by Reaction type
Based on the head of
water available
4
ay Lao head to 75M Kaplan
head 50 to 250M Francis
by Medium
to 350 m Pelton turbine
of High head 150

Based on the direction of fluid flow

Francis
ay Radial floe
Kaplan Propeller
by Axial th Pelton turbine
4 Tangential tho turbine
Modern Francis
dY Mixed floo
speed
49 Based on specific
so Single jet impulseturbine Pelton
5
ay
so 65 Multi jet impulseturbine

180 Francis
of 65
soo Modern Francis
dy co
Soo coo Kaplan Propeller
Availablehead 3
180 225
25 50 75
5

f Kaplan
turbine Francisturbine
µPelton
turbine
Modern Francis
wheel
 Pelton wheel Impulsetype high speed u Ur

T.tt dienz a spiter

I e ko 4
E i te Ea k v
I I k Heo
Y J pasIA O
I voi pry Exit velocity at
f qq.IE u

the work done

Expression for
Ha wa Wh From the Euler's equation
f ex klm f.vn Vudu
Hot h
1 lay V is an same
direction

Vy ie in oppositedirection
Cho iV u E Vs

From the exit velocity triangle

u
cosfseusjfg vz rosp.se
action
Let Gs
Yq vrj cb.hr
In X u
From the inlet velocity triangle
Substitute for Vr in

Vz G V a

Substitute Vr in
u
Vas Cbc a Cos R2
 If Vig is substituted in
for
oorkdone­hmt
fvy GCY ucosfz u.su
inlet velocity triangle Vw 6
From the
klm s
Iyi GCIudcosfz.u
it Goosed
Kmt 14 a u

Dorkdone 44 Bz
To obtain the maximum

dad dudes.co.id o
III o

g Yu a O

U ZU e 0
u
Viz
Substitute the value of n'in
H Y EV kY Has.co FI
Wang 41 1 6.642
U 04 becomes
Speed ratio
If
E

H 4 ON et Cb.coPD

be 0424 e 1
6642
 Efficiencies associated with Pelton wheel

i Hydraulic Lord Blade LordVane Efficiency

thefluid laborkdoned
2yd Energy converted by
with the water
Energy available
Uwa
Rhyd VwDu.xO ngtVwju.if
Ttt Net head

Wyd a
no Vudu
4 Pure kinetic energy

24 Volumetric Efficiency
Zao
Quantilyofwaterstrikugtheblade.I­Q
the turbine
nantity of water entering
Q 40 inLine
Lord
Lol in

Mechanical Efficiency
available at the shaft
Rough Energy
available at the rotor Chlorkdone
Energy
Kieth Pahaft honorall Raed Lol Tough

no Vudu
47 Overall Efficiency
at the shaft
Energy available payt
Lareau
OOH
Energy available with the coats
Design parameters of the Pelton wheel
V Cv H Net head
4 Jet velocity
D n AV A Gs area of thejet
27Discharge
V Jet velocity
n Number of jets
a DN
37 Blade speed u
60
Mean diameter of the wheel
D
he Speed in rpm
ratio in D Mean die of the wheel
47 Jet d Jet diameter

57 Number of buckets LordVance

2 My I II
a
ay Length of the bucket
B Width of the bucket
t Thickeners of the bucket
I
B

L 2 3d to 2 8D
B 2 8D 6 I 2d
t 0.6 d 6 0.9 d
D Diameter of the jet
 Reaction twbine Francis Eb Kaplan
Dam
f
Feeds

2
Turbine Drafttrbe
7 T penstock
40020

vz t

Gexoralot
To turbI
s Guide
Vana

Varner
7
Rotor blade
g r
D
J

I
 Shroud
Blades
Vane
Hub
a

stator ward

Spiral casing
Turbine
Draft tube
 Francis turbine
Analysis of
VI V Vr
wt Target
Vt y p
Li Ri
it
g f a
Vq witfv
VIVE Tra Ps
42 Gz Viejo
Viejo Uz

U Us

did
I Inlet
2 Outlet Exit

speaficworki.­CO
Vw u NwzUz r'Voy O

4 Vaga N m DJ
M
heed
In terms of pressure
Vwik H
He kl_ Vague Visio WGImetres
mg g
Q AHH
Discharge Q AfVf
hubdiameter
Atty
died Tip I b

Width of the blade

z
bibbs
Tp4hub­VfieVfz
Flooveloaes
Tipehub.­t bK
Q tnd.br f ndzbdlfg Ad Afi b

Afzn ndz.bz
 Hydraulic efficiency
Available heed Euler heed
2deed
Net head
Vw U
Kyd
H
Khed VwMi
same asdiscussed in
coverall
Lol i Rareeh pelton wheel

Kaplan or Propellerturbine

T Boss

Nada

beta concentric
Flow is similar to floo in holes

cylinders flow area

Flow D2 da D Tip diameter

area Af a
D Boss habdiameter
4
 I'll

v gv u

Analysis of Kaplan turbine

o
outlet velocitytriangle Vwz
Intermingle
us
ra Nfl v Nrt
Vfy
Ki j pl
u 4 vyeo.fm a Rt
1 t
no
www.k ua
Specific work
Vw U
F Vague Vasuz Vasco's Wm a

Discharge D Afvf TCDI.at f

Speed ratio 0 4
10 1.5 62.2
V 4
t wet head

Flow ratio 4 4 E 0.556 0.75

0.35 to 0.6
 It is the device used to recover the kineticenergy
Drafttube aboallowI
the reaction turbine It
tidingturbine to be
the reaction
inetalledaborettetailrace­s

Note
If angle so
the losses will
increase drastically

Analysis of Draft tube

Apply the Bernoulli's equation 1Turbine
za Es tuhf I qq
7 7
Tailrace
I
t

the
to
t 1 e
d
Reference I
 Substituting for Pig in

F c
VJ i Zz
PJ hz VJ tzz
tags
hf.­kz VEII EEZ
h
hs
ht

Pegs
III hthf
terms of kinetic energy
losses
If hi is expressed in

hfn VE
vzf.ie Less
sg

kg kg h EECE
gb.SI
I
4 KJ Draft tube efficiency
value of K higher the efficiency
Lower the
bubbles
formation of
Cavitation It is the phenomenon of
when the pressure falls
at the exit of the turbine
the pressure of the water fluid
belo vapour
attach to the surface of the
These bubbles will
tube and one collapsed when
caring blade draft
strikes them
the stream of fluid
Difference between impulse and reaction Turbines
Eos Date 10 10Mine n 1 H 5am Nsp_10 s
20 0.8 Cv 0.98
986 Nlm
4 0.46
47
0
Gross head
d D
Hg
To find Losers
hf
y
f 0.8 1062
10
H Hg hf
cody 980 0 500
yet heed
Q 2.54 Nils
Kcal
iiYSpecific speed lies _NTP
4
to NITE
5

Kl 236.4 rpm

iii velocity of the jet

Cv tact
CvfIgf Vaot­Y IF
0.98 2 9.81

500­4
97.06
mfs
ivy speed ratio 0 fV
4
u

6 0.46 97.06
u 44.6 M s
i Q nxTd Halal
v 2.54 1 014 97 06
n z
d 0.18M I 180mm

u a D LIE dos
TN D
TX 236.4

D 3 Gm
 f 2600kcal
SI Date Hg 350mi Lp Going f 0.0007 hf 44Hg
0.92
N Goorpm 10 0.46 Cv 0.985 Mo
HD
To find iQ Ddp Hd
Net head H Hg set Hg 44Hg Hg Hg
350
g 350

tf 336M

if Overall efficiency
f 2600 105
0.92
f he µ 980 0 336
Q o 86m31s

iiyhf 41 ltg hf.lt sso l4m

hf 4fL
d Q zgd.CAT
Q ApVp AjVj Vp
ftp.n dp
H

Ups 402
ADI
hf 4f
gdp
ht
t.LI 2
14 4 0.0007 60 x 4 0.86
2 9.81 xdp.sn
dp 0.59 m
 z
7500kW H 4AM 180 0 180 165 150
SI Givens h 2 Pga 42
Vra 1 0.15 Ur 0.85W Megan
_95
25807 01 0.47

To find i d iiYQ iii

tag

so
E i a
o Generator

N
I Vfa 2gn P8Ie
HE t
Pat Bhatt
Bhdt Pgen 7895kW
qgan.to f
iY Overall efficiency
7895 18
Zo Bhatt 0 2.52 m
0.8
DOH 980 0 40
Assume 4 098 61
if Discharge Q nxAd
V _12gH 12 40 88comsFVw

2.52 2XTd 88.6

D 0.134 M

iii 0 V
q
u

0.47 88.6
U 41.64 Mfs
From the inlet velocity triangle
Ur V U 88.6 41.64 46.96 nys
Vr 0.85Ur 0.85 46.96 39 92 M s

Consider the outlet velocity triangle

Sin Be VfL
Viz
Sin 15 142­39.92
a

Ilf 10.33 Mfs

Hy Co de Voz
RE
Urs
Cos 15 41.64 Very
3.9.92

Urge 3.08Mfs

Tangential force
Ft in Uno tho in SQ
190 2.52 88.6 3.08 FVI

Ft 215 Khl
 0 4 06 Rhyd O 85
Given D 2m46 H 10mi 20 0.8
0.8
Sd
900 Hojo
µ Soo rpm 4
To find if u u ii Vf iii d dz ivyp pz Y P
ratio 4 0,1
If
u
yspeed
U 0.8129.81 10

U 11.2 M s

V
iiy Flow coefficient Q 14 4 2 1
10
Uf 0.61 2 9.81
Vf 8 km s
1
iiiy Overall efficiency 20 WOH
P 20 OH

P 0.8 9810 2 10
P 157kcal
its specific speed of the turbine
Nsa 304
Nyt F IO
211.4 rpm

v Blade spade ui nd.nl

Go
d 60
The
d 60 11.2 20 FM
TX Soo
 Assume
dogs of 60.7 UI 20.66 0.7
0.42 M
0.6 0.7
dz 0.6d
V 0 14mfs

f 51
di x
A
f x u Vw
VfiVfz
T VHterra

i
Vilify
By
Hojo k u 1

jig Hydraulic efficiencygo

2yd With Eulerhead
g
H
Vw u
2h H
g
0.85 Vuillard
9.81 10
Vw _745 m s
From the inlet velocity triangle
tone
No
tanh 8
4­7.45

4 tan'Cf D
4 48.40

tamp Hi­u
Ho I

A tai I
_65 860

From the outlet velocity triangle

tamp Ufc 42 0.64
U2
uz 0.6 11.2
Retain 42 6.72 ms

E tail z
510
Pz
 H 28ms f looked 20 0.88 20.3 2 2 2 5M
SI Giron
i Cylindrical draft tube 1
D
F dy
loot
D loooxif I z
0.88 9810 28
0 4 ium

4 14 des I _v

f Vf Qf datum
Zz O
14 0.3 2 9.81 28
I
f 7 lays 42
Discharge Q Tdy xVf
4.14 Adf 7 I
4
da 0.865 meds cylindrical
Applying the Bernoulli equation
bln
O

