132KV Grid-Station Overview Study
132KV Grid-Station Overview Study
132KV Grid-Station Overview Study
a short overview of a typical grid station is given, i hope it will help, and will
build an idea how these substations work .
Grid Station
Substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical
energy from one form to another, say from one voltage level to another level, hence a
substation is an Intermediate link between the Generating station and consumers.
The most important part of electric power system is the Grid Station. A
132kv Grid Station is that part of power system where high voltage of 132kv
is received, stepped down to 11kv and then given to different feeders that
feed distribution lines. This whole process is carried out by different parts
and equipment.
1. Switch yard
Switch yard is divided into three parts i.e. line bay, bus bar and transformer
bay.
Line bay:
Wave trap: it traps the waves associated with 132kv line, which are
used for communication purposes.
Isolator: an isolator is installed which isolates the grid from the line.
Isolators are “no load” switches and are operated under no-load
conditions. Its operating under load condition is very dangerous as
disconnecting high voltages will create a large flash.
Earth switch: an earth switch is also installed with the isolator,
with the help of which we ground any static charges before
working/maintenance.
Line Circuit breaker: a high rating SF6 C/B is installed which
operates automatically under abnormal conditions and disconnect the
grid from the line to avoid any damages. It can also be operated
manually and unlike isolators the can be operated under load
conditions as they have quenching media in them.
Line CT: after circuit breaker a current transformer is installed which
calculates current and give indication to the C/B when over current
fault occurs hence acts as a protective device as well as measuring
device. Its CT ratio is generally 600/5A.
Isolator: again an isolator is installed.
Bus bar:
After line bay it comes 132kv bus bar. It acts as a node point between line
bay and transformer bay. Bus bar helps in getting connections to several
units (transformers) from a single 132kv line. It can be used for incoming
connections as well as outgoing ones.
Power transformer
These are the step down transformers with Delta circuit configuration on
input side (HT) and Star circuit configuration on output side (LT). This
transformer steps down 132Kv to 11Kv. An input of 132kv is given to the
transformer primary coil through three input wires i.e. Red(R), Yellow(Y) and
Blue (B) and then 11kv is taken from secondary coil. The transformers use
the magnetic induction process to step down the 132Kv to 11Kv due to
specific turn ratio in coils.
The main parts of a power transformer are its windings and bushes. Some
other parts, also known as accessories are:
Transformer cooling
When the transformers operate continuously, as a result the core, coils, main
tank and the transformer oil heats up to a high temperature which can affect
the operation, maintenance, and output voltage of the transformer. In grid
stations transformers are kept cool through three different processes. That
are:
1. ONAN: It stands for oil natural air natural. In this method fans are
OFF and the transformer is cooled by natural air, same is the case of oil
which circulates by spontaneous motion of hot and cold oil.
2. ONAF: It stands for oil natural air forced. This method is applied
under a bit higher temperature. Oil circulation takes place by itself
while the air is provided by radiator fans.
3. OFAF: It stands for oil forced air forced. This method is applied
under highest temperatures. Fans are ON that provide more air and
the circulation of oil is also speedup by oil circulation pump.
2. 11Kv Room
The outputs of each power transformer is than brought into 11Kv Room
through power cables. The 11Kv room has incoming panels for each
transformer, different outgoing panels for each incoming panel and a bus
coupler. All of them are explained below.
These panels are fitted in the 11Kv room, receiving 11Kv from each
transformer as each transformer has its own incoming panel. The incoming
have a number of parts like 11Kv C/B, bus bar, relays and power meter etc.
that are included in each of the incoming panel.
As the name “bus bar coupler” indicates that it couples the bus bars of two
incomings. It also known as bus coupler. It couples one 11kv bus bar to
another when one of the transformer is faulty so that the supply towards the
consumers is not disturbed. The advantage is the uniform (un-interrupted)
supply. It is installed between the two incoming panels in the 11kv control
room.
This panel is especially for 132kv line. It consists of distance relay, over
current and earth fault relay and DC supervision relay.
Distance relay: this relay shows the zone where the fault occur as
well as the phase in which occur i.e. A, B & C.
Over current and earth fault relay: this relay does tripping as
well as shows whether the fault (over current) was due to phase to
phase short circuit or phase to ground one.
DC supervision relay: DC supervision relay shows whether the
system (panel and relays) is healthy or not.
132kv line control panel: This control panel controls the line bay
i.e. the system from the tower to the bus bar.
Two meters: one shows the tap position and the other
shows temperature of transformer in .
Two selector type switches: one for cooling fans ON OFF
and other for tap changer.
AC DC panel:
This is another important panel in the 132kv control room. It controls AC and
DC supply of the whole grid. It has two parts one for AC and other for DC.
It also controls AC supply (220 v) of the 11kv incoming and outgoing panels.
Rectifier:
It charges batteries
Provide DC supply to the load
Shares load with battery during overload condition.
The rectifier used in grid has a voltmeter and an ammeter for incoming AC
and another voltmeter and ammeter for outgoing DC.
ON/OFF
Auto/manual
Boost/float (for boost and normal charging of battery)
Load/battery.
Relay panel:
This panel controls different relays like overcurrent relay, distance relay,
differential relay, oil temperature and winding temperature relay and many
more that are discussed as under.
As the name indicates these relays keeps the transformer safe from over
current which may cause serious problem to the transformer. As we know
that some time the consuming of electric power increase to a dangerous
level that causes a huge current due to over loading. The relay trips and
gives indication of the type and area of tripping.
Differential relay:
These relays operate on the fault between transformer input and output. The
fault may be due to low voltage, high voltage or may be due to earth fault.
This relay operates as the buckle action occurs. Buckle reaction is discussed
before. As we know that buckle action occur when dangerous gasses
produce in main tank so this situation is also an alarming situation and it
must also be noticed as well so this job is done through this relay.
4. Battery room
Battery bank is the conserved source of 110v dc voltage.
It gives supply to the protection system of the grid when supply from the
rectifier stops.
These are lead acid batteries having specific gravity of 1.220 and are of 150
A.H capacity.