Software Testing

In Software testing various types of testing Include checking the Code that you have written is
working as expected. All Testing types have its own functions and properties we will explore them
one by one.

Principles of Software Testing

 All the tests should meet the customer’s requirements.

 To do our software testing should be performed by a third party.
 Exhaustive testing is not possible. We need the optimal amount of testing based on
the risk assessment of the application.
 All the tests to be conducted should be planned before implementing it
 It follows the Pareto rule (80/20 rule) which states that 80% of errors come from 20%
of program components.
 Start testing with small parts and extend it to large parts.

Different Types of Software Testing

1. Manual Testing
2. Automation Testing

There are two different types of software testing currently used in the industry, both have their
own advantages and disadvantages.
1. Manual Testing
Manual testing is a technique to test the software that is carried out using the functions and
features of an application. In manual software testing, a tester carries out tests on the software by
following a set of predefined test cases. In this testing, testers make test cases for the codes, test
the software, and give the final report about that software. Manual testing is time-consuming
because it is done by humans, and there is a chance of human errors.

Advantages of Manual Testing

 Fast and accurate visual feedback: It detects almost every bug in the software
application and is used to test the dynamically changing GUI designs like layout, text,
etc.
 Less expensive: It is less expensive as it does not require any high-level skill or a
specific type of tool.
 No coding is required: No programming knowledge is required while using the
black box testing method. It is easy to learn for the new testers.
 Efficient for unplanned changes: Manual testing is suitable in case of unplanned
changes to the application, as it can be adopted easily.

2. Automation Testing
Automated Testing is a technique where the Tester writes scripts on their own and uses suitable
Software or Automation Tool to test the software. It is an Automation Process of a Manual Process.
It allows for executing repetitive tasks without the intervention of a Manual Tester.

Advantages of Automation Testing:

 Simplifies Test Case Execution: Automation testing can be left virtually unattended
and thus it allows monitoring of the results at the end of the process. Thus, simplifying
the overall test execution and increasing the efficiency of the application.
 Improvement of Tests: Automation testing ensures that there is equal focus on all
the areas of the testing, thus ensuring the best quality product.
 Increases amount of test coverage: Using automation testing, more test cases can be
created and executed for the application under test. Thus, it results in higher test
coverage and the detection of more bugs. This allows for the testing of more complex
applications and more features can be tested.
 Minimizing Human Interaction: In automation testing, everything is automated
from test case creation to execution thus there are no changes for human error due to
neglect. This reduces the necessity for fixing glitches in the post-release phase.

Manual vs. Automated testing

Here is the table of comparing Manual Testing and Automated Testing:

Parameters Manual Testing Automation Testing

In manual testing, the test In automated testing, test

cases are executed by the cases are executed by the
Definition human tester. software tools.
Parameters Manual Testing Automation Testing

Manual testing is time- Automation testing is faster

Processing Time consuming. than manual testing.

Automation testing takes up

Manual testing takes up
automation tools and trains
human resources.
Resources requirement employees.

Exploratory testing is not

Exploratory testing is
possible in automation
possible in manual testing.
Exploratory testing testing.

Automation testing uses

Manual testing doesn’t use
frameworks like Data Drive,
frameworks.
Framework requirement Keyword, etc.

Types of Manual Testing

1. White Box Testing
2. Black Box Testing
3. Gray Box Testing

1. White Box Testing

White box testing techniques analyze the internal structures the used data structures, internal
design, code structure, and the working of the software rather than just the functionality as in
black box testing. It is also called glass box testing, clear box testing or structural testing. White
Box Testing is also known as transparent testing or open box testing.
White box testing is a software testing technique that involves testing the internal structure and
workings of a software application. The tester has access to source code and uses this knowledge
to design test cases that can verify the correctness of the software at the code level.