PI PI h G K Ivers
Ndrafthbe
Zz
head
Pressure

the exitof Pay h

theturbine go.es zag 78mL
10.3 2.5 9810 76.5
13
icy conical draft tube djoscosm 2 5
I A
e 2 stans
tax
2 f L
fe
dz d 12K L e

D 12 2.5tan5 fi
0.865 12 2 Stans I
a o

tz.no
tjk
n
de les m kn 4
K d
D AzVz AzVz
Vz Q 4.14 4
TDI 2
3
Imf
4
Applying the Bernoulli equation

PI PI h G KELIS
7.12
12­2
3
10.3 2.5 0.95
9.8
Jane
Pz 5 8ns
a
5 8 9810 56 9 kpa
172
2.5M was saved
comment iy cylindrical draft washed
10.3 5 8 4.5 as
iiy Conical draft
 C O 82
Give 4 25 ms's Vw _18 m s Vf 2.5 m s's 0 0
8m91s I
Sof
To find iY HE iif P iiYR IVY R C Viejo

12 Facts
Pil
Uy Uf Yr

Vf vivre
Hojo742
14
Us
iy Euler head Vw Ui
HE Vail To
VwzU2
g
g
He 18 2 5 45.87 m

9.81
my P ne He
r
20 10 1
9810 0.8 45.87
P 359.98 I 360 kcal
0.9 45 87 41.28 m
Note 7h 0.9 2h late H 2hHE
p OH
9810 0.8 41.28

P 324 Kw
From the outlet velocity triangle
Vfz Vz 2 5mfs
 Consider the inlet velocity triangle
Vik VfitVw v
itVw
Y ITE
V 18.17 M s

tant He
U Vw

A tai LEID
19.840

in Degree of reaction

R HE 42k
2g
HE
45.87 18.172 2.52
R

45 87
R 0.64

Sod Given P 58,80km H 25mi 200.919 1.6 s 40 0.35 s 0.55

To find i D ii N
Overall efficiency P­DQ
H
Q P
Ft
Q 58800
0.9 9810 25
Q 266.4 m
 Vf au Bff Y EEE
978125
Vf 0.3542
Vf 7.75 M s
Discharge's D Afvf Af If DII
Q
Ia Dtd xVf
D 0.55 D
Q Ff Dt 3505 xUf

2664 15 1 0.352 7 75
41
D 5.91 m

d 0.35 5.91
d 2.07 m

f u lov 012TH
Up U t.GG x2s
U 35 44 mfs

U TDM he GOU
60 TD
60 35.44
Tx 5.91

N 114.5 rpm
 Tutorials-7
Hydraulic Turbines

Pelton Wheel
1. A single jet impulse turbine of 10 MW capacity is to work under a head of 500 m. If the specific speed =
10, over all efficiency = 0.8 and the coefficient of velocity = 0.98, find the diameter of the jet and bucket
wheel. Assume φ = 0.46.
2. Design a Pelton turbine for a project site where the available head is 510 m and the uniform flow rate is
0.03m3 /s. Assume the overall efficiency of 0.867, coefficient of velocity of nozzle as 0.985, a speed ratio of
0.46 and a speed of 1500 rpm.
3. The gross head available at a project site is 350 m of water. The penstock pipe is estimated to be 60 m
long. The pipe friction factor is f=0.0007. The total pipe losses have to be limited to 4% of gross head. The
expected power from the project is 2600 kW. The turbine speed is 600 rpm. Calculate (a) the required flow
rate Q in m3 /s, (b)the pipe line diameter (c) the jet diameter d, and (d) the rotor diameter D. The speed
ratio is 0.46, the nozzle velocity coefficient is 0.985 and the overall efficiency is 0.92.
4. The mean diameter of a Pelton wheel is 2.6 m. The bucket outlet angle is 20o . The net head available
at the nozzle is 500 m of water. Calculate (a) the speed of the rotor, (b) the theoritical efficiency, (c) the
theoritical power, when the flow available is 3.5m3 /s, and (d) the specific speed.
5. Pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data, power to be developed = 5880 kW, Net head available
1
= 300 m, Speed = 550 rpm, ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter = 10 and overall efficiency = 85%. Find
the number of jets, diameter of jet, diameter of the wheel and the quantity of water required. Assume Cv =
0.98, φ = 0.46.
6. A double jet pelton -wheel is required to generate 7500 kW when the available head at the base of the nozzle
is 400 m. The jet is deflected through 165o and the relative velocity of the jet is reduced by 15% in passing
over the buckets. Determine (i) the diameter of each jet (ii) Total flow (iii) Force exerted by the jets in the
tangential direction. Assume generator efficiency is 95%, ho = 80%, speed ratio = 0.47.
7. A Pelton wheel operates with a jet of 150 mm diameter under the head of 500m. Its mean runner diameter
is 2.25 m and and it rotates with speed of 375 rpm. The angle of bucket tip at outlet as coefficient of velocity
is 0.98, mechanical losses equal to 3% of power supplied and the reduction in relative velocity of water while
passing through bucket is 15%. Find (a) the force of jet on the bucket, (b) the power developed (c) bucket
efficiency and (d) the overall efficiency.

Francis Turbine

8. A Francis turbine is to be designed for the flow rate of 2m3 /s available at a project site at a net head of
10 m of water. The expected overall efficiency is 80%. The speed coefficient and the flow coefficient can be
assumed as 0.8 and 0.6 respectively. The hydraulic losses in the turbine are 15% of avaialble energy. Design
the turbine rotor, with the salient dimensions and angles, to run at 300 rpm. The water leaves the rotor
without any whirl component.
9. A Francis turbine is supplied with water at a rate of 1.7m3 /s under a head of 60 m and runs at 500 rpm.
D2
The blade angle of the rotor at the inlet is 90o . The radio of is 0.5. the velocity of flow through the
D1
rotor is constant and is equal to 8 m/s. The water leaves the rotor at 90o . The thickness of blades account
for 5% loss of flow area. Assume that the hydraulic losses are negligible. Determine the following: (a) Inlet
and Outlet diameters of the rotor, D1 &D2 , (b) Power (c) Specific speed (d) Widths of the rotor at the inlet
and outlet, B1 &B2 , (e) Guide-vane angle at inlet, α1 (f) Rotor blade angle at the outlet, β2 .
10. A project site has a possibility of 8m3 /s of water flow at a net head of 70 m. The overall efficiency is
expected to be 0.85. Below Table can be used in the selection of ratios for the Francis turbine. Design all
the elements of a Francis turbine for this project.
 Ns 60 120 180 300
1 1
α1 15o 25o 32 2 o 37 2 o

φ1 0.62 0.68 0.72 0.76

β1 120o 90o 90o 60o

D2
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
D1

11. The head available at the inlet to a Francis turbine is 28 m. The output of the turbine is 1000 kW at
an overall efficiency of 0.88, when there is no draft tube attached to the exit of the turbine. The level of
the turbine is 2.5 m above the tailrace. The flow coefficient of the turbine is 0.3. Assess the effect of the
installing (a) A straight cylindrical draft tube and (b) a draft tube with the half-cone angle of 5o at the exit
of the turbine. The efficiency of the draft tube may be taken as 95% in either case.

12. In a Francis turbine, the discharge is radial. The blade speed at inlet = 25 m/s. At the inlet tangential
component of velocity = 18 m/s. The radial velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. Water flows
at the rate of 0.8m3 /s. The utilization factor is 0.82. Find: i) Euler’s head ii) Power developed iii) Inlet
blade angle iv) Degree of reaction(R). Draw the velocity triangles.

13. A Francis turbine has a wheel diameter of 1.2 m at the entrance and 0.6 m at the exit. The blade angle at
the entrance is 90o and the guide vane angle is 15o . The water at the exit leaves the blades without any
tangential velocity. The available head is 30 m and the radial component of flow velocity is constant. What
would be the speed of wheel in rpm and blade angle at exit? Neglect friction.

Kaplan Turbine

14. A kaplan turbine produces 80,000 HP (58,800 kW) under a head of 25m which has an overall efficiency of
90%. Taking the value of speed ratio φ= 1.6, flow ratio y = 0.5 and the hub diameter = 0.35 times the outer
diameter. Find the diameter and the speed of the turbine.

15. The speed ratio and flow ratio of a Kaplan turbine are 2.0 and 0.65, respectively. The hub diameter to tip
diameter ratio is 0.3. The hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency as 90% and 85%, respectively. The head
acting on the turbine is 4 m. One single rotor develops as much as 8000 kW of power. Determine (a) flow
rate (b) the tip and hub diameters of the runner (c) the speed (d) the specific speed (e) the blade angles of
the runner. Assume that the discharge is axial and flow components remain constant through the rotor.

16. A project site has a capacity of providing with 150m3 /s of water flow at a head of 18 m. The overall
efficiency can be 0.87 for the development. Select the type of turbine and calculate the salient dimensions
and angles of the runner. The speed can be assumed as 375 rpm.

17. Determine the efficiency of a Kaplan turbine developing 2940 kW under a head of 5 m. It is provided with
a draft tube with its inlet diameter 3 m set at 1.6 m above the tail race level. A vacuum pressure gauge
connected to the draft tube inlet indicates a reading of 5 m of water.Assume that draft tube efficiency is
78%.

18. A Kaplan turbine hs a rated output of 2600 kW at 600 rpm, the head being 40 m of water. The speed ratio
is 1.25. The overall and hydraulic efficines are 0.86 and 0.9, respectively. The hub diameter is 0.6 times
the tip diameter. Calculate the (a) flow rate (b) specific speed (c) specific work (d) tip diameter (e) hub
diameter (f) blade inlet and outlet angles at the tip, and (g) blade inlet and outlet angles at the hub.
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
July 2015 Supplementary Examinations
Course: TURBOMACHINES Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 25.07.2015

Instructions:. 1. Answer FIVE Full questions choosing one from each unit.
2. Use of Thermodynamic data hand book is permitted.

UNIT 1
1. a) In comparison with positive displacement machines, compare the characteristics of a 05
turbo machine with respect to motion, speed, weight / power, vibration and
volumetric efficiency.
b) Define specific speed of a turbine and a pump. Discuss its significance. 07
c) For a compression process, derive the polytropic efficiency in terms of pressure ratio 08
P2/P1 & temperature ratio T2/T1

UNIT 2
2. a) Define degree of reaction. 02
b) Derive an expression for alternate turbine equation explaining the significance of 08
each energy component.
c) The velocity of fluid flow from the nozzle in an axial flow impulse turbine is 1200 10
m/sec. The nozzle angle is 22°. If the rotor blades are equiangular and the rotor
speed is 400m/sec. Find (i) Rotor blade angles. (ii)Tangential force on the blades
(iii) Output power (iv) , neglecting frictional losses.

