PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM

SOLVING USING C
Expansion of computer
C - Common
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Purposely
U - Used for
T -Technological and
E - Educational
R -Research
Father of Computer
History of Computers

➢ First counting device

➢ They used sticks, stones and bones as

counting tools.

➢ As human mind and technology

improved with time more computing
devices were developed.
 History of Computers
Abacus
❑ Was invented approximately 3000 BC

❑ Can do X, /, +, -

❑ Is still in use today in parts of the

world
 History of Computers
Napier’s Bones
❑ Was invented in 1500’s by John Napier

❑ Can do X, /, +, -

❑ Is able to do multiplication much

faster than abacus
 History of Computers

Difference Engine
❑ Was invented in 1842 by Charles
Babbage

❑ Would able to do +, -, X, / as well

as solve polynomial calculations
and logarithms
Analytical Engine
 History of Computers

Analytical Engine
❑ Charles Babbage began working on it
in 1848
❑ This was the worlds first truly
programmable device, and therefore the

world’s first true computer

Father of Modern Digital Computer
 Alan Turing

• English Mathematician
• Logician
• Cryptanalyst and
• Computer Scientist
• Father of Computer Science and Artificial
Intelligence
Turing machine
• ADA
Types of Computer
Components of Computer
System
 Organization of Computer
Computer organization consist of following parts
 CPU – central processing unit
 Memory
 Input devices
 Output devices
 Central processing unit
• Alternatively referred to as the brain of the computer,
processor, central processor,or microprocessor,
the CPU
• first developed at Intel in the early 1970’s
• The computer CPU is responsible for handling all
instructions it receives from hardware and software
running on the computer
• CPU performs all types of data processing
operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results and instructions
• It controls the operation of all parts of computer
CPU itself has following three components
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
All arithmetic calculations and logical operation are
performed using the Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALU
2. Memory Unit
• A memory is just like a human brain.
• It is used to store data and instruction Computer
memory is use to Stores information being processed by
the CPU
3. Control Unit
unit help to perform operations of input unit, output
unit, Memory unit and ALU in a sequence.
Input Devices
• A device that can be used to insert data into a
computer system is called as input device.
• Examples : Keyboards, mouse, scanners and digital
cameras
Output Devices
• A device which is used to display result from a
computer is called as output device
• Examples: Printer, Scanner, Monitor, etc.
Examples of software and Hardware
 Hardware Software
Hardware is further divided into Software is further divided into
four main categories: two main categories:
• Input Devices • Application Software
• Output Devices • System Software
• Secondary Storage Devices
• CPU
Developed using electronic and Developed by using a
other materials programming language
When damaged, it can be When damaged it can be installed
replaced with a new component once more using a backup copy
Hardware is physical in nature The software cannot be physically
and hence one can touch and see touched but still can be used and
hardware seen
Hardware cannot be infected by The software can be infected by
Viruses Viruses
 Types of Computer Language
• Computer language is defined as code or syntax which is
used to write programs or any specific applications
• The computer language is used to communicate with
computers
• Three categories assembly language, machine language,
and high-level language
1. Machine Language
• The Machine language is considered a low-level language
• Other name -machine code or object code
• Which is set of binary digits 0 and 1
• These binary digits are understood and read by a computer system
• Example of machine language for the text “Hello World”.
01001000 0110101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000
01010111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100
2. Assembly Language
• Intermediate-level language for microprocessors
• It is second-generation language
3. High-Level Language
• The high-level language is easy to understand and
• human-readable program
• Examples: C++, C, JAVA, FORTRAN, etc..
Computer – Software
➢ Software is a set of programs,
which is designed to perform a
well-defined function.

➢ A program is a sequence of
instructions written to solve a
particular problem.
There are two types of software
• System Software

• Application Software
 System Software
• The system software is a collection of programs
• designed to operate, control, and supports the process
of computer
• System software –Inbuilt in System
• System software written in low-level languages
• Use to Interact with the hardware and software
• It Serves as the interface between the hardware and
end users
• Examples: Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,
Assemblers, etc..
System Software
Some examples of system software are Operating

System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.

• Close to the system

• Fast in speed

• Difficult to design

• Difficult to understand

• Less interactive

• Smaller in size

• Difficult to manipulate

• Generally written in low-level language

Application Software
• Application software products are designed to satisfy
a particular need of a particular environment
• It is a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish user
task, such as a spreadsheet package
• Some examples: Payroll Software , Student Record
Software , Income Tax Software and Railways
Reservation Software
Application Software
• Application software products are designed
to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment.

• All software applications prepared in the

computer lab can come under the category
of Application software.