Advantages of White box Testing:

 Thorough Testing: White box testing is thorough as the entire code and structures
are tested.
 Code Optimization: It results in the optimization of code removing errors and helps
in removing extra lines of code.
 Early Detection of Defects: It can start at an earlier stage as it doesn’t require any
interface as in the case of black box testing.
 Integration with SDLC: White box testing can be easily started in the Software
Development Life Cycle.
 Detection of Complex Defects: Testers can identify defects that cannot be detected
through other testing techniques.
2. Black Box Testing
Black-box testing is a type of software testing in which the tester is not concerned with the internal
knowledge or implementation details of the software but rather focuses on validating the
functionality based on the provided specifications or requirements.
Advantages of Black Box Testing:
 The tester does not need to have more functional knowledge or programming skills to
implement the Black Box Testing.
 It is efficient for implementing the tests in the larger system.
 Tests are executed from the user’s or client’s point of view.
 Test cases are easily reproducible.
 It is used to find ambiguity and contradictions in functional specifications.

3. Gray Box Testing

Gray Box Testing is a software testing technique that is a combination of the Black Box
Testing technique and the White Box Testing technique.
1. In the Black Box Testing technique, the tester is unaware of the internal structure of
the item being tested and in White Box Testing the internal structure is known to the
tester.
2. The internal structure is partially known in Gray Box Testing.
3. This includes access to internal data structures and algorithms to design the test cases.

Advantages of Gray Box Testing:

1. Clarity of goals: Users and developers have clear goals while doing testing.
2. Done from a user perspective: Gray box testing is mostly done from the user
perspective.
3. High programming skills are not required: Testers are not required to have high
programming skills for this testing.
4. Non-intrusive: Gray box testing is non-intrusive.
5. Improved product quality: Overall the quality of the product is improved.

Types of Black Box Testing

1. Functional Testing
2. Non-Functional Testing

1. Functional Testing
Functional Testing is a type of Software Testing in which the system is tested against the functional
requirements and specifications. Functional testing ensures that the requirements or specifications
are properly satisfied by the application. This type of testing is particularly concerned with the
result of processing. It focuses on the simulation of actual system usage but does not develop any
system structure assumptions. The article focuses on discussing function testing.

Benefits of Functional Testing

 Bug-free product: Functional testing ensures delivery of a bug-free and high-quality
product.
 Customer satisfaction: It ensures that all requirements are met and ensures that the
customer is satisfied.
  Testing focused on specifications: Functional testing is focused on specifications as
per customer usage.
 Proper working of application: This ensures that the application works as expected
and ensures proper working of all the functionality of the application.
 Improve quality of the product: Functional testing ensures the security and safety
of the product and improves the quality of the product.

2. Non-Functional Testing
Non-functional Testing is a type of Software Testing that is performed to verify the non-
functional requirements of the application. It verifies whether the behavior of the system is as per
the requirement or not. It tests all the aspects that are not tested in functional testing. Non-
functional testing is a software testing technique that checks the non-functional attributes of the
system. Non-functional testing is defined as a type of software testing to check non-functional
aspects of a software application. It is designed to test the readiness of a system as per
nonfunctional parameters which are never addressed by functional testing. Non-functional testing
is as important as functional testing.

Benefits of Non-functional Testing

 Improved performance: Non-functional testing checks the performance of the
system and determines the performance bottlenecks that can affect the performance.
 Less time-consuming: Non-functional testing is overall less time-consuming than the
other testing process.
 Improve user experience: Non-functional testing like Usability testing checks how
easily usable and user-friendly the software is for the users. Thus, focus on improving
the overall user experience for the application.
 More secure product: As non-functional testing specifically includes security testing
that checks the security bottlenecks of the application and how secure is the application
against attacks from internal and external sources.

Types of Functional Testing

1. Unit Testing
2. Integration Testing
3. System Testing
4. End-to-end Testing
5. Acceptance testing

1. Unit Testing
Unit testing is a method of testing individual units or components of a software application. It is
typically done by developers and is used to ensure that the individual units of the software are
working as intended. Unit tests are usually automated and are designed to test specific parts of the
code, such as a particular function or method. Unit testing is done at the lowest level of the software
development process , where individual units of code are tested in isolation.
Note: Unit Testing basically Included in both White Box Testing and Black Box Testing.
Advantages of Unit Testing:
Some of the advantages of Unit Testing are listed below.
  It helps to identify bugs early in the development process before they become more
difficult and expensive to fix.
 It helps to ensure that changes to the code do not introduce new bugs.
 It makes the code more modular and easier to understand and maintain.
 It helps to improve the overall quality and reliability of the software.