OR

3. a) Define and derive an expression for in terms of absolute velocity v1 and v2 10

and degree of reaction R.
b) At a stage in a 50% reaction axial flow turbine running at 3000rpm, the mean blade 10
diameter is 685mm. If the maximum utilization factor the stage is 0.915, calculate
the inlet and outlet absolute velocities for the rotor. Draw the velocity triangles and
find power output for a floor rate of 15 kg/s.
 UNIT 3
4. a) What is surging? When it is likely to occur during the operation of Centrifugal flow 03
compressor.
b) Draw the Velocity triangle at the entry and exit of axial flow compressor stage for 06
(a) R = 0.5 (b) R < 0.5 (c) R > 0.5
c) An axial flow compressor has a mean diameter of 60cm and runs at 15000rpm. If 11
the actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed are 30oC and 1.3
respectively. Determine (a) Power required to drive the compressor, (b) The stage
efficiency & (c) Degree of reaction. Consider the temperature at the rotor exit is
55oC, mass delivery rate is 57 kg/s, mechanical efficiency is 86% & the initial
temperature is 35oC

UNIT 4

5. a) Define the followings using their velocity triangles and equations: 12

i) Minimum starting speed ii) Pre-rotation and iii) slip
b) A centrifugal pump delivers 50 ltr/sec against a total head of 24m when running at 08
1500 rpm. The velocity of flow is maintained constant at 2.4m/s and blades are
curved back at 300 to the tangent at outlet. The inner diameter is half the outer
diameter. If the manometric efficiency is 80%. Determine: i) Blade angle at inlet &
ii) Power required to drive the pump.

UNIT 5

6. a) What is compounding? Name different types of compounding and explain pressure- 10

velocity compounding with neat sketch.
b) A three jet Pelton wheel is required to generate 10,000KW under a head of 400m. 10
The blade angle at outlet is 15° and reduction in relative velocity over the buckets is
5% if overall efficiency is 80%, CV=0.98 and speed ratio=0.46. Find diameter of
jet, rate of flow and force exerted by a jet on the buckets.

OR
7. a) Design an inward flow Francis turbine where power output is 330kW under a head 10
of 70m running at 750 rpm. ηH = 94%, ηO = 85%. The flow ratio at inlet is 0.15.
The breadth ratio is 0.1. The outer diameter of the runner is twice the inner diameter
of runner. The thickness of the vanes occupy 6% of the circuital area of the runner.
Flow velocity is constant and discharge is radial at outlet.
b) In a Curtis stage with 2 row of moving blades, the rotors are both equiangular. The 10
first rotor has angles of 29° each while second rotor has angles of 32° each. The
velocity of steam at the exit of nozzle is 530m/s. All blade velocity coefficients are
0.9 if the absolute at the stage exit should be axial. Find the mean blade speed.

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
July / August 2017 Supplementary Semester Examinations
Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours
Course Code: 16ME6DCTUM/12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 24.07.2017

Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.

UNIT -1

1. a) Differentiate between axial flow and radial flow turbomachines from the 04
perspective of tangential blade velocity and flow velocity components?
b) A flow rate of 3m3/s of water available at a height of 110m at a project site. Due to 07
losses in the supply line, the head available at the inlet to powerhouse is estimated to
be only 101m of water. The leakage losses in the powerhouse are negligible.
Mechanical losses account for 150 kW. Frictional losses in the rotor blades may be
taken as 250 kW. The exit velocity of water from the turbines is 4.5 m/s. Calculate the
hydraulic, mechanical and overall efficiencies of the plant. The specific weight of
water may be taken as 9810 N/m3?
c) A radial flow hydraulic turbine is required to be designed to produce 20 MW under a 09
head of 16 m at a speed of 90 rpm. A geometrically similar model with an output of
30 kW and a head of 4 m is to be tested under dynamically similar conditions. At what
speed must the model be run? What is the required impeller diameter ratio between
the model and the prototype and what is the volume flow rate through the model if its
efficiency can be assumed to be 90%.?

UNIT-2
2. a) Draw the velocity triangle at inlet and exit of turbo-machine in general and show that 10
the energy transfer per unit mass is given by
𝐸
= [(𝑉12 − 𝑉22 ) + (𝑈12 − 𝑈22 ) + (𝑉𝑟2
2
− 𝑉𝑟12 )]
𝑚
where V1 and V2 are the absolute velocities,Vr1 and Vr2 are relative velocities and
U1 and U2 are the blade velocities at inlet and exit of the rotor respectively.
b) The following data corresponds to an axial flow machine: 10
Flow velocity from exit of the nozzle = 190 m/s;
Degree of reaction = 50%;
Blade speed = 180 m/s;
Entry stagnation temperature = 380 K;
Entry static temperature = 300 K;
Mass flow rate = 10 kg/s
Calculate (i) the maximum utilization factor, (ii) the rotor blade angle at inlet and exit
(iii) the power.
 OR
3. a) With the help of velocity triangles, discuss the condition for exit absolute velocity for 08
maximum utilization factor and show that for an axial flow turbine the maximum
utilization factor is given by,
(2𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 )
𝜖𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(1 + 2𝜙𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1 )
where φ is the ratio of blade velocity at the inlet to the absolute velocity of the fluid at
the inlet, α1 is the nozzle angle and R is the degree of the reaction.
b) In a radial flow pump, the impeller has its smaller diameter of 50mm and bigger 12
diameter of 125mm. Its speed is 1500rpm. The inlet blade angle is 50 o. The fluid
enters the impeller without any whirl component. The flow component remains
constant.
(i) Determine the specific work and degree of reaction at a blade outlet angle of 70 o
and 40o. Comment on the calculated values.
(ii) Also find at what outlet angle the impeller becomes a zero-work impeller.

UNIT-3
4. a) Derive the expression for pressure ratio of a centrifugal compressor with radial exit 06
starting from the Steady flow energy equation (SFEE)?
b) Air at a temperature of 27°C flows into a centrifugal compressor at 20000 06
rpm. The following data are given:
Slip factor = 0.80,
Power input factor = 1
Isentropic efficiency = 80%
Outer diameter of blade tip = 0.5 m
Assuming the absolute velocities of air entering and leaving the compressor are
same, find (i) static temperature rise of air passing through the compressor, and (ii) the
static pressure ratio. Take Cp of air as 1005 J/kgK.
c) Deduce the expression for radial equilibrium equation for axisymmetric unsteady flow 08
in a turbomachine

UNIT-IV
5. a) Show that the pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump with backward 08
curved vane can be expressed as
𝑝2 𝑝1 1
− = [𝑉 2 + 𝑈22 − 𝑉𝑓2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛽2 ]
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝑓1
where the subscripts 1 and 2 represents the inlet and outlet conditions of the
impeller respectively, β is the blade angle, U is the tangential velocity of the impeller
and Vf is the flow velocity. Neglect the frictional and other losses in the impeller.
b) During a laboratory test on a pump, appreciable cavitation began when the pressure 12
plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.62 m while the change in total head
across the pump was 36.5 m and the discharge was 0.048 m3/s. Barometric pressure
was 750 mm of Hg and the vapour pressure of water 1.8 kPa. What is the value
of critical cavitation parameter σc ? If the pump is to give the same total head
and discharge in a location where the normal atmospheric pressure is 622 mm
of Hg and the vapour pressure of water is 830 Pa, by how much must the height of
the pump above the supply level be reduced?
 UNIT-5

6. a) Show that the condition for maximum blade efficiency of a steam turbine with 10
equiangular blades can be expressed as ηb,max = cos2 α1, where α is the flow angle.
b) A single-stage impulse steam turbine has a diameter of 1.5 m and running as 3000 10
rpm. The nozzle angle is 20o. Speed ratio is 0.45. Ratio of relative velocity at the
outlet to that at inlet is 0.9. The outlet angle of the blade is 3o less than inlet angle.
Steam flow rate is 6 kg/s. Draw the velocity diagrams and find the following (i)
Velocity of whirl (ii) Axial thrust (iii) Blade angles (iv) Power developed.

OR

7. a) Show that when runner blade angle at inlet of a Francis turbine is 90° and the velocity 08
2
of flow is constant, the hydraulic efficiency is given by 2+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 , where α1 is
1
the flow angle at the inlet.
b) A Pelton wheel works at the foot of a dam because of which the head available at 06
the nozzle is 400 m, the nozzle diameter is 160 mm, the coefficient of velocity is 0.98,
the diameter of the wheel bucket circle is 1.75 m and the buckets deflect the jet by 150°.
The wheel-to-jet speed ratio is 0.46. Neglecting friction, calculate
i) the power developed by the turbine, (ii) its speed and (iii) hydraulic efficiency.
c) The following data refer to an elbow type draft tube: 06
Area of circular inlet = 25 m2
Area of rectangular outlet = 116 m2
Velocity of water at inlet to draft tube = 10 m/s
The frictional head loss in the draft tube equals to 10% of the inlet velocity head.
Elevation of inlet plane above tail race level = 0.6 m
Determine (i) vacuum or negative head at the inlet, and (ii) power thrown away in tail
race.
*******
 U.S.N.IIIIIIIIIII
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
July I August 2014 Supplementary Examinations

Course:Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours

Course Code:12MESDCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 01.08.2014
Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.

UNITt
1. a) Analyse the turbo machines using first and second laws of thermodynamics. 08
b) What is the significance of 'Head coefficient' dimensionless parameter? 02
c) Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnation pressure is decreased in the ratio 10
5:1. The total-to-total efficiency is 0.8 and the air flow rate is 5 kg/s. The inlet total
temperature is 280 K. Calculate a) the actual power output, b) the actual exit total
temperature, c) the total exit static temperature if the exit flow velocity is 100 rnls
and d) the total-to static efficiency ofthe device.
UNIT2
2. a) Derive the utilisation factor 'e' in terms of degree of reaction 'R' and inlet & exit 08
absolute velocities.
b) How the maximum utilisation factor 'emax' varies with respect to degree of reaction 04
and stator exit angle? Explain through a graph.
c) In an inward radial flow hydraulic turbine, water enters with an absolute velocity of 08
15 m/s with nozzle angle of 15 °. The speed of the rotor is 400 rpm. The diameter of
the rotor at inlet is 75cm and the diameter at the outlet is 50cm. The fluid leaves the
rotor radially with an absolute velocity of 5 m/s. Determine a) the blade angles, b) the
energy transfer per unit mass, and c) the degree of reaction and utilisation factor.
3.
OR
a) For axial flow power absorbing machines show that, 10
·
The degree of reactiOn, R = -vt X 2U
P1 ran
p +tanPz}
p
tan 1 tan 2
b) b) A single stage axial flow blower with no inlet guide vanes operates at 3600rpm. 10
The tip and hub diameters ofthe rotor are 20cm and 12.5 em respectively. The air
flow through the stage is 0.45kg/s. The air turned through an angle of20° towards the
standard atmospheric conditions, constant axial velocity and no losses in the rotor.
Calculate a) the power input in kW and b) the degree of reaction.
UNIT3
4. a) Explain the classification of the centrifugal pump 06

b) Explain the various components of a typical centrifugal pump with the help of a 06
schematic diagram.
 c) A Centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to twice the inner diameter running 08
at 1000 rpm works against a head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller
is constant and is equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40 ° at the
outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 50 em and width at the outlet is 5 em,
determine vane angles at the inlet, work done by the impeller on water per second
and monometric efficiency
UNIT4
5. a) Discuss the following for a centrifugal pump: 08
i. Cavitation in Centrifugal pumps
ii. Minimum starting speed
iii. NPSH &
iv. Pre - Rotation
b) An Impeller with an eye of radius 51 mm and an outside diameter of 406 mm 12
rotates at 900 rpm. The inlet and outlet blade angles measured from the radial flow
direction are 75° and 83° respectively, while the depth of blade is 64mm.
Assuming zero inlet whril, zero slip and an hydraulic efficiency of 89%, Calculate
i. The Volume flow rate through the impeller
ii. the stagnation and static pressure rise across the impeller
iii. the power transferred to the fluid and
iv. the input power to the impeller.
UNITS
6. a) (a) What is Reheat factor? Show that Reheat factor is greater than unity in multistage 08
turbine?