• Application software may consist of a single

program, such as Microsoft's notepad for
writing and editing a simple text.
Application Software
Examples of Application software are the

following −

• Payroll Software

• Student Record Software

• Inventory Management Software

• Income Tax Software

• Railways Reservation Software

• Microsoft Office Suite Software

• Microsoft Word

• Microsoft Excel

• Microsoft PowerPoint
 Key System Software Application Software
Definition System Software is the Application Software is the
type of software which is type of software which runs
the interface between as per user request. It runs
application software and on the platform which is
system provide by system software
Developme low level language high level language
nt Language
Usage System software is used Application software is used
for operating computer by user to perform specific
hardware task
Installation Installed on the computer Application software are
when operating system is installed according to user’s
installed requirements
Dependenc System software can run Application software can’t
y independently, It provides run independently. They
platform for running can’t run without the
 Program Design Tools
• Program Design tools are the tools used to
develop a program. A program is the expression of
an algorithm in a programming language.

01 Algorithms

02 Flowcharts

03 Pseudo codes
Algorithm
An algorithm in general is a sequence of steps to
solve a particular problem. Algorithms are
universal.

The algorithm you use in C programming language

is also the same algorithm you use in every other
language.
Qualities of a good algorithm

1. Input and output should be defined precisely.

2.Each steps in algorithm should be clear and

unambiguous.

3. Algorithm should be most effective among many

different ways to solve a problem.

4.An algorithm shouldn't have computer code.

Instead, the algorithm should be written in such a
way that, it can be used in similar programming
languages
Examples Of Algorithms In
Programming
Examples Of Algorithms In
Programming
 Flowchart

• A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a

workflow or process.

• A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic

representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step
approach to solving a task.

• The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various

kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes
with arrows.
Symbols Used In Flowchart
Symbols Used In Flowchart
Guidelines for Developing
Flowcharts
Guidelines for Developing Flowcharts
• These are some points to keep in mind while
developing a flowchart −

• Flowchart can have only one start and one stop

symbol

• On-page connectors are referenced using numbers

• Off-page connectors are referenced using alphabets

• General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to

right

• Arrows should not cross each other

Guidelines for Developing
Flowcharts
Guidelines for Developing Flowcharts
• These are some points to keep in mind while
developing a flowchart −

• Flowchart can have only one start and one stop

symbol

• On-page connectors are referenced using numbers

• Off-page connectors are referenced using alphabets

• General flow of processes is top to bottom or left to

right

• Arrows should not cross each other

 Pseudocode
• pseudocode is a method of writing an algorithm.

• It cannot be compiled or run like a regular

program.

• Pseudocode can be written how you want. But

some companies use specific pseudocode syntax
to keep everyone in the company on the same
page.

• Syntax is a set of rules on how to use and organize

statements in a programming language

Advantages of Pseudocode

• Improves the readability of any approach.

• It’s one of the best approaches to start

implementation of an algorithm.

• Acts as a bridge between the program and the

algorithm or flowchart.

• The main goal of a pseudo code is to explain what

exactly each line of a program should do,

• Hence making the code construction phase easier for

the programmer.
Advantages of Pseudocode
Example
SumOfTwoNumbers()
Begin
Set sum =0;
Read: a, b;
Set sum = a + b;
Print sum;
End
 History of C Language
• C programming language was developed in 1972
by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of AT&T
(American Telephone & Telegraph), located in the
U.S.A.

• Dennis Ritchie is known as the founder of the c

language.

• It was developed to overcome the problems of

previous languages such as B, BCPL, etc.
 Features of C Language
• C is the widely used language. It provides
many features that are given below.
 C- compiler
• There are many compilers available for c and c++.
You need to download any one. Here, we are
going to use Turbo C++.
 Compilation process in c
• The compilation is a process of converting the
source code into object code. It is done with the
help of the compiler.

• The compiler checks the source code for the

syntactical or structural errors, and if the source
code is error-free, then it generates the object
code.
 Compilation process in c
• The compilation process can be divided into four
steps, i.e., Pre-processing, Compiling, Assembling,
and Linking.

• The following are the phases through which our

program passes before being transformed into an
executable form:

1. Preprocessor

2. Compiler

3. Assembler

4. Linker
Compilation process in c
 Compilation process in c
Preprocessor
• The source code is the code which is written
in a text editor and the source code file is
given an extension ".c".

• This source code is first passed to the

preprocessor, and then the preprocessor
expands this code.

• After expanding the code, the expanded

code is passed to the compiler.
 Compilation process in c
Compiler
• The code which is expanded by the
preprocessor is passed to the compiler.
The compiler converts this code into
assembly code.

• Or we can say that the C compiler

converts the pre-processed code into
assembly code.
 Compilation process in c
Assembler
• The assembly code is converted into object
code by using an assembler. The name of the
object file generated by the assembler is the
same as the source file.

• The extension of the object