Note: Some popular frameworks and tools that are used for unit testing include JUnit , NUnit,
and xUnit.
 It’s important to keep in mind that Unit Testing is only one aspect of software testing,
and it should be used in combination with other types of testing such as integration
testing, functional testing, and acceptance testing to ensure that the software meets the
needs of its users.
 It focuses on the smallest unit of software design. In this, we test an individual unit or
group of interrelated units. It is often done by the programmer by using sample input
and observing its corresponding outputs.
Example:
1. In a program we check if the loop, method, or function is working fine.
2. Misunderstood or incorrect, arithmetic precedence.
3. Incorrect initialization.
2. Integration Testing
Integration testing is a method of testing how different units or components of a software
application interact with each other. It is used to identify and resolve any issues that may arise
when different units of the software are combined. Integration testing is typically done after unit
testing and before functional testing and is used to verify that the different units of the software
work together as intended.

Different Ways of Performing Integration Testing:

Different ways of Integration Testing are discussed below.
 Top-down integration testing: It starts with the highest-level modules and
differentiates them from lower-level modules.
 Bottom-up integration testing: It starts with the lowest-level modules and integrates
them with higher-level modules.
 Big-Bang integration testing: It combines all the modules and integrates them all at
once.
 Incremental integration testing: It integrates the modules in small groups, testing each
group as it is added.

Advantages of Integrating Testing

 It helps to identify and resolve issues that may arise when different units of the
software are combined.
 It helps to ensure that the different units of the software work together as intended.
 It helps to improve the overall reliability and stability of the software.
 It’s important to keep in mind that Integration testing is essential for complex systems
where different components are integrated.
  As with unit testing, integration testing is only one aspect of software testing and it
should be used in combination with other types of testing such as unit testing, functional
testing, and acceptance testing to ensure that the software meets the needs of its users.

The objective is to take unit-tested components and build a program structure that has been
dictated by design. Integration testing is testing in which a group of components is combined to
produce output.

Integration testing is of four types: (i) Top-down (ii) Bottom-up (iii) Sandwich (iv) Big-Bang
Example:
1. Black Box testing: It is used for validation. In this, we ignore internal working
mechanisms and focus on “what is the output?”
2. White box testing: It is used for verification. In this, we focus on internal mechanisms
i.e. how the output is achieved.
3. System Testing
System testing is a type of software testing that evaluates the overall functionality and performance
of a complete and fully integrated software solution. It tests whether the system meets the specified
requirements and if it is suitable for delivery to the end users. This type of testing is performed
after the integration testing and before the acceptance testing.

System Testing is a type of software testing that is performed on a completely integrated system
to evaluate the compliance of the system with the corresponding requirements. In system testing,
integration testing passed components are taken as input. The goal of integration testing is to
detect any irregularity between the units that are integrated.
Advantages of System Testing:
 The testers do not require more knowledge of programming to carry out this testing.
 It will test the entire product or software so that we will easily detect errors or defects
that cannot be identified during the unit testing and integration testing.
 The testing environment is like that of the real-time production or business
environment.
 It checks the entire functionality of the system with different test scripts, and it covers
the technical and business requirements of clients.
 After this testing, the product will almost cover all the possible bugs or errors and
hence the development team will confidently go ahead with acceptance testing.

4. End-to-end Testing
End-to-end testing is the type of software testing used to test entire software from start to end along
with its integration with external interfaces. The main purpose of end-of-end testing is to identify
system dependencies and to make sure that the data integrity and communication with other
systems, interfaces and databases to exercise complete production.

5. Acceptance Testing
It is formal testing according to user needs, requirements, and business processes conducted to
determine whether a system satisfies the acceptance criteria or not and to enable the users,
customers, or other authorized entities to determine whether to accept the system or not.
Advantages of Acceptance Testing
 This testing helps the project team to know the further requirements from the users
directly as it involves the users for testing.
 Automated test execution.
 It brings confidence and satisfaction to the clients as they are directly involved in the
testing process.
 It is easier for the user to describe their requirements.
 It covers only the Black-Box testing process and hence the entire functionality of the
product will be tested.

