ECE 1101 Electrical Circuit Analysis

Introduction to Electric Circuits

Z. Aliyazicioglu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Cal Poly Pomona

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Outline

I. Introduction
II. Electric Circuit Examples
III. Charge and Currents
IV. Power and Energy

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Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Basic Circuit Construction http://www.autoshop101.com/trainmodules/elec_circuits/circ104.html

1. Power Source (Battery, Alternator, Generator, etc.)
2. Load Device (Resistor, Lamp, Motor, Winding, etc.)
3. Conductors (A Return Path, Wiring to Ground)
4. Protection Device (Fuse, Fusible Link, or Circuit Breaker)
4. Control (Switch, Relay, or Transistor)
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Example
Assume that resistance R is 2Ω and voltage V that is applied to it is 12 V. Then,
current flowing in the circuit can be determined as follows

http://www.autoshop101.com/trainmodules/elec_circuits/circ116.html

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Electric Circuit Examples

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Electric Charge
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles q which is measured in coulombs (C).

The nucleus of atoms consists of proton and neutrons. There are equal numbers of protons and
electrons in an atom.
Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.
The amount of charge on
the proton is e = 1.6022x10-19 C
or electrons -e=1.6022x 10-19 C

In 1 C of charge, there are 1/1.602x10-19=6.24 x 1018 electrons.

The practical values of charges are on the order of pC (10-12), nC (10-9), µC (10-6).

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Currents
Electric Current is defined as the total of charge q passing through a cross section area in t
second. The units is Amperes [A]
q
I= i
t
If the charge crossing area changes with time, the current is given
dq(t )
i (t ) =
dt + -
1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second Battery

The charge between time t0 and time t1 can be obtained as

∆ t1
q = ∫ i (t )dt
t0

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 Examples:

1. Calculate the amount of charge represented by ten million proton

( )
10 106 × 1.602 10 −19 =
q= 1.602 10 −12 = (
1.606 pC ) ( )
2. Find the current for given the total charge for t≥0. Calculate the current value at t=1ms

(
4 × 10 −2 1 − e −100t [C ]
q(t ) = ) 0.04

q(t)
0.02
dq(t ) d
i (t ) =
dt dt
( (
= 4 × 10−2 1 − e −100t )) 0
0 0.02 0.04
t[s]
0.06 0.08 0.1

4 10−2 × 100e −100t

=× 4
2

i(t)
−100 t
= 4e [ A] 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
−3 t[s]
i (1ms )
= e100×10
4= 3.62[ A]
Figure 1
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 Examples:
3. The current flowing into a circuit element is given by i(t) = 2 sin(2π100t) mA for t ≥ 0. Find the
charge flowing into the device for t ≥ 0.
Find the total charge entered into the device at t = 2ms. 2

t
q(t ) = ∫ 2(10 −3 )sin(2π 100t )dt

i(t)[mA]
0

-1

0
-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

t[s]

𝑞𝑞(𝑡𝑡) 6

2(10−3 ) 𝑡𝑡
= − cos( 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) � 0 4

2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

q(t)[\microC]
= 3.18(10−6 ) − cos( 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) + 1 2

= 3.18 1 − cos( 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 0

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

t[s]

Figure 2
𝑞𝑞(2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 3.18 1 − cos( 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 × 0.002) = 2.19[𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇]

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Voltage
Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts [V]
The potential difference between A and B is called voltage.

The potential difference is given by

dw AB
v AB = v A − v B = [J / C ]
dq
where w is energy in joules [J], and q is charge [C].