b) (b) In a Curtis stage with two rotors, the steam velocity at the nozzle exit is 700 rn!s. 12
The outlet angles of, nozzle, the first rotor blade, the stator blade and the last rotor
blade are respectively 17o, 23o, 19o,37o respectively. The blade velocity coefficient
is 0.93 for all the blades. If the mean blade speed is 160 m/s when the steam flow rate
is 2. 7 kg/s, find
i. The power developed by stage
ii. The stage efficiency if the nozzle efficiency is 0.91
iii. The axial thrust on the rotor and
iv. The tangential forces acting on the blades.
7
OR
a) (a) Derive the condition for maximum blade efficiency for a Pelton wheel. 08

b) A Pelton wheel of2 m diameter operating at a head of330 m having a two jets of 12
15cm diameter, if the jet is deflected by an angle of 15 degrees, reduction in
relative velocity over the buckets is about 16% and operating at maximum blade
Efficiency. Find;
i. The torque generated.
ii. Efficiency of the buckets. &
iii. Efficiency of turbine

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)

July / August 2016 Supplementary Examination

Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100

Date: 27.07.2016
Instructions: Answer any five full questions choosing at least one from each unit.
Use of thermodynamic data handbook and steam tables are permitted

UNIT 1

1. a) List the differences between a positive displacement machine and a turbo machine 05
with respect to motion, operating speed, weight / power, vibration and volumetric
efficiency.
b) Obtain an expression for the specific speed of a turbine. Explain its significance. 05

c) With respect to a compression process, define Total- to –Total efficiency and 04

Static – to –Static efficiency.
d) A 16 stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3 and tests have 06
shown that a stage efficiency of 89.5% can be obtained. Intake conditions are 288 K,
1 bar. Find overall efficiency, polytropic efficiency and preheat factor.
UNIT 2

2. a) Define degree of reaction and utilization factor and derive an expression between 04
them?
b) Derive expression for pressure coefficient in terms of blade discharge angle and 08
discuss its effect also discuss the effect of blade discharge angle on the energy
transfer in the case of power absorbing machine (H-Q) characteristics?
c) Show that the maximum utilization factor of an axial flow turbine with degree of 08
reaction , the relation of blade sped to absolute velocity at the rotor inlet
should be
OR

3. a) Draw and explain the velocity triangles for various degree of reaction in the case of 04
compressors also show the effect on h-s plot?
b) Derive the Euler equation for a power absorbing machine and express it in terms of 06
velocity components.
 c) An Inward flow radial turbine has the following data, Power 150 kW, Speed 32000 10
rpm, Outer diameter of the impeller 20 cm, inner diameter of the impeller 8 cm,
absolute velocity of gas at entry 387 m/s, absolute velocity of gas at exit 193 m/s.
The gas enters the impeller radially. Construct the velocity triangles at the entry and
exit of the impeller and determine
i) The mass flow rate
ii) The percentage energy transfer due to the change of radius
UNIT 3

4. a) A centrifugal compressor has the following data 12

(a) Impeller mean diameter at entry
(b) Impeller diameter at exit = 50 cm.
(c) Area of cross section at the impeller inlet
(d) Air angle at the inlet of axial inducer blades
(e) State of air at entry bar and
Calculate
i) Pressure ratio
ii) mass flow rate of air
iii) power required at rotational speeds of 5700 rpm and 6200 rpm
Assume isentropic flow with no slip and radially tipped impeller blades.

b) What is surging and stalling in axial flow compressor? What are its effects? 08

UNIT 4
5. a) Define the following terms as referred to centrifugal pump: 10
i) Suction head
ii) Static head
iii) Manometric head
iv) Mechanical efficiency and
v) Volumetric efficiency.

b) Show that pressure rise in the impeller of a centrifugal pump when the frictional and 10
other losses in the impeller are neglected, is given by
.[ ]
 UNIT 5
6. a) Explain with a neat sketch compounding of steam turbine. 10
b) Prove that for a Parsons reaction turbine the maximum stage efficiency is given by 10

OR
7. a) Write the classification of hydraulic turbines. 04
b) Derive the condition for maximum blade efficiency for a Pelton wheel 08
In a Francis turbine, the discharge is radial. The blade speed at inlet is 25m/s. at the 08
inlet tangential component of velocity is 18m/s. The radial velocity of flow is
constant and equal to 2.5m/s. water flows at the rate of 0.8m3/s. The utilization
factor is 0.82 find
i) Euler’s head
ii) Power developed
iii) Inlet blade angle
iv) Degree of reaction.
*******
 U.S.N.IIIIIIIIIII
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
August 2013 Supplementary Examinations

Course: TURBOMACHINES Duration: 3 Hours

Course Code: 11MESDCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 28.08.2013
Instructions: Answer one question from each unit
UNIT-1

l.a) Define the term 'Turbo machine' and give the examples. 02
b) Tests on a turbine runner 1.25 diameter at 30m head gave the following results, power
developed= 736kW. Speed of 180 rmp and discharge is 2.7m3/s. Find the diameter,
speed and discharge of a runner to operate at 45m head and give 1472 kW at the same
efficiency. What is the specific speed ofboth the turbines. 08
c) For a multistage compressor, show that the overall efficiency is less than the stage
efficiency using h-s diagram. 10
UNIT-2

2.a) Derive the Euler equation in terms of its energy components for a power absorbing
m/c's. 08
b) The radial flow m/c under the condition ofU2 =2U 1, V r =constant. No inlet whirl and
inlet blade angle is 45° leads to expression for a degree of reaction is R= (2+cotf3 2 )/4
and also with the graph interpret energy and 'R' parameters with referent to the
12
variation of 'f3 2 '.
OR

3.a) Define and obtain the expression for

i) degree ofreaction(R) ii) Utilisation factor (e) and iii) Relation between 'R' and 10
'e'
b) Derive the expression of degree of reaction of radial flow power absorbing m/s' s

assuming radial entry is R = .!. (1 + V12 cot /3

2 U2
2
J
10
UNIT-3

4.a) With respect to centrifugal compressors, explain the following

i) Surging ii) choking and iii) Pre-rotation. 06
b) Define the following with respect to centrifugal compressors
i) power input factor ii) pressure co-efficient and iii) compressor efficiency 06
 c) An axial flow air compressor of 50% reaction has inl~t and outlet blade angles of 45°
and 10° respectively with respect to axial direction. The compressor is to produce a
pressure ratio of 6:1 with an overall isentropic efficiency of 0.85 with inlet static
temperature of37°C. The blade speed and axial velocity are constant throughout the
compressor. Assuming a value of 200rnls for blade speed, find the number of stages
required if the work done factor is i) unity ii) 0.87 for all the stages. 08
UNIT-4

5.a) Show that the work done expression for the centrifugal pump is equal to 'V u2 U 2 ' by 06
considering the energy components.
b. Define the phenomena of cavitation and Thoma's Cavitation factor. 04
c) A centrifugal pump delivers 50 ltr/sec a total head of 24m when running at 1500rpm.
The velocity of flow is maintained constant at 2.4 rn!s and blades are charges back at
30° to the tangent at outlet. The inner dia is half of the outer dia. If the manometric
efficiency is 80%. Determine
i) Blade angle at inlet ii) Power required to drive the pump. Assume radial entry. 10
UNIT-S

6.a) Show that the maximum blade efficiency of a 50% reaction turbine is given by, 10
2cos 2 a 1 .
(TJb)max = 2
where a 1=Nozzle angle at mlet
1 +cos a 1

b) A single stage impulse wheel is supplied with super heated steam at 1.5mPa and 200°C,
expands to 0.05mPa condenser pressure. The rotors are fitted with equiangular blades
moving at 450rnls. ifthe nozzle angle at the rotor inlet is 16% to the wheel plane, find
i) the specific power output ii) blade efficiency
iii) gross stage efficiency iv) axial thrust and
v) direction of exit steam and the relative velocities at inlet and outlet as equal. 10
OR
7.a) A Pelton wheel is working under a grass head of 400m. the water is supplied through
the penstock of diameter 1m and length 4km from the reservoir to the pelton wheel.
The co-efficient of friction for the penstock is 0.008. the jet of water of diameter
150mm strikes the buckets of the wheel and gets deflected through an angle of 165°.
The relative velocity of water at outlet is reduced by 15% due to friction between the
inside surface of buckets and water. If the velocity of buckets is 0.45 times the jet
velocity at inlet and mechanical efficiency is 85% , determine:
i) Power developed by the runner ii) Shaft power
iii) Hydraulic efficiency iv) Overall efficiency 12
b) Two inward flow reaction turbines have the same runner diameter of 0.6m and the same
hydraulic efficiency. They work under the same head and they have the same velocity
of flow of 6rnls. One of the runners 'A' revolves at 520rpm and has an inlet vane angle
of 65°. If the other runner 'B' has an inlet vane angle of 110°, at what speed should it
run? Assume for both the turbines, the discharge is radial at outlet. 08

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
June 2017 Semester End Make Up Examinations
Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours
Course Code: 16ME6DCTUM/12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 07.06.2017

Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.