Types of Integration Testing

1. Incremental Testing
2. Non-Incremental Testing

1. Incremental Testing
Like development, testing is also a phase of SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) . Different
tests are performed at different stages of the development cycle. Incremental testing is one of the
testing approaches that is commonly used in the software field during the testing phase of
integration testing which is performed after unit testing. Several stubs and drivers are used to test
the modules one after one which helps in discovering errors and defects in the specific modules.

Advantages of Incremental Testing

 Each module has its specific significance. Each one gets a role to play during the
testing as they are incremented individually.
 Defects are detected in smaller modules rather than denoting errors and then editing
and re-correcting large files.
 It’s more flexible and cost-efficient as per requirements and scopes.
 The customer gets the chance to respond to each building.

There are 2 Types of Incremental Testing

1. Top-down Integration Testing
2. Bottom-up Integration Testing

1. Top-down Integration Testing

Top-down testing is a type of incremental integration testing approach in which testing is done
by integrating or joining two or more modules by moving down from top to bottom through the
control flow of the architecture structure. In these, high-level modules are tested first, and then
low-level modules are tested. Then, finally, integration is done to ensure that the system is working
properly. Stubs and drivers are used to carrying out this project. This technique is used to increase
or stimulate the behavior of Modules that are not integrated into a lower level.

Advantages of Top-Down Integration Testing

1. There is no need to write to drivers.
2. Interface errors are identified at an early stage and fault localization is also easier.
3. Low-level utilities that are not important are not tested well and high-level testers are
tested well in an appropriate manner.
 4. Representation of test cases is easier and simpler once Input-Output functions are
added.

2. Bottom-up Integration Testing

Bottom-up Testing is a type of incremental integration testing approach in which testing is done
by integrating or joining two or more modules by moving upward from bottom to top through the
control flow of the architecture structure. In these, low-level modules are tested first, and then
high-level modules are tested. This type of testing or approach is also known as inductive reasoning
and is used as a synthesis synonym in many cases. Bottom-up testing is user-friendly testing and
results in an increase in overall software development. This testing results in high success rates
with long-lasting results.

Advantages of Bottom-up Integration Testing

 It is easy and simple to create and develop test conditions.
 It is also easy to observe test results.
 It is not necessary to know about the details of the structural design.
 Low-level utilities are also tested well and are also compatible with the object-
oriented structure.

Types of Non-functional Testing

1. Performance Testing
2. Usability Testing
3. Compatibility Testing

1. Performance Testing
Performance Testing is a type of software testing that ensures software applications perform
properly under their expected workload. It is a testing technique carried out to determine system
performance in terms of sensitivity, reactivity, and stability under a particular workload.
Performance testing is a type of software testing that focuses on evaluating the performance and
scalability of a system or application. The goal of performance testing is to identify bottlenecks,
measure system performance under various loads and conditions, and ensure that the system can
handle the expected number of users or transactions.

Advantages of Performance Testing

 Performance testing ensures speed, load capability, accuracy, and other performances
of the system.
 It identifies, monitors, and resolves the issues if anything occurs.
 It ensures great optimization of the software and allows many users to use it at the
same time.
 It ensures the client as well as the end-customer’s satisfaction. Performance testing
has several advantages that make it an important aspect of software testing:
 Identifying bottlenecks: Performance testing helps identify bottlenecks in the system
such as slow database queries, insufficient memory, or network congestion. This helps
developers optimize the system and ensure that it can handle the expected number of
users or transactions.
2. Usability Testing
You design a product (say a refrigerator) and when it becomes completely ready, you need a
potential customer to test it to check it working. To understand whether the machine is ready to
come on the market, potential customers test the machines. Likewise, the best example of usability
testing is when the software also undergoes various testing processes which are performed by
potential users before launching into the market. It is a part of the software development lifecycle
(SDLC).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Usability Testing

