Speech Context – The way that people use to communicate and transmit

messages orally or verbally in different situations.

Purpose: WHY are you giving the speech
WHO are your intended listener
TYPES OF SPEECH
INTRAPERSONAL- communication that centers in one person where the
speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message ( Hybels
& Weaver, 2012, p16)
INTERPERSONAL- communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them.
Types
Dyad communication – occurs between two people only.
Small group – at least 3 but not more than 10 people engaging in a face to
face interactions.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – requires you to deliver or send an informative
or persuasive message before or in front of a group. “ in public com. Unlike
interpersonal and small group, the channel are more exaggerated the voice
is louder and the gestures are more expansive.” ( Hybels and Weaver
2012)
MASS COMMUNICATION- takes place through television, radio,
newspaper, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of
media.
REMEMBER: A speech context dictates and affects the way people
communicate, eventually resulting to various speech style.
Speech Style- the unique way in which the information are delivered to the
audience.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
MARTIN JOOSE (1976) “ it is a form of language that the speaker uses
which is characterized by the degree of formality.”
INTIMATE STYLE – style is private. Occurs between and among close
family members or intimate individual. Language used may not be shared in
public. (soft voice) Ex. A couple may share a private.
CASUAL STYLE- Common among peers and friends. Jargon, Slang, street
language, gay linggo, or vulgar words are used. Ex. Group chat or social
media interaction between friends.
CONSULTATIVE STYLE – standard style of speech. Professional or mutually
acceptable language is a must in this style. Ex. Discussing between
accounting and client.
FORMAL STYLE – Always use in formal setting. One way and
straightforward in nature. Speech is usually prepared beforehand and uses
complex, well structured, logically, sequenced, and strongly.
FROZEN STYLE- uses during respectful events and ceremonies. Speech
used remains unchange overtime. Ex. Pledge, Vision, Mission, Oath Taking.

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES – must be used to start and keep the

conversation going ( Cohen 1990)
TYPES:
NOMINATION – proposing or suggesting a topic with the people you are
talking to. Beginning or opening a discussion.
“ have you heard about the latest album of Taylor swift” Avoid personal and
political questions.
RESTRICTION – limiting the topic or subject in conversation. Happens when
the person wants to focus on aspect of the issue or topic being discussed
due to certain limiting conditions ( i .e time) “let’s focus on the
communicative strategies alone”
TURN TAKING – Process by which people decide who takes the
conversation floor. Allowing appropriate opportunities for others to talk.
Manners in which an orderly conversation normally take place. “what do you
think” “what can you say”
TOPIC CONTROL- regulating or manipulating the topic of the conversation
and how long the other person may talk. Done to elicit specific information
from a conversation. “ going back to what we talking about” “Anyways”
TOPIC SHIPTING- changing the subject in a conversation, moving from one
topic to another. Done without explicitly announcing change of topic and
keeps the communication going and makes it interesting. “ by the way”
“moving on” “additionally” “ did you know” “ now let’s talk” “aside from
that”
REPAIR- refers to the correction by the speaker of misunderstood
utterance. How the speaker address the problems, in speaking, listening,
and comprehending that they may encounter in convo. Ex. Pardon, what i
mean, rather, as what i have said, again, let me repeat myself.
TERMINATION – occurs in the last part of communicative situation, ending
the conversation or closing discussion.
PRE-CLOSING EXPRESSION
 It’s been nice talking to you
 I really enjoyed meeting you
 I’m afraid i have to leave now
 Thanks for taking the time to us
FOLLOW UP EXPRESSION
 I’ll give you a call
 I’ll have my secretary schedule an appointment
 How can i get in touch with you
 How can i contact you
CLOSING EXPRESSIONS
 See you next week
 Here’s my number
 Call me if you have any questions
 Let’s keep in touch
 I look forward seeing you again
SPEECH ACT- An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect. Actions that occurs thanks to language are
considered speech act.
John Langshaw Austin (1962) explain how speech acts
occur
Locutionary act- occurs when the speaker performs a locution.
The phrase or sentence that has meaning (vocabulary) and
structure (grammar).
1. It has sense
2. It should have same meaning to both speaker and
communicator
3. Shared meaning
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT – the performance of the act of saying
something with a specific intention of illocution. Social function of
what is said
1. Stating an opinion, confirming, or denying
2. Making an prediction, a promise, or a request
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT – Happens when what the speaker
says has an effect on the listener or a perlocution – the
resulting act
1.Inspiring or insulting
2.Persuading or convincing
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT- When a speaker does not directly

Performatives - statements which enables the speaker to

perform something just by stating it. Ex. When a priest declare
“now pronouns you man and wife”
John Searl’s classification -
1. Assertive- speaker expresses belief about the truth of
proposition ex. Suggesting, putting forward, swearing,
boasting, and concluding.
2. Directive- the speaker tries to make the receiver perform an
action.
3. Commissive – speaker commits to something in the future.
4. Expressive – expresses how the speaker feel about the
situation
5. Declaration – change of the state of the world in an
immediate way.