LAB 2 FREQUENCY MODULTION (FM)

CHARLES PITSO 17000796

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEEN 313 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PROFESSOR ABID YAHYA

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Contents
ABSTRUCT ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 4
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................... 5
MATERIALS REQUIRED .................................................................................................................................. 5
THEORY ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
PROCEDURE AND RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 6
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................................. 18
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................... 18
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 18

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ABSTRUCT
The essential reason of a communication system is to transmit and get data such as sound,video or
binary information over a communication medium or channel. The method of employing a baseband
signal to modulate a carrier is calledbroadband transmission. frequency modulation (FM) is one of the
basic three ways of making a baseband signal modulate a sine wave carrier. Frequency modulation (FM)
is the method of conveying information over a carrier wave byvarying its frequency. The aim of this
experiment was to demonstrate a frequency modulated carrier in the time domain for different
modulation indexes and modulating frequencies. used. The values were slightly lower than the
theoretical modulated index values. From the spectrum analyser we have noticed that there is a greater
number of sidebands when a higher modulationindex was used.

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INTRODUCTION
Frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous
frequency of the wave. In frequency modulation, the carrier amplitude remains constant, but its
frequency is changed in accordance with the modulating signal. Specifically, the higher the amplitude of
the information signal, the greater the frequency change. The actual carrier frequency deviates above
and below the center carrier frequency as the information signal amplitude varies. Fig. A shows
frequency modulation with a sine wave information signal. Note that the carrier frequency gets higher
on the positive peaks and lower on the negative peaks of the information signal.

Fig. A . showing frequency modulation

Sidebands are produced by FM just like AM. However, the FM process generates an infinite number of
pairs of sidebands for each frequency in the information signal, in contrast to AM, which generates just
one pair of sidebands for each frequency in the modulating signal. As a result, an FM signal consumes a
huge amount of bandwidth. Fortunately, the quantity of sidebands generated can be reduced by
carefully deciding how much carrier variation is allowed. Fewer sidebands are produced by minor
variations. Additionally, some of the higher-order sidebands have very small amplitudes and as a result
don't contribute much to the FM signal. Although an FM signal's bandwidth can be adjusted to meet a
specific frequency range, it nevertheless typically occupies more space in the spectrum than an AM
signal.

The main advantage of FM is its reduced sensitivity to noise, which is made up of unwanted amplitude
variations that unintentionally amplify a signal. In an FM system with a constant carrier amplitude, noise
may be simply reduced. FM radio broadcasting and two-way mobile and marine radios are some of the
most popular FM uses.

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OBJECTIVES
 The aim of this experiment is to find out and demonstrate a frequency modulated carrier in the
time domain for different modulation indexes and modulating frequencies
 To find out and learn how to determine the modulation index of a frequency modulated carrier
using the time domain display and the frequency domain display

MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Ni multism simulator
 One FM signal generator
 One dual Trace oscilloscope
 Resistor:1KΩ
 Spectrum analyzer

THEORY
The rate of the frequency deviation (δ) to the modulating frequency (f m ) is called the modulation index
(m f ). Therefore,

Formua 1

The FM modulation index is actually a measure of the carrier phase deviation because carrier phase
deviation depends on both the carrier frequency deviation and the modulating information’s frequency
– carrier deviation rate. This means that changes in the modulating amplitude or frequency will alter the
FM modulation index. As in AM, the FM modulation index is an expression of how strongly the carrier is
being modulated. When a frequency- modulated carrier is observed on an oscilloscope, it is observed in
the time domain (voltage as a function time). Unless the frequency deviation is large, it is difficult to
accurately determine the modulation index of a frequency-modulated carrier in the time domain. It is
much easier to measure the FM modulation index in the frequency domain – sine wave voltage levels as
a function of frequency – using a spectrum analyser. In addition, the time domain display gives no
indication of sidebands. In order to observe the sidebands generated by a modulated carrier, the
frequency spectrum of the modulated carrier must be displayed in the frequency domain on a spectrum
analyser.

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PROCEDURE AND RESULTS

Figure 1. shows the circuit used for frequency modulation in the time domain

 The circuit was connected as shown in shown in Fig 1, the circuit demonstrated frequency
modulation in the time domain. The Function generator connected and make the following
settings were selected: sinewave, Frequency = 5kHz, Amplitude =1Vp, off set =o. The
oscilloscope settings were: Time base (scale = 20us/Div, Xpos = 0, Y/T), Ch A (scale =1V/Div,
Xpos = 0, DC), Trigger (Pos edge, level=0, Auto).

 the circuit ran and a frequency modulated carrier was displayed on the oscilloscope screen in
the time domain. The curve was drawn on the graph sheet

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Figure 2 shows the curve plot of the oscilloscope display

 the time period for one cycle (T) of the lowest frequency and the highest frequency was
measured and recorded from the curve plot

period of one cycle (T) of lowest frequency

period of one cycle (T) of highest frequency

 Based on the time periods (T1 and T2) the lowest and highest frequencies were calculated, (f1
and f2) .