Usability testing is preferred to evaluate a product or service by testing it with the proper users. In
Usability testing, the development and design teams will be used to identify issues before coding
and the result will be earlier issues will be solved. During a Usability test, you can,
 Learn if participants will be able to complete the specific task completely.
 identify how long it will take to complete the specific task.
 Gives excellent features and functionalities to the product
 Improves user satisfaction and fulfills requirements based on user feedback
 The product becomes more efficient and effective

3. Compatibility Testing
Compatibility testing is software testing that comes under the non functional testing category, and
it is performed on an application to check its compatibility (running capability) on different
platforms/environments. This testing is done only when the application becomes stable. This
means simply this compatibility test aims to check the developed software application
functionality on various software, hardware platforms, networks browser etc. This compatibility
testing is very important in product production and implementation from a point of view as it is
performed to avoid future issues regarding compatibility.

Advantages of Compatibility Testing

 It ensures complete customer satisfaction.
 It provides services across multiple platforms.
 Identifying bugs during the development process.

There are 4 Types of Performance Testing

1. Load Testing
2. Stress Testing
3. Scalability Testing
4. Stability Testing

1. Load Testing
Load testing determines the behavior of the application when multiple users use it at the same
time. It is the response of the system measured under varying load conditions.

1. The load testing is carried out for normal and extreme load conditions.
2. Load testing is a type of performance testing that simulates a real-world load on a
system or application to see how it performs under stress.
 3. The goal of load testing is to identify bottlenecks and determine the maximum
number of users or transactions the system can handle.
4. It is an important aspect of software testing as it helps ensure that the system can
handle the expected usage levels and identify any potential issues before the system is
deployed to production.

Advantages of Load Testing:

Load testing has several advantages that make it an important aspect of software testing:
1. Identifying bottlenecks: Load testing helps identify bottlenecks in the system such
as slow database queries, insufficient memory, or network congestion. This helps
developers optimize the system and ensure that it can handle the expected number of
users or transactions.
2. Improved scalability: By identifying the system’s maximum capacity, load testing
helps ensure that the system can handle an increasing number of users or transactions
over time. This is particularly important for web-based systems and applications that
are expected to handle a high volume of traffic.
3. Improved reliability: Load testing helps identify any potential issues that may occur
under heavy load conditions, such as increased error rates or slow response times. This
helps ensure that the system is reliable and stable when it is deployed to production.

2. Stress Testing
In Stress Testing, we give unfavorable conditions to the system and check how it perform in those
conditions.
Example:
1. Test cases that require maximum memory or other resources are executed.
2. Test cases that may cause thrashing in a virtual operating system.
3. Test cases that may cause excessive disk requirement Performance Testing.
It is designed to test the run-time performance of software within the context of an integrated
system. It is used to test the speed and effectiveness of the program. It is also called load testing.
In it, we check what the performance of the system is in the given load.
Example:
Checking several processor cycles.
3. Scalability Testing
Scalability Testing is a type of non-functional testing in which the performance of a software
application, system, network, or process is tested in terms of its capability to scale up or scale
down the number of user request load or other such performance attributes. It can be carried out at
a hardware, software or database level. Scalability Testing is defined as the ability of a network,
system, application, product or a process to perform the function correctly when changes are made
in the size or volume of the system to meet a growing need. It ensures that a software product can
manage the scheduled increase in user traffic, data volume, transaction counts frequency, and
many other things. It tests the system, processes, or database’s ability to meet a growing need.

Advantages of Scalability Testing

 It provides more accessibility to the product.
 It detects issues with web page loading and other performance issues.
  It finds and fixes the issues earlier in the product which saves a lot of time.
 It ensures the end-user experience under the specific load. It provides customer
satisfaction.
 It helps with effective tool utilization tracking.

4. Stability Testing
Stability Testing is a type of Software Testing to checks the quality and behavior of the software
under different environmental parameters. It is defined as the ability of the product to continue to
function overtime without failure.
It is a Non-functional Testing technique that focuses on stressing the software component to the
maximum. Stability testing is done to check the efficiency of a developed product beyond normal
operational capacity which is known as break point. It has higher significance in error handling,
software reliability, robustness, and scalability of a product under heavy load rather than checking
the system behavior under normal circumstances.