Simplify as dw
v= [J / C ] or [V ]
dq
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton-meter/coulomb

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Power
Power is the time of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts [W]

dw
∆
p=
dt
where p is the power in watts [w], w is energy in joules [J], and t is time in second[s].

dw dw dq p = vi
=
p = = vi
dt dq dt
i
i
a a
If the current enters trough the positive terminal + +
of an element vab
vab
p = +vi b b
If the current enters trough the negative - -
terminal of an element p = +vi p = −vi
p = −vi
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Power
If the voltage and current are time-varying, the power will be time-varying too, which is
called instantaneous power

p(t ) = v (t )i (t )

In the electric circuit

+Power absorbed = -Power Supplied

The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit

∑P = 0

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Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules [J].

t1 t1

=w ∫=
p(t ) dt ∫ v (t )i (t ) dt
t0 t0

The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours

=1Wh 60[min]
= * 60[s ] 3,600J

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 Example
i(t) a
1. The voltage across the element is v (t ) = 50 sin(2π 50t ) V +
the current follow through the element is i (t ) = 2sin(2π 50t ) A
v(t) + v(t)
Find the instantaneous power p(t) over the element -
p(t)
b
Solution: -
Power p(t)
p(t ) = v (t )i (t ) 100

= 50 sin(2π 50t )2sin(2π 50t ) 80

= 100 sin2 (2π 50t ) 60

p(t)
100 40
= (1 − cos(2π 100t ) ) W 20
2
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time[s]

Figure 3

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Examples
1. How much energy does a 75W light bulb consume in two hours?
Solution:
w =pt =75[w ] × 2[h] × 60[min] × 60[s ]
= 540 kJ

This is same as
= pt
w = 75[w ] × 2[h]
= 150Wh
2. An electric stove draws 15 A when connected to a 110V line. How long does it take to
consume 165kJ
Solution:
15[ A] × 110[V ] × time[s ] =
165kJ
165kJ
time[s ]
= = 100[s ]
15[ A] × 110[V ]

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 Exercise-1

Find the current flowing through an element if the charge flowing through the element is
given by
=q(t ) 8te −0.025t C ,t ≥ 0
Solution:

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 Exercise-2

Find the current flowing through an element if the charge flowing through the element is
given by
=q(t ) 12e −0.25t C ,t ≥ 0
Solution:

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 Exercise-3

The charge entering an element is shown in the following figure. Plot the current through the
element for 0 ≤ t < 7 s.

Solution:

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 Exercise-4

Find the total charge passing through an element at one cross section over the time interval
0 ≤ t ≤ 5 s if the current through the same cross section is given by

=i (t ) 6e −0.5t µ A ,t ≥ 0
Solution:

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 Exercise-5
i (t )
Find the power in the circuit element shown in following figure a
and state whether the element is absorbing power or delivering power +
v(t)
i (t ) = 10 cos(2π 100t ) mA
v (t ) = 24 cos(2π 100t )V b
Solution: -

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 Exercise-6
I = 2mA
Find the power in the circuit element shown in following figure a
and state whether the element is absorbing power or delivering power +
Solution: 12V
b
-

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 Exercise-6

Find the power in the circuit element shown in following figure a

and state whether the element is absorbing power or delivering power +
12V
b
Solution: -
I = 2mA

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MATLAB Codes

Figure 1:
Figure 2:
t=0:0.00001:0.1; t=0:0.00001:0.04;
q=4*10^(-2)*(1-exp(-100*t)); i=2*sin(2*pi*100*t);
subplot(2,1,1) subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,q,'r') plot(t,i,'r')
xlabel('t[s]') xlabel('t[s]')
ylabel('q(t)') ylabel('i(t)[mA]')

i=4*exp(-100*t); q=3.18*(1-
subplot(2,1,2) cos(2*pi*100*t));
plot(t,i,'r') subplot(2,1,2)
xlabel('t[s]') plot(t,q,'r')
ylabel('i(t)') xlabel('t[s]')
ylabel('q(t)[\microC]')

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MATLAB Codes

Figure 3:
F=50;
T=1/F;
t=0:T/100:4*T;
p=50-50*cos(2*pi*2*F*t);

plot(t,p,'r')
xlabel('time[s]');
ylabel('p(t)')
title ('Power p(t)')

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