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Quant Ization

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Julian Ssonko
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35 views3 pages

Quant Ization

Uploaded by

Julian Ssonko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

QUANTIZATION
Quantization involves mapping a large set of input values (often continuous) to a
smaller set (often discrete).
This is crucial for digital signal processing, as it allows analog signals
to be represented and manipulated digitally.

The Quantization Process

 Sampling: The continuous signal is sampled at regular intervals to create a


discrete-time signal.
 Amplitude Resolution: The amplitude of each sample is rounded to the nearest
quantization level.

Quantization Levels and Resolution

 Number of Levels: The number of quantization levels determines the resolution


of the digital signal. More levels lead to higher accuracy but also require more
storage and processing resources.
 Quantization Step: The difference between adjacent quantization levels is called
the quantization step.

Visual representation

 The blue line represents the original continuous signal.


 The dots represent the sampled values.
 The lines represents the quantized signal
Quantization typically involves:

 Reducing precision of floating-point numbers to fixed-point numbers.


 Representing values with fewer bits, e.g converting 32-bit floating-point numbers
to 16-bit or 8-bit integers.

There are several types of quantization which are as follows;

1. Uniform Quantization

In uniform quantization, the quantization levels are evenly spaced . This means that
each step size represents a constant amount of analog amplitude . It's simple to
implement and is commonly used in many applications .

Types of Uniform Quantization

a. Mid-Rise Quantization: The quantization levels are centered between the actual
analog values, resulting in a "rise" in the middle of each step.

b . Mid-Tread Quantization: The quantization levels are centered on the actual analog
values, resulting in a "tread" in the middle of each step .

2. Non-Uniform Quantization

In non-uniform quantization, the quantization levels are not evenly spaced..This type
is often used for signals with a wide dynamic range, such as audio signals, where
smaller amplitude values need finer resolution than larger ones.

Types of Non-Uniform Quantization:

A-Law and μ-Law: These are companding algorithms used in telecommunication


systems to compress the dynamic range of an audio signal before quantization. They
provide better signal quality for a given bit depth.

3. Adaptive Quantization

Adaptive quantization adjusts the quantization levels based on the characteristics of


the signal. This type is useful for signals with varying amplitude, as it can optimize
the fidelity of the quantized signal.

4. Scalar Quantization

Scalar quantization quantize each sample independently, without considering the


relationship between samples. It's straightforward but may not be as efficient as other
methods for certain types of signals.
5. Vector Quantization

Vector quantization quantize blocks of samples together, considering the correlation


between them.This method is more complex but can achieve higher compression
ratios and better signal quality for certain applications.

Quantization Noise

The process of rounding the sample amplitudes introduces quantization noise. This
noise can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization levels.

Applications

 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs): ADCs use quantization to convert


analog signals (e.g., from sensors) into digital form.
 Digital Signal Processing (DSP): DSP algorithms often operate on quantized
data for efficient computation and storage.
 Image and Audio Processing: Quantization is used in compressing and
processing images and audio signals.

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