Stability testing assesses stability problems. This test is mainly intended to check whether the
application will crash at any point in time or not.

Advantages of Stability Testing

1. It gives the limit of the data that a system can handle practically.
2. It provides confidence in the performance of the system.
3. It determines the stability and robustness of the system underload.
4. Stability testing leads to better end-user experience.

Other Types of Testing

1. Smoke Testing
2. Sanity Testing
3. Regression Testing
4. Acceptance Testing
5. User Acceptance Testing
6. Exploratory Testing
7. Adhoc Testing
8. Security Testing
9. Globalization Testing
10. Regression Testing
11. Smoke Testing
12. Alpha Testing
13. Beta Testing
14. Object-Oriented Testing

1. Smoke Testing
Smoke Testing is done to make sure that the software under testing is ready or stable for further
testing.
It is called a smoke test as the testing of an initial pass is done to check if it did not catch fire or
smoke in the initial switch-on.
Example:
If the project has 2 modules before going to the module, make sure that module 1 works properly.
Advantages of Smoke Testing
1. Smoke testing is easy to perform.
2. It helps in identifying defects in the early stages.
3. It improves the quality of the system.
4. Smoke testing reduces the risk of failure.
5. Smoke testing makes progress easier to access.

2. Sanity Testing
It is a subset of regression testing. Sanity testing is performed to ensure that the code changes that
are made are working properly. Sanity testing is a stoppage to check whether testing for the
building can proceed or not. The focus of the team during the sanity testing process is to validate
the functionality of the application and not detailed testing. Sanity testing is generally performed
on a building where the production deployment is required immediately like a critical bug fix.

Advantages of Sanity Testing

 Sanity testing helps to quickly identify defects in the core functionality.
 It can be carried out in less time as no documentation is required for sanity testing.
 If the defects are found during sanity testing, the project is rejected which is helpful in
saving time for execution of regression tests.
 This testing technique is not so expensive when compared to another type of testing.
 It helps to identify the dependent missing objects.

3. Regression Testing
The process of testing the modified parts of the code and the parts that might get affected due to
the modifications ensures that no new errors have been introduced in the software after the
modifications have been made. Regression means the return of something and in the software field,
it refers to the return of a bug.

Advantages of Regression Testing

 It ensures that no new bugs have been introduced after adding new functionalities to
the system.
 As most of the test cases used in Regression Testing are selected from the existing
test suite, we already know their expected outputs. Hence, it can be easily automated
by the automated tools.
 It helps to maintain the quality of the source code.

4. Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing is done by the customers to check whether the delivered products perform the
desired tasks or not, as stated in the requirements. We use Object-Oriented Testing for discussing
test plans and for executing the projects.

Advantages of Acceptance Testing

1. This testing helps the project team to know the further requirements of the users
directly as it involves the users for testing.
2. Automated test execution.
 3. It brings confidence and satisfaction to the clients as they are directly involved in the
testing process.
4. It is easier for the user to describe their requirements.
5. It covers only the Black-Box testing process and hence the entire functionality of the
product will be tested.

5. User Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a testing methodology where clients/end users participate in product
testing to validate the product against their requirements. It is done at the client’s site on the
developer’s site. For industries such as medicine or aerospace, contractual and regulatory
compliance testing, and operational acceptance tests are also performed as part of user acceptance
tests. UAT is context-dependent and UAT plans are prepared based on requirements and are not
required to perform all kinds of user acceptance tests and are even coordinated and contributed by
the testing team.

6. Exploratory Testing
Exploratory Testing is a type of software testing in which the tester is free to select any possible
methodology to test the software. It is an unscripted approach to software testing. In exploratory
testing, software developers use their learning, knowledge, skills, and abilities to test the software
developed by themselves. Exploratory testing checks the functionality and operations of the
software as well as identifies the functional and technical faults in it. Exploratory testing aims to
optimize and improve the software in every possible way.