UNIT -1

1. a) On a h-s Plot Show the following process 04

i) A two stage turbine
ii) A two stage compressor
b) Determine Reheat and Preheat. State the difference between them? 06
c) Distinguish between Overall efficiency and Stage efficiency of compression 02
d) A Turbine has the following data, Inlet Pressure and Temperature bar and 08
Exit Pressure = 1.2 bar, Overall turbine efficiency Mass flow
rate of the gas ̇ ”Determine the polytropic efficiency of expansion and the
power developed. Take and

UNIT-2
2. a) Define degree of reaction and utilization factor and derive an expression between 04
them?
b) Derive expression for pressure coefficient in terms of blade discharge angle and also 08
discuss the effect of blade discharge angle on the energy transfer in the case of power
absorbing machine (H-Q) characteristics?
c) Show that the maximum utilization factor of an axial flow turbine with degree of 08
reaction 1/4, the relation of blade sped to absolute velocity at the rotor inlet
should be ( )
OR
3. a) Draw and explain the velocity triangles for various degree of reaction in the case of 04
compressors also show the effect on h-s plot?
b) Derive the Euler turbine equation and express it with the velocity components for 06
various types of turbines.
c) An Inward flow radial turbine has the following data 10
i. Power 150kW
ii. Speed 32000 rpm
iii. outer diameter of the impeller 20 cm
iv. inner diameter of the impeller 8 cm
v. absolute velocity of gas at entry 387 m/s
 vi. absolute velocity of gas at exit 200 m/s
The gas enters the impeller radially and flow velocity remains constant. Construct the
velocity triangles at the entry and exit of the impeller and determine the mass flow
rate

UNIT-3
4. a) What is pressure coefficient for a centrifugal compressor stage? Derive expression 04
( )and plot curves for radial, forward and backward swept
impeller blades.
b) Air enters the inducer blades of a centrifugal compressor at P01 = 1.02 bar and 12
T01 = 335 K. The hub and tip diameters of the impeller eye are 10 and 25 cm
respectively. If the compressor runs at 7200 rpm and delivers 5 kg/s of air. Determine
the air angle at the inducer blade entry and the relative Mach Number.
c) Draw the enthalpy – entropy diagram for a complete centrifugal compressor stage 04
showing static and stagnation values of pressure and enthalpy at various sections.

UNIT-4
5. a) Define the following in the case of centrifugal pump ( Use sketch where ever 10
necessary)
i. Cavitation
ii. NPSH
iii. Slip
iv. Priming
v. Minimum starting speed and derive its expression
b) A 40 cm external diameter impeller rotates at 900 rpm. The vanes are curved 10
backward at to the tangent at outlet. The thickness of the vanes occupies 20% of
the periphery. The clear flow width at the exit from the impeller is 0.05m. Calculate
the pressure rise in the impeller when flow is 0.7 m3/s. What percentage of total work
done is converted into kinetic energy? ( Assume the flow velocity is constant from
inlet to outlet).

UNIT-5

6. a) Define compounding and discuss the need for compounding. Also describe with neat 08
sketches
i. Velocity Compounding
ii. Pressure Compounding
iii.
b) The steam in a two row velocity compounding impulse turbine leaves the nozzles at 12
6 ⁄𝑠and the blade speed is ⁄𝑠. Before leaving the stage it passes through a
ring of moving blades, a ring of fixed blades and another ring of moving blades. The
nozzle angle is 6 , while the discharge angles are 8 for the first moving ring and
for the fixed ring and 0 for the second moving ring, all measured relative to the
plane of rotation. Assuming 10% drop in velocity during passage each blade ring of
blades draw the velocity triangles and determine
i. Blade inlet angles for each row
ii. Driving force and axial thrust for each row
iii. diagram horse power per kg/s of steam flow
iv. diagram efficiency
 OR

7. a) Draw the velocity triangles for the following turbines at inlet and exit
i. Pelton wheel, Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine 10
ii. Discuss Main and operating characteristics of hydraulic turbines
b) The Hub diameter of Kaplan turbine working under a head of 10m is 0.4 times the 06
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 150 rpm. If the vane angle of the
extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 150 and the flow ratio is 0.5, Find the following
i. Diameter of the runner
ii. Diameter of the hub
iii. Discharge through the runner. Assume Velocity of the whirl at outlet is zero.

c) A turbine develops 5000 kW when running at 80 rpm. The head on the turbine is 20m. 04
If the head on the turbine is increased to 30 m, determine the speed and power
developed by the turbine.
******
 U.S.N.IIIIIIIIIII
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
March 2014 Semester End Make Up Examinations
Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 05.03.2014
Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.

UNITt
1. a) Discuss the efficiencies related to turbo machines. 07
b) Explain the significance of'Specific Speed' With its 'n' term. 03
c) The flow rate through the compressor is 50kg/s. The inlet static conditions are 1 bar 10
and 30° C. Exit temperature from the last three stage is 650K (static). The compressor
has five stages of equal pressure ratio of 1.5. Calculate a) the exit pressure from the
last stage, b) the ideal exit temperature from the last stage, c) the overall efficiency,
d) the polytropic efficiency, and e) the stage efficiency
UNIT2
2. a) Derive an expression for utilization factor of a power producing turbo machine in 06
terms of absolute velocities and degree of reaction.

b) Write the combined velocity diagrams for different values of degree of reaction for a 06
turbine.
1. R = 0,
11. R= 0.5
111. R = 1.
c) The mean rotor blade speed of an axial flow turbine with 50% reaction is 210 m/s. 08
Steam emerges from the nozzle at 28 ° to the plane of the wheel with axial
component equal to blade speed. Assume symmetric inlet and out let velocity
triangles find the following:
1. The rotor blade angles.
11. Utilization factor.
m. Find also the degree of reaction to make the maximum utilization factor, if the
axial velocity, blade speed as well as nozzle angle remain same.
OR
3. a) Define the following. 06
1. Degree of reaction
11. Utilization factor for a power producing device and write the equation
relating degree of reaction and utilization factor.
b) Prove that degree of reaction R = 1 - ffi 2 - V 1 2) for an axial flow power 06
absorbing device. 2W

c) The following data refer to an axial flow compressor. Degree of reaction= 0.5, inlet 08
blade angle 45 °, speed = 6000 rpm, velocity of flow is constant, diameter of the
 rotor 0.5 m, mass of air = 2 kg/s. Calculate tluid angles at mlet ana ouuet a.r1u <:u:su
the power required.
UNIT3
4. a) With a neat sketch explain the working principle of centrifugal compressor. 10
Represent it in its diagram.
b) The conditions of air at the entry of an axial compressor stage are p 1=768 mm ofHg 10
and T1= 314 K. The air angles are P•=510 P2=90,ai=a3=70. The mean diameter
and peripheral speed are 50 em and 100 rnls respectively. Mass flow rate through the
stage is 25 kg/s, the work done factor is 0.95 and mechanical efficiency 92%.
Assuming a stage efficiency of 88% determine;
(a) air angle at the stator entry
(b) stage pressure ratio and
(c) power required to drive the stage.
UNIT4
5. a) Explain the phenomena of slip, cavitation and pre-rotation in centrifugal pumps with 10
appropriate sketches and velocity triangles.
b) Following data refers to a centrifugal pump: outer diameter of the impeller= 0.75 m, 10
discharge= 1.5 m3/s, total head= 85m, speed =1000 rpm, width at outlet =0.08 m.
The leakage loss is 4% of the discharge, mechanical losses 8.5 kW, and hydraulic
. efficiency 80%. Calculate a) the vane exit angle, b) the power at the shaft of the
motor, c) the volumetric efficiency, and d) the mechanical efficiency.
UNITS
6. a) With neat sketches discuss the method of Velocity compounding of an impulse 06
turbine.
b) In a single stage impulse turbine, the mean diameter of the blades is 1m. It runs at 08
3000RPM. The steam is supplied from a nozzle at a velocity of 350rnls and the
nozzle angle is 20°. The rotor blades are equiangular. The blade friction factor is
0.86. Draw the velocity diagram and calculate the power developed if the axial thrust
is 117.72N.
7 c) Prove that the degree of reaction R of a 50% reaction steam turbine is given by 06
R = Va (Cot/]2 - CotfJJ where Va =axial velocity, u =Blade speed, 13t and !32 =inlet
2u
and outlet blade angles with respect to tangential direction.
OR
a) Using inlet & exit velocity triangles discuss the sufficient features of Pelton, Francis 12
& Kaplan turbines.
b) A Pelton wheel is working under a gross head of 400m. The water is supplied 08
through the penstock of diameter 1m and length 4 km from the reservoir to the Pelton
wheel. The coefficient of friction for the penstock is 0.008. The jet of water of
diameter 150mm strikes the buckets of the wheel and gets deflected through an angle
of 165°. The relative velocity of water at outlet is reduced by 15% due to friction
between the inside surface of buckets and water. If the velocity of buckets is 0.45
times the jet velocity at inlet and mechanical efficiency is 85%, determine: (i) power
developed by the runner (ii) shaft power (iii) Hydraulic efficiency (iv) Overall
efficiency.

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)

January 2016 Semester End Make Up Examinations

Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100

Date: 21.01.2016
Instructions: Answer any five full questions choosing at least one from each unit.
Use of thermodynamic data handbook and steam tables are permitted
UNIT 1

1. a) Define Total-to-Total and total-to-static efficiencies in the case of compressor and 06

turbine. Justify the reason for using stagnation quantities in determining the
efficiencies for turbo-machinery.
b) What is infinitesimal stage efficiency in the expansion through a turbine? And how 06
is it determined?
c) Discuss on stagnation properties and static properties in the case of compressor and 03
turbine
d) A compressor changes the state of air from bar, to 05
bar with an efficiency of 75%. Deternine the infinitesimal efficiency of this
compressor?
UNIT 2

2. a) Starting from fundamentals derive the Euler’s equation for a power absorbing turbo 06
machine.
b) Define the following terms: 06
i) Degree of reaction,
ii) Utilization factor, and
iii) Hydraulic efficiency.
c) The mean rotor blade speed of an axial flow turbine stage with a degree of reaction 08
of 50% is 210 m/sec. The steam emerges from the nozzle inclined at 200 to the
wheel plane, with an axial velocity component which is equal to the blade speed.
Find the rotor blade angles and utilization factor. Also find the degree of reaction at
maximum utilization, if the axial velocity, blade speed and the nozzle remain the
same as above.

OR

3. a) A radial outward flow turbo machine has no inlet whirl. The blade speed at the exit 10
is twice that at inlet. Radial velocity is constant throughout. Taking the inlet blade
angle as 450. Show that the degree of reaction Where is the blade
angle at exit with respect to tangential direction.
 b) The total power input at a stage in an axial flow compressor with symmetric inlet 10
and outlet velocity triangles (R=0.5) is 27.85 kJ/kg of air flow. If the blade speed is
180 m/sec throughout the rotor, draw the velocity triangles and compute the inlet
and outlet rotor blade angles. Assume axial velocity component to be 120 m/sec.
Would you recommend this type of compressor.
UNIT 3

4. a) Define the followings with respect to centrifugal compressor. 10

i) Slip
ii) Pre-whirl
iii) Surging
iv) Power input factor
v) Pressure coefficient
b) Prove that the condition for radial equilibrium is 10

UNIT 4
5. a) Explain the following with respect to a centrifugal pump. 10
i) Priming
ii) Slip
iii) Manometric head
iv) Minimum starting speed
v) Cavitation
b) Derive an expression for pressure rise in a centrifugal pump in the form equal to 05
(1/2g) [Vf12 + u22 – Vf2 cosec2β2 ]

c) A 4-stage centrifugal pump has impellers each of 38 cm diameter and 1.9 cm wide 05
at outlet. The outlet vane angle is 450 and the vanes occupy 8% of flow area. The
manometric efficiency is 84% and overall efficiency is 75%. Evaluate the head
generated by the pump while running at 900 rpm discharging 59 lps.