 Based on the frequencies f1 and f2 the frequency deviation (δm) was calculated

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  Based on the frequency deviation (δm) and the modulating frequency (Fm) on the FM
generator, the modulation index (m) for the frequency – modulated carrier was calculated.

 steps 3 – 6 were repeated, for different modulation index and modulating frequencies on the
FM generator.
 A frequency analyzer was connected and the following settings were put: Frequency (Center =
100KHz, Span = 200Khz); Amplitude) Lin, Range= 0.1V/div), Resolution = 400Hz.The circuit was
ran until resolution frequencies matched. The frequency spectrum of the frequency modulated
was displayed

Figure 3 shows the spectrum analyzer when modulaton index of source is 5

PROCEDURE FOR 0 MODULATI0N INDEX

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  The circuit was connected as shown in shown in Fig 1, the circuit demonstrated frequency
modulation in the time domain. The Function generator connected and make the following
settings were selected: sinewave, Frequency = 5kHz, Amplitude =1Vp, off set =o. The
oscilloscope settings were: Time base (scale = 20us/Div, Xpos = 0, Y/T), Ch A (scale =1V/Div,
Xpos = 0, DC), Trigger (Pos edge, level=0, Auto).
 the circuit ran and a frequency modulated carrier was displayed on the oscilloscope screen in
the time domain. The curve was drawn on the graph sheet

Figure 4 shows the oscilloscope display when modulaton index of source is 0

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Figure 5 shows the curve plot when modulaton index is 0

 the time period for one cycle (T) of the lowest frequency and the highest frequency was
measured and recorded from the curve plot

period of one cycle (T) of lowest frequency

period of one cycle (T) of highest frequency

 Based on the time periods (T1 and T2) the lowest and highest frequencies were calculated, (f1
and f2) .

 Based on the frequencies f1 and f2 the frequency deviation (δm) was calculated

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  Based on the frequency deviation (δm) and the modulating frequency (Fm) on the FM
generator, the modulation index (m) for the frequency – modulated carrier was calculated.

 A frequency analyzer was connected and the following graph was generated

Figure 6 shows the spectrum analyzer when modulaton index of source is 0

Figure shows the display of the spectrum analyzer of the resulting frequency carrier

PROCEDURE FOR MODDULATION INDEX OF 0.5

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  The circuit was connected as shown in shown in Fig 1, the circuit demonstrated frequency
modulation in the time domain. The Function generator connected and make the following
settings were selected: sinewave, Frequency = 5kHz, Amplitude =1Vp, off set =o. The
oscilloscope settings were: Time base (scale = 20us/Div, Xpos = 0, Y/T), Ch A (scale =1V/Div,
Xpos = 0, DC), Trigger (Pos edge, level=0, Auto).
 the circuit ran and a frequency modulated carrier was displayed on the oscilloscope screen in
the time domain. The curve was drawn on the graph sheet

Figure 7 shows the oscilloscope display when modulaton index of source is 0.5

Figure 8 shows the curve plot of the oscilloscope display

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 the time period for one cycle (T) of the lowest frequency and the highest frequency was
measured and recorded from the curve plot

period of one cycle (T) of lowest frequency

period of one cycle (T) of highest frequency

 Based on the time periods (T1 and T2) the lowest and highest frequencies were calculated, (f1
and f2) .

 Based on the frequencies f1 and f2 the frequency deviation (δm) was calculated

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  Based on the frequency deviation (δm) and the modulating frequency (Fm) on the FM
generator, the modulation index (m) for the frequency – modulated carrier was calculated.

 A frequency analyzer was connected and the following graph was generated

Figure 9 shows the spectrum analyzer when modulaton index of source is 0.5

PR0CEDURE F0R WHEN M0DULATI0N INDEX IS 1

 The circuit was connected as shown in shown in Fig 1, the circuit demonstrated frequency
modulation in the time domain. The Function generator connected and make the following
settings were selected: sinewave, Frequency = 5kHz, Amplitude =1Vp, off set =o. The
oscilloscope settings were: Time base (scale = 20us/Div, Xpos = 0, Y/T), Ch A (scale =1V/Div,
Xpos = 0, DC), Trigger (Pos edge, level=0, Auto).
 the circuit ran and a frequency modulated carrier was displayed on the oscilloscope screen in
the time domain. The curve was drawn on the graph sheet

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Figure 10 shows the oscilloscope display when modulaton index of source is 1

Figure 11 shows the curve plot of the oscilloscope display

 the time period for one cycle (T) of the lowest frequency and the highest frequency was
measured and recorded from the curve plot

period of one cycle (T) of lowest frequency

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 period of one cycle (T) of highest frequency

 Based on the time periods (T1 and T2) the lowest and highest frequencies were calculated, (f1
and f2) .

 Based on the frequencies f1 and f2 the frequency deviation (δm) was calculated

 Based on the frequency deviation (δm) and the modulating frequency (Fm) on the FM
generator, the modulation index (m) for the frequency – modulated carrier was calculated.

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 A frequency analyzer was connected and the following graph was generated

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Figure 12 shows the spectrum analyzer when modulaton index of source is 1

DISCUSSION
The outcomes showed that the frequency modulated carrier wave had modulation indices at zero. This
is because the frequency deviation is tiny to or inconsequential when the modulation index of the
source is zero or noticeably low, which causes the modulation index of the frequency-modulated carrier
signal to seem as such.

CONCLUSION
From the spectrum analyser we have noticed that there is a greater number of sidebands when a higher
modulation index was used. Also, we have realized that the frequency deviation was greater when a
larger modulation index was used

REFERENCES
Louis E. FrenzelJr., in Electronics Explained (Second Edition), 2018

H, S. & M, M., 2010. Communication Systems. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc..

Frenzel, L., 2017. Electronics Explained. San Diego: Newnes [Imprint].

Plonus, M., 2001. Electronics And Communications For Scientists And Engineers.

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