Advantages of Exploratory Testing

 Less preparation required: It takes no preparation as it is an unscripted testing
technique.
 Finds critical defects: Exploratory testing involves an investigation process that
helps to find critical defects very quickly.
 Improves productivity: In exploratory testing, testers use their knowledge, skills,
and experience to test the software. It helps to expand the imagination of the testers by
executing more test cases, thus enhancing the overall quality of the software.

7. Adhoc Testing
Adhoc testing is a type of software testing that is performed informally and randomly after the
formal testing is completed to find any loophole in the system. For this reason, it is also known as
Random or Monkey testing. Adhoc testing is not performed in a structured way, so it is not based
on any methodological approach. That’s why Adhoc testing is a type of Unstructured Software
Testing.

Advantages of Adhoc testing

 The errors that cannot be identified with written test cases can be identified by Adhoc
testing.
 It can be performed within a very limited time.
 Help to create unique test cases.
 This test helps to build a strong product that is less prone to future problems.
  This test can be performed at any time during Software Development Life Cycle
Process (SDLC)

8. Security Testing
Security Testing is a type of Software Testing that uncovers vulnerabilities in the system and
determines that the data and resources of the system are protected from possible intruders. It
ensures that the software system and application are free from any threats or risks that can cause a
loss. Security testing of any system is focused on finding all possible loopholes and weaknesses
of the system that might result in the loss of information or repute of the organization.

Advantages of Security Testing

1. Identifying vulnerabilities: Security testing helps identify vulnerabilities in the system
that could be exploited by attackers, such as weak passwords, unpatched software, and
misconfigured systems.
2. Improving system security: Security testing helps improve the overall security of the
system by identifying and fixing vulnerabilities and potential threats.
3. Ensuring compliance: Security testing helps ensure that the system meets relevant
security standards and regulations, such as HIPAA, PCI DSS, and SOC2.

9. Globalization Testing
Globalization Testing is a type of software testing that is performed to ensure the system or
software application can function independently of the geographical and cultural environment. It
ensures that the application can be used all over the world and accepts all language
texts. Nowadays with the increase in various technologies, every software product is designed in
such a way that it is a globalized software product.

Benefits of Globalization Testing

 Helps to create scalable products: It makes the software product more flexible and
scalable.
 Save time: It saves overall time and effort for software testing.
 Reduce time for localization testing: Globalization testing helps to reduce the time
and cost of localization testing.

10. Regression Testing

Regression testing is a method of testing that is used to ensure that changes made to the software
do not introduce new bugs or cause existing functionality to break. It is typically done after changes
have been made to the code, such as bug fixes or new features, and is used to verify that the
software still works as intended.

Regression testing can be performed in different ways, such as:

 Retesting: This involves testing the entire application or specific functionality that
was affected by the changes.
 Re – execution: This involves running a previously executed test suite to ensure that
the changes did not break any existing functionality.
 Comparison: This involves comparing the current version of the software with the
previous version to ensure that the changes did not break any existing functionality.
Advantages of Regression Testing
 It helps to ensure that changes made to the software do not introduce new bugs or
cause existing functionality to break.
 It helps to ensure that the software continues to work as intended after changes have
been made.
 It helps to improve the overall reliability and stability of the software.
 It’s important to keep in mind that regression testing is an ongoing process that
should be done throughout the software development.
 lifecycle to ensure that the software continues to work as intended. It should be
automated as much as possible to save time and resources. Additionally, it’s important
to have a well-defined regression test that covers.
Every time a new module is added leads to changes in the program. This type of testing makes
sure that the whole component works properly even after adding components to the complete
program.
Example:
In school records, suppose we have module staff, students, and finance combining these modules
and checking if the integration of these modules works fine in regression testing.

11. Smoke Testing

Smoke Testing is done to make sure that the software under testing is ready or stable for further
testing
It is called a smoke test as the testing of an initial pass is done to check if it did not catch fire or
smoke in the initial switch-on.
Example:
If the project has 2 modules before going to the module, make sure that module 1 works properly.