UNIT 5
6. a) Define compounding and discuss the need for compounding also describe with neat
sketches
1. Velocity Compounding
2. Pressure Compounding
10
b) The steam in a two row velocity compounding impulse turbine leaves the nozzles at 12
6 𝑚⁄𝑠 and the blade speed is 𝑚⁄𝑠. Before leaving the stage it passes through
a ring of mobing blades, a ring of fixed blades and another ring of moving blades.
The nozzle angle is 6 , while the discharge angles are 8 for the first moving ring
and for the fixed ring and 0 for the second moving ring, all measured relative
 to the plane of rotation. Assuming 10% drop in velocity during passage each blade
ring of blades draw the velocity triangles and determine
1. Blade inlet angles for each row
2. Driving force and axial thrust for each row
3. Diagram horse power per kg/s of steam flow
4. Diagram efficiency
OR

7. a) Draw the velocity triangles for the following turbines at inlet and exit 6
1. Pelton wheel, Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine
2. Derive Expression for the maximum hydraulic efficiency in the case of Pelton
wheel
b) Discuss the functionality of draft tube and with neat sketches discuss different types 04
of draft tubes.
c) Show that in a turbine with radial vanes at inlet an outlet the hydraulic efficiency is 10
given by .

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
January 2015 Semester End Make Up Examinations
Course: TURBOMACHINES Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 24.01.2015

Instructions:. 1. Answer FIVE Full questions choosing one from each unit.
2. Use of Thermodynamic data hand book is permitted.

UNIT 1
1. a) Define and classify the turbomachines, mentioning the example, based on 06
i) the energy conversion and ii) direction of the flowing fluid .
b) Derive the total to total and static to static efficiencies for the compression process. 06
c) The output of a 3 stage gas turbine is 30MW at the shaft coupling at an entry 08
temperature of 1500K. The overall pressure ratio across the turbine is 11 and
efficiency is 88%. If the pressure ratio of each stage is the same determine, a)
pressure ratio of each stage b) polytropic efficiency and c) the mass flow rate
UNIT 2
2. a) Define utilization factor of a turbine. Derive an expression relating utilization factor 10
with degree of reaction.
b) At a stage in a 50% reaction axial flow turbine running at 3000rpm, the blade mean 10
diameter is 685mm, if the maximum utilization for the stage is 0.915. Calculate the
inlet and outlet absolute velocities for the rotor. Draw the velocity triangles and find
power output for a flow rate of 15 kg/sec.
OR
3. a) Show that for a turbine the maximum utilization factor is given by 10
Where = nozzle angle and R= degree of
reaction
b) A single stage axial blower with no inlet guide vanes is running at 3600 rpm. The 10
mean diameter of the rotor is 16 cm and mass flow rate of air through the blower is
0.45 kg/sec. In the rotor the air is turned such that the absolute velocity of air at
exit makes an angle of 20° with respect to the axis. Assuming that the axial
component of fluid velocity remains constant, determine power input and Degree of
reaction. Assuming that the density of air is constant at 1.185 kg/m3 and the area of
flow is 0.02m2.
 UNIT 3
4. a) Classify centrifugal compressor based on the pressure developed. Explain the 06
essential parts of a centrifugal compressor with a neat sketch.
b) Show that the pressure coefficient is given by ɸp = Ψ µ ηc where Ψ = power 06
input factor , µ = slip factor and ηc = total to total isentropic efficiency of
centrifugal compressor .
c) Prove that the condition for radial equilibrium is 08
(rVw)2 + (Va)2 =0
UNIT 4
5. a) What is priming of centrifugal pump? 02
b) Derive an expression for the pressure rise in a centrifugal pump. 08
c) A centrifugal pump has its outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter 10
and runs at 1000rpm, working against a head of 40m. The velocity of flow through
the impeller is constant at 2.5 m/s. The vane outlet angle is 40°. If the outlet
diameter is 500mm and vane width at outlet is 50mm , determine:
i. Vane angle at inlet
ii. Work done by the impeller per unit flow rate , and
iii. Manometric efficiency.

UNIT 5
6. a) Why the compounding of steam turbine necessary, when compared to single stage 10
turbine? Explain with the neat sketch the scheme of pressure compounding in steam
turbines.
b) Steam expands from 2bar, 200oC to 1.1bar in the nozzles of efficiency 0.96. The 10
nozzles are inclined at an angle of 18o to the rotor plane of an impulse turbine,
running at 3000rpm. The mean diameter of the blade assembly is 70cm. The outlet
blade angle is 25o and blade friction coefficient is 0.92. Calculate (a) The blade inlet
angle (b) Specific work (c) Blade height (d) Axial thrust (e) Exit velocity of the
steam. Take the steam mass flow rate as 10kg/s.

OR

7. a) Discuss the two objectives of the draft tube & classify the draft tubes. 04
b) Explain the phenomenon of Cavitation? Where is it likely to occur in turbine 06
installation? How to reduce its effects?
c) A Francis turbine is to be designed for the flow rate of 2m3/s available at a project 10
site at a net head of 10m of water. The overall efficiency is 80%. The speed
coefficient (ratio) and flow coefficient can be taken as 0.8 and 0.6 respectively. The
hydraulic losses in the turbine are 15% of the available energy. Design the turbine
rotor with salient dimensions and angles to run at 300rpm. The water leaves the
rotor without any whirl component.

*******
 u.s.N. I I I I I I I I I I I
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
December 2012/January 2013 Make Up Examinations

Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 hours

Course code: 11ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
31.01.2013
Instructions : Answer any five full questions choosing one from each unit.

UNIT-I
I. a) Explain the three principle differences between turbo machines and positive 3
displacement machines.

b) What is the emphasis of the word 'positive' word in positive displacement 5

machines? And why not . we don't call turbo machines as 'negative'
displacement machines?

c) Derive and prove that, stage efficiency for an expansion process is a function of 12
stage pressure ratio and polytropic efficiency and write your comment on
variations of these parameters.
UNIT-II
2 a) Obtain an expression for energy transfer E and degree of reaction Rasa function 10
of discharge blade angle P2 for a turbo machine. Make the following
assumptions: (i) U2 = :2U) (ii) Constant radial velocity (iii) no inlet angular
momentum and (iv) inlet blade angle = 45°. Sketch the nature of variation of E
and R with respect to fu as it varies from 0° to 180° and discuss the salient
features of the graph.
;.

b) A hydraulic reaction turbine of the radial inward flow type works under a head I0
of 160m of water. At the point of fluid entry, the rotor blade angle is II9° and
the diameter of the runner is 3.65m. At the exit, the runner diameter is 2.45m. If
the absolute velocity at t~e wheel outlet is radially directed with a magnitude of
15.5m/s and the radial component of velocity at the inlet is I 0.3m/s, find the
power developed by the machine assuming that 88% of the available head of the
machine is converted into work given the flow rate as II Om 3Is. Find also the
degree of reaction and the utilization factor.
OR
3. a) Show that for an axial flow turbine the maximum utilization factor is given by 8
2¢cosa1
&max = where 4> = blade speed ratio, a,= nozzle angle, R = degree
I +2¢Rcosa1
of reaction.
 b) Air flows into a stage of an axial flow compressor at I bar and 33°C. The axial 8
speed of air flow through the stage is 11 Om/s. The compressor is one of 50%
reaction with symmetric inlet and outlet velocity triangles, the inlet blade angle
being 30° and the outlet angle 50° with respect to tangential direction. Compute
(i) the absolute velocity at the rotor inlet (ii) the mean blade tip speed and (iii)
the temperature rise of the air in passing through the stage.
c) 4
Steam leaves the rotating blades as shown in Fig. 3(c). Evaluate the absolute
velocity in magnitude and direction.

_...._., u: lOOmis

v, 2 : 150m/s
Fig. 3(c)

UNIT-III
4. a) Explain the principle of operation of centrifugal compressor with h-s diagram 10
representation along with all principal component functions.

b) Explain the following: 10

i) Entrance velocity triangle with and without IGV.
ii) Effect of exit blade angle and their characteristics.
iii) Compressor characteristics.

UNIT-IV
5. a) Define the following terms for a centrifugal pump 6
i) Manometric head.
- I
ii) Manometric Efficiency.
iii) Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH).

b) Derive the expression for the minimum starting speed for a centrifugal pump. 6

c) The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump -is 400mm and the width 8
of the impeller at the outlet is 50mm. The pump is running at 800rpm and is
working against a total head of 15m. The vane angle at outlet is 40° and
manometric efficiency is 75%, Determine
i) Velocity of flow at outlet.
ii) Velocity of water leaving the vane.
 iii) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of
motion at outlet.
iv) Discharge.

UNIT- V

6. a) What is compounding of steam turbine? Mention different types of 8

compounding, with the help of a neat sketch, explain a two row velocity
compounded turbine stage and show the pressure and velocity variations across
the turbine.

b) Steam issuing from a nozzle to a De-Lave! (Impulse) turbine with a velocity of 12

1OOOm/s. The nozzle angle is 20°, the mean blade speed is 400m/s. The blades
are symmetrical, the mass flow rate=IOOOkglhr, friction factor=0.8, nozzle
efficiency=0.95, calculate,
i) The blade angles.
ii) Axial Thrust.
iii) Work done per kg of steam.
iv) Power developed.
v) Blade efficiency.
vi) Stage efficiency.

OR

7. a) What is draft tube? ExP,lain the functions of a draft tube in a reaction hydraulic 4
turbine.

b) Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton wheel. Derive an 8
expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel in terms of
bucket velocity co-efficient and discharge blade angle.

c) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 15m developed 7350kW. The outer 8
diameter of the runner is 4m and hub diameter is 2m. The guide blade angle at
the extreme edge of the runner is 30°. The hydraulic and the overall efficiency
of the turbine are 90% and 85% respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at
outlet, determine,
i) Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner.
ii) Speed of the turbine.
iii) Specific speed ofthe turbine.

******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
December 2017 Semester End Main Examinations
Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours
Course Code: 16ME6DCTUM/12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 21.12.2017

Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.
Use of Thermodynamic data hand book and Mollier diagram is permitted.
Assume suitable data, if data is missing

UNIT -1

1. a) Discuss the significances of the following non-dimensional parameters: i) Flow 10

coefficient, ii) Head coefficient, iii) Specific speed, iv) Unit quantities, and v) static
and stagnation point.
b) Differentiate the positive displacement and turbomachine 04
c) A sixteen (16) stage axial flow compressor is to have a pressure ratio of 6.3, with a 06
stage efficiency of 89.5%. The intake conditions are 288 K and 1 bar. Find i) Overall
efficiency, ii) Polytropic efficiency, and iii) Pre-heat factor. Assume pressure ratio per
each stage is same.

UNIT-2

2. a) A radial outward flow turbomachine has no whirl. The blade speed at the exit is twice 10
that at inlet. Radial velocity is constant throughout. Taking the inlet blade angle as
+ 𝑜
450. Show that the degree of reaction, 𝑅 = Where β2 is blade angle at exit with
4

respect to tangential direction

b) At a nozzle exit of steam turbine, the absolute steam velocity is 300 m/sec. The rotor 10
speed is 150 m/sec at a point where the nozzle angle is 180°. If the outlet rotor blade
angle is 3.50 less than the inlet blade angle. Determine the power output from the stage
for a steam flow rate of 8.5 kg/sec. Assuming Vr1=Vr2.. Find the utilization factor.
Specify how you would alter the blade design so that the utilization may become
maximum under the given circumstances.
 OR

3. a) With the help of inlet and outlet velocity triangles. Show that the degree of reaction 10
𝑎
for axial flow compressors. 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝛽𝑚
𝐶𝑜 +𝐶𝑜
Where Va is the axial velocity, U is the blade speed, 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝛽𝑚 =

β1 and β2 are the inlet and outlet blade angles with respect to tangential direction.
b) The total power input at stage in an axial flow compressors with symmetric inlet and 10
outlet triangles (R=0.5) is 27.85 kJ/kg of air flow. If the blade speed is 180 m/sec
throughout the rotor, draw the velocity triangles and evaluate the inlet outlet rotor
blade angles. Assume axial velocity component to be 120 m/sec. Would you
recommend this type of compressor?

UNIT-3

4. a) What is slip and slip factor? Derive an expression for the slip factor 08
b) Explain the following with appropriate diagram: i) Surging, ii) Choking, and iii) Pre- 06
rotation
c) An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1.35. The flow rate through 06
the compressor and its overall efficiency are 50 kg/sec and 82% respectively. If the
conditions of air at entry are 1 bar and 400 C. determine: i) The state of air at
compressor exit, ii) Efficiency of each stage, and iii) Power required to drive the
compressor. Assume overall efficiency of the drive as 90%.

UNIT-4

5. a) Define the following terms: i) Manometric head, ii) Cavition, iii) Multi stage pumps, 08
and iv) Slip coefficient.
b) Derive an expression for H-Q characteristics for a centrifugal pump. Discuss the H-Q 06
curve for the forward, radial and backward curved vanes.
c) A centrifugal pump delivers 50 LPS against a total head of 24 m, when running at 06
1500 rpm. The velocity of flow is maintained constant at 2.4 m/sec and blades are
curved back at 300 to the tangent at outlet. The inner diameter is half of the outer
diameter. The manometric efficiency is 80%. Determine blade angles and power
required to drive the pump.
 UNIT-5

6. a) For Parsons reaction turbine, Prove that maximum blade efficiency which is given by 10
𝐶𝑜
𝜂 ,𝑚 𝑥 =
+𝐶𝑜

b) In a Curtis stage with two rows of moving blades, the rotor are equiangular. The first 10
o o
rotor has an angle of 29 each while second rotor has angle of 32 each.. The velocity
of steam at the exit of nozzle is 530 m/sec and blade coefficients are 0.9 in the first,
0.95 in the stator and in the second rotor. If the absolute velocity at the stage exit
should be axial. Determine: i) Mean blade speed, ii) The rotor efficiency, iii)The
Power output for mas flow rate of 32 kg/sec.

OR

7. a) Derive an expression for maximum efficiency of pelton wheel in terms of blade angle 07
at exit.
b) Explain with diagram essential parts of the Kaplan turbine. 07
c) In a Francis turbine, the discharge is radial. The blade speed at inlet is 25 m/sec. At 06
the inlet tangential component of velocity is 18 m/sec. The radial velocity of flow is
constant and equal to 2.5 m/sec. Water flows at the rate of 0.8 m/sec. The utilization
factor is 0.82. Determine: i) Euler’s head, ii) Power developed, iii) Inlet blade angle,
and iv) Degree of reaction
*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
December 2014 / January 2015 Semester End Main Examinations
Course: TURBOMACHINES Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 20.12.2014

Instructions:. 1. Answer FIVE Full questions choosing one from each unit.
2. Use of Thermodynamic data hand book is permitted.

UNIT 1
1. a) What is turbo machine? Classify. 05
b) State the corresponding efficiencies in Turbo machines, and show how they are 05
related to losses that take place.
c) The pressure, temperature and velocity of the air at the inlet to a single-stage 10
compressor are 100kPa, 295K and 10m/s respectively. At the exit the respective
values are 210kpa, 370K and 85m/s. The exit is 1m above the inlet. Calculate
(a) Actual work (b) Isentropic work (c) Efficiency of the compressor. Take Cp as
1.005 kJ/kg-K and γ=1.4
UNIT 2
2. a) Derive the Euler Turbine equation mentioning the assumptions. 06
b) Define the utilization factor and derive the same for maximum condition for both 08
impulse and reaction turbines.
c) The following data refers to an axial flow device: Flow velocity from exit of the 06
nozzle, Vf1= 190m/s; 50% degree of reaction; Blade speed, u1=u2=u=180m/s; Entry
stagnation temperature To1= 380K; Entry static temperature T1= 300K. Calculate,
a) the maximum utilisation factor and b) the rotor inlet and exit blade angles.
OR
3. a) For axial flow power absorbing machines show that,The degree of reaction, 10
{ }
b) A single stage axial flow blower with no inlet guide vanes operates at 3600rpm. The 10
tip and hub diameters of the rotor are 20cm and 12.5 cm respectively. The air flow
through the stage is 0.45kg/s. The air turned through an angle of 200 towards the
standard atmospheric conditions, constant axial velocity and no losses in the rotor.
Calculate i) the power input in kW and ii) the degree of reaction.
UNIT 3
4. a) What is radial equilibrium in an axial flow compressor? Derive an expression for 10
radial equilibrium in terms if flow velocity and whirl velocity of a fluid.
b) Explain the various component of a typical centrifugal compressor with the help of a 10
schematic diagram. Discuss the actual pressure and velocity variations of flow
across the impeller and diffuser.
 UNIT 4
5. a) Explain the following with respect to a centrifugal pump using appropriate 10
equations.
i. Slip
ii. Manometric efficiency
iii. Minimum starting speed &
iv. Cavitation
b) Write a note on multistage centrifugal pump. 04
c) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a head of 20 m at the rate of 100 lps at a 06
speed of 1500 rpm. The impeller diameter is 25 cm and width at outlet is 5 cm. The
manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of
the impeller. Assume water enters radially.

UNIT 5

6. a) Show that maximum efficiency of a Parson’s turbine = 2cos2α1/(1+ cos2α1) 10

b) A single stage impulse steam turbine has a mean diameter of 1.5m and runs at 10
3000rpm. The nozzle angle at entrance is 20° and the speed ratio is 0.45. The
reactive velocity at outlet is 90% of that at inlet and the outlet blade angle is 3° less
than at inlet. The steam flow rate is 6 kg/s. Draw the velocity triangles at inlet and
outlet and determine:
i) the axial thrust
ii) blade angles at inlet and outlet
iii) power developed
OR

7. a)
1. Write the classification of hydraulic turbines. 04
b) Derive an expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency for a Pelton wheel. 06
c) A Francis turbine rotor has an inlet diameter of 600mm and outlet diameter of
300mm and operates at 300rpm. Water enters the turbine at an angle of 200 to the
wheel tangent and leaves the turbine radially. If the flow velocity remains constant
10
throughput at 3m/s, determine:
i) inlet and outlet blade angles &
ii) theoretical power developed if the width of the impeller at the inlet is 150mm.

*******
 U.S.N.IIIIIIIIIII
BMS Colleg~ of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
December 2013 I January 2014 Semester End Main Examinations
Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 Hours
Course Code:12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
Date: 01.01.2014
Instructions: Answer FIVE FULL questions, choosing one from each unit.

UNIT 1
I. a) Derive an expression relating stagnation temperature and static temperature in terms 05
ofMach number.
b) Aithe entry of the flow passage, the pressure, temperature and the Mach number are 07
2.5 bar and 30 ° c and 1.5 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5 find the
following for adiabatic flow of a perfect gas.
i. Stagnation temperature.
ii. Temperature and velocity of the gas at the exit.

c) An air compressor has the following data: 08

Inlet pressure= 1.02 bar, Exit pressure= 1.5 bar, Inlet temperature= 300 K,
Exit temperature = 340 K. Find the isentropic compression efficiency and
polytropic efficiency.

UNIT2
2. a) An inward flow radial hydraulic turbine has a degree of reaction R and utilization 06
factor e. The radial velocity is constant throughout. There is no tangential component
of absolute velocity at the outlet. Show that the inlet nozzle angle is given by

a 1 =Cor
1
JcC=:)
b) In an axial flow turbine, the discharge blade angles are 20° each for both the stator 08
and the rotor. The steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140m/s. The ratio Vafu
is equal to 0.7 at the entry and 0.76 at the exit of the rotor blade. Find the inlet rotor
blade angle, the power developed by the blade ring for a mass flow rate of 2.6Kg/s
and the degree of reaction.

c) Air enters a rotor in an axial flow turbine with a tangential component of the absolute 06
velocity equal to 600m/s in the direction of rotation. At the rotor exit, the tangential
component ofthe absolute velocity is lOOmis in a direction opposite to that ofthe
rotation. The tangential blade speed is 250m/s. Evaluate (i) the change in total
enthalpy of the air between the inlet and the exit ofthe rotor (ii) the change in total
temperature across the rotor (iii) the power output if the mass flow rateis IOKg/s.
 OR
3. a) Draw the inlet and exit velocity triangles for a radial flow power absorbing turbo 08
machine with (i) Backward curved vane (ii) Radial curved vane (iii) Forward curved
vane. Assume inlet whirl velocity to be zero. Draw and explain the head - capacity
relations for the above three types of vanes.
b) In a mixed flow turbo machine, fluid enters such that the absolute velocity is axial at 06
inlet and the relative velocity is radial at outlet. What is the degree of reaction and
energy input to the fluid if the relative velocity at outlet is same as the tangential
blade speed at inlet? The following data can be used: Inlet diameter = 8 em, Exit .\
!

diameter= 25 em, Speed= 3000 RPM, Blade angle at inlet= 45°.

c) In a mixed flow compressor handling air at 16000 RPM, the stagnation tem~erature 06
of air at the compressor inlet and outlet are respectively 27°C and 215 C. The
absolute velocity of air at the rotor inlet is axial while at the exit, the tangential
component of absolute velocity is 0.93 times the tangential impeller speed. If the
mass flow rate of air through the impeller is 15 kg/s and the specific heat is assumed
to be constant, find the impeller diameter and total power input. .../

UNIT3
4. a) Explain the followings: i) Entrance velocity triangle with and without IGV ii) 12
Effect of exit blade angle and their Characteristics and iii) surging and choking

b) b) A centrifugal compressor with an overall diameter of 100 em turns at 5000 rpm. 08

Air is supplied to the centrifugal compressor at 20° and 1 bar. The mass flow rate of
air is 25 kg/s. isentropic pressure ratio is 2.5. Calculate

a) the isentropic efficiency,

b) the rotor power and
c) the shaft power. Assume the slip factor is 0.9.
UNIT4
5. a) Explain the classification of the centrifugal pump .06

b) Explain the various components of a typical centrifugal pump with the help of a 06
schematic diagram. )

c) A Centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to twice the inner diameter running 08
at 1000 rpm works against a head of 40 m. The velocity of flow through the impeller
is constant and is equal to 2.5 m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40 ° at the
outlet. If the outer diameter ofthe impeller is 50 em and width at the o~tlet is 5 em,
determine vane angles at the inlet, work done by the impeller on water per second
and manometric efficiency
UNITS
6. a) Show that the maximum efficiency of a Parson's reaction steam turbine is, 10
· 2 cos2ad (1+ cos2a 1).
b) Steam ejected from a nozzle to a De Laval turbine at a velocity of 1000 m/s. The 10
nozzle angle is 20°. The mean blade velocity is 400 m/s. The blades are symmetrical.
The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/h, friction factor is 0.8, and nozzle efficiency is 0.95.
· Calculate; a)blade angle, b) axial thrust, c) Power developed, and d) the blade and
stage efficiencies.
 (2.. M~ ~ Dt)LJJ1

OR
·-t/ ht
l
7. a) With a neat sketch explain the functions of scroll casing, stay rings, guide vanes, 10
runner, with its inlet and exit velocity triangles, and draught tube of a Francis turbine.

b) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20m develops 11772 kW of shaft power. 10
The outer diameter of runner is 3.5m and hub diameter is 1.75m. The guide blade
°.
angle at the extreme edge of the runner is 35 The overall and hydraulic efficiencies
of the turbines are 88% and 84% respectively. If the radial outlet, determine: i)
Runner vane angle at the inlet and outlet at the extr~me edge of the runner and ii)
Speed ofthe turbine.

*******
 U.S.N.

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)

December 2015 Semester End Main Examinations

Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 hrs
Course Code: 12ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100

Date: 15.12.2015
Instructions: Answer any five full questions choosing at least one from each unit.
Use of thermodynamic data handbook and steam tables are permitted

UNIT 1

1. a) On a h-s plot show the following process 04

1. Four stage turbine
2. Four stage compressor.
b) Determine Reheat and Pre-heat and state the difference between them? 04

c) Distinguish between Overall efficiency and Stage efficiency of compression process 02

d) Discuss on stagnation properties and static properties in the case of compressor and 03
turbine.
e) A Gas Turbine has the following data, Inlet Pressure and Temperature 𝑃1 = 5bar 07
and 𝑇1 = 500𝐾 Exit Pressure = 1.2 bar Overall turbine efficiency η𝑇 = 0.90Mass
𝑘𝑔
flow rate of the gas 𝑚̇ = 20 𝑠 . Determine the polytropic efficiency and power
𝑘𝐽
developed. Take 𝑐𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝑔𝐾and γ = 1.4

UNIT 2
2. a) Define degree of reaction and utilization factor and derive an expression between 04
them?
b) Derive expression for pressure coefficient in terms of blade discharge angle and 08
discuss its effect also discuss the effect of blade discharge angle on the energy
transfer in the case of power absorbing machine (H-Q) characteristics?
c) Show that the maximum utilization factor of an axial flow turbine with degree of 08
1
reaction , the relation of blade speed to absolute velocity at the rotor inlet 1
should be = 𝑐 ( )
 OR

3. a) Discuss the effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer for a turbine. 04

b) Derive the Euler turbine equation and express it in terms of the velocity components 06
for various types of turbines.
c) The axial component of air velocity at the exit of the nozzle of an axial-flow
reaction stage is 180 m/s, the nozzle inclination to the direction of rotation is 2
a) Find the rotor blade angles at the inlet and outlet, if the degree of reaction is 50%
and the blade speed is 180 m/s.
b) For the same blade speed, axial velocity an nozzle angle find the degree of
reaction if the absolute velocity at the rotor outlet should be axial and equal to the 10
axial velocity at inlet
UNIT 3

4. a) Explain the following with appropriate diagram: 08

i. Surging,
ii. Choking, and
iii. Pre-rotation.
iv. Stalling

b) A centrifugal compressor running at 6000 rpm having an impeller tip diameter of 12

101 cm has the following test data:
Mass flow rate=25 kg/sec, Static pressure ratio=2.12, Pressure at inlet=100 kPa,
Temperature at inlet=280C, Mechanical efficiency=0.97,
Find:
i. Slip co-efficient.
ii. Temperature of air at exit,
iii. Power input and
iv. Power coefficient

UNIT 4

5. a) Define the followings with respect to centrifugal pumps. 04

i) Cavitation
ii) Multistage pump
b) Show that the pressure rise in the impeller 1/2g (Vf12+U22-Vf22.Cosec22) of a 08
centrifugal pump when the frictional and other loss in the impeller are neglected.
c)
A four (4) stage centrifugal pump has impellers each of 38 cm diameter and 1.9cm 08
wide at outlet. The outlet vane angle is 490 and vanes occupy 8% of the outlet area.
The manometric efficiency is 84% and overall efficiency is 75%. Determine the
head generated by the pump when running at 900rpm discharging 59 liters per
second. Also determine the power required.
 UNIT 5
6. a) What is the need for compounding in steam turbines? Discuss any two methods of 08
compounding.
b) Steam issues from the nozzle of a De Laval turbine with a velocity of 1200 m/s. 12
Nozzle angle is 200, Mean blade velocity is 400 m/s. Inlet and outlet blade angles
are equal. Mass of steam flow through the turbine is 900 kg/hr. Calculate
i) Blade angles at inlet and outlet
ii) Relative velocity of steam entering the blades
iii) Tangential force on the blades
iv) Power developed
v) Blade efficiency
Assume blade velocity coefficient k = 0.8. Use a scale of 1 cm = 200 m/s.

OR
7. a) Show that for a Pelton turbine , the maximum hydraulic efficiency is given by 08
1
Where β2 is the blade angle at exit.
b) A Kaplan turbine develops 9000 kW under a head of 10 m. Overall efficiency of 06
turbine is 85%. The speed ratio based on outer diameter is 2.2 and flow ratio 0.66.
Diameter of boss is 0.4 times the outer diameter of runner. Find the diameter of
runner, boss and specific speed of the runner.

c) A conical draft tube has the following data. 06

Inlet diameter = 1.4 m
Outlet diameter = 1.8 m
Velocity of water at outlet of draft tube = 3 m/s
Total height of draft tube = 7 m
Height immersed in water = 1.5 m
Frictional losses = 30 % of velocity head at outlet
Evaluate the pressure head at the runner outlet and efficiency of draft tube.

*******
 u.s.N. I I I I I I I I I I I
BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore-560019
(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)
December 2012/January 2013 Semester End Examinations

Course: Turbo Machines Duration: 3 hours

Course code: 11ME5DCTUM Max Marks: 100
07.01.2013

Instructions : Answer any five full questions choosing one from each unit.

UNIT-I

1. a) Define a Turbo machine. How first and second law of thermodynamics are 6
applied to a turbo machine?
b) With h - s diagram, show that the overall efficiency of a multi stage turbine is 6
greater than the stage efficiency.
c) Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnation pressure is decreased in the 8
ratio 5:1. The total- to- total efficiency is 0.8. The air flow rate is 5 kg/s. If the
total power output is 500kW, find: (i) inlet total temperature (ii) actual exit total
temperature (iii) actual exit static temperature ifthe flow velocity is lOOmis (iv)
total -to - static efficiency.
UNIT-II

2 a) Define the terms degree ofreaction(R) and utilization factor( e), obtain an 10
expression for (i) degree ofreaction(R) (ii) utilization factor(e) of a turbo
machine in terms of inlet and outlet absolute velocity of fluid and degree of
reaction
b) Plot Head- capacity (H-Q) curve for radial outward flow devices for various 2
blade discharge angles
c) In a mixed flow turbo machine, the fluid enters such that, the absolute velocity is 8
axial at inlet and at outlet relative velocity is radial. What is the degree of
reaction and energy input to the fluid? If the relative velocity at outlet is same as
tangential blade speed at inlet. the following data may be used (i) inlet dia= 16
em (ii) exit dia = 50 em (iii) speed= 3000 RPM (iv) blade angle at inlet= 45°
OR
3. a) A radial outward flow turbo machine has no inlet whirl.The blade speed at the 10
exit is twice that at inlet. Radial velocity is constant throughout. Taking the inlet
blade angel as 45°,show that the degree of reaction is given by R=(2+cot ~2 ) /4,
where ~2 is the blade angle at the exit with respect to tangential direction.
b) The total power input at a stage in an axial flow compressor with symmetric 10
inlet and outlet velocity triangles (R=0.5) is 27.85 KJ/kg of air flow. If the blade
speed is 180 m/s throughout the rotor. Draw the velocity triangles and compute
the inlet and outlet rotor blade angels. Assume axial velocity component to be
120 m/s. would you recommend this type of compressor?
 UNIT-III
4. a) What is the function of a diffuser? Name the different types of diffusers used in 10
centrifugal compressor and explain them with simple sketches
b) With the help ofh-s diagram, obtain an expression for overall pressure rise 10
across a stage of an axial flow compressor

UNIT-IV
5. a) Applying Bernoulli's equation between the inlet and exit ofthe impeller of a 7
centrifugal pump, show that the static pressure rise is given by
2 2 2
Pz - p, = p [vm, + Uz - vm2 Co sec 2 Pz] where v mi = Velocity of flow at inlet =
2
VI, Vm2 =Velocity of flow at exit, ~2 =Blade angle at exit, u2 =Blade velocity
at exit, p =Density ofthe fluid, PI= static pressure of fluid at inlet, p2 =static
pressure at exit.
b) What is cavitation? What are the causes of cavitation? What are the steps to be 5
taken to reduce the effect of cavitation in a centrifugal pump?
c) A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15m3/s of water against a head of 12.5m, the 8
speed of the impeller being 600RPM. The outer and inner diameters of the
impeller are 50cm and 20cm respectively and the vanes are bent back at 35° to
the tangent at the exit. If the area of flow remains at 0.07m2 from inlet to outlet,
calculate: (i) manometric efficiency of the pump
(ii) Vane angle at inlet (iii) Loss of head at inlet to the impeller when the
discharge is reduced by 40% without changing the speed.

UNIT-V

6. a) Classify the steam turbines and also discuss the principle points of Curtis staging 10
and Rateu staging.
b) Show that, the maximum blade efficiency for a 50% reaction steam turbine 10
(Parson's) is,
2cos 2 a 1
Tlb = 1 + cos 2 a 1

OR

7. a) With the help of set up sketches and velocity triangles discuss the difference 10
between francis and Kaplan turbine.
b) For a pelton wheel the speed is 900rpm, the ratio of vane speed to initial speed is 10
0.448, the available head is 1OOmtrs and the discharge through the nozzle is
40ltrs/s. The coefficient of velocity for the jet is 0.98. If the overall efficiency of
the turbine is 0.8. Find i) Power developed ii) Blade speed iv) Impeller
diameter and v) Jet diameter.

******