12. Alpha Testing

Alpha testing is a type of validation testing. It is a type of acceptance testing that is done before
the product is released to customers. It is typically done by QA people.
Example:
When software testing is performed internally within the organization.
13. Beta Testing
The beta test is conducted at one or more customer sites by the end-user of the software. This
version is released for a limited number of users for testing in a real-time environment.
Example:
When software testing is performed for a limited number of people.
14. Object-Oriented Testing
is a combination of various testing techniques that help to verify and validate object-oriented
software. This testing is done in the following manner:
 Testing of Requirements,
 Design and Analysis of Testing,
 Testing of Code,
  Integration testing,
 System testing,
 User Testing.

How to automate your tests

To automate your tests, you’ll need to write them using a testing framework that works with your
programming language. For example, you can use PHPUnit for PHP, Mocha for JavaScript,
and RSpec for Ruby. There are many frameworks available, so you might need to research or ask
other developers to find the best one for your needs.

Once your tests can run from your terminal, you can automate them using a continuous integration
(CI) server like Bamboo or a cloud service like Bitbucket Pipelines. These tools monitor your
code repository and run your tests automatically whenever new changes are pushed.

Advantages of Software Testing

1. Improved software quality and reliability.
2. Early identification and fixing of defects.
3. Improved customer satisfaction.
4. Increased stakeholder confidence.
5. Reduced maintenance costs.
6. Customer Satisfaction
7. Effective Cost
8. Quality Product
9. Low Failure
10. Bug-Free Application
11. Security
12. Speed Up the Development Process
13. Early Defect Detection
14. Reliable Product

Disadvantages of Software Testing

 Time-Consuming and adds to the project cost.
 This can slow down the development process.
 Not all defects can be found.
 It can be difficult to fully test complex systems.
 Potential for human error during the testing process.
Differences between Verification and Validation

Verification Validation

Validation refers to the set of

Verification refers to the set of
activities that ensure that the
activities that ensure software
software that has been built is
correctly implements the specific
traceable to customer
function
Definition requirements.

It includes checking documents, It includes testing and validating

Focus designs, codes, and programs. the actual product.

Type of
Verification is the static testing. Validation is dynamic testing.
Testing

It does not include the execution of It includes the execution of the

Execution the code. code.

Methods used in validation

Methods used in verification are
are Black Box Testing, White Box
reviews, walkthroughs, inspections
Testing and non-functional
and desk-checking.
Methods Used testing.

It checks whether the software

It checks whether the software
meets the requirements and
conforms to specifications or not.
Purpose expectations of a customer or not.

It can only find the bugs that could

It can find bugs in the early stage of
not be found by the verification
the development.
Bug process.

The goal of verification is

The goal of validation is an actual
application and software
product.
Goal architecture and specification.

Validation is executed on software

Quality assurance team does
code with the help of the testing
verification.
Responsibility team.
 Verification Validation

Timing It comes before validation. It comes after verification.

It consists of checking It consists of execution of

Human or documents/files and is performed by programs and is performed by
Computer human. computer.

After a valid and complete Validation begins as soon as the

Lifecycle specification, the verification starts. project starts.

Verification is for the prevention of Validation is for detection of

Error Focus errors. errors.

Verification is also termed as white Validation can be termed as black

Another box testing or static testing as work box testing or dynamic testing as
Terminology product goes through reviews. work product is executed.

Verification finds about 50 to 60% Validation finds about 20 to 30%

Performance of the defects. of the defects.

Verification is based on the opinion

Validation is based on the fact and
of reviewer and may change from
is often stable.
Stability person to person.

Why is validation more difficult than verification in Software Engineering?

Validation is often considered more challenging than verification in software engineering due
to several reasons.

Some of them include:

 Verification focuses on ensuring that the product is built correctly according to
specifications, validation involves assessing whether the product meets the user's actual
needs and expectations.
 Validation requires a deep understanding of user requirements, and these
requirements can sometimes be subjective, evolving, or not clearly articulated.
Additionally, users may have diverse needs, making it challenging to create a one-size-
fits-all solution.
 Validation often involves testing in real-world scenarios, where various external
factors and user interactions come into play. It requires simulating user environments
and behaviors, which can be complex and resource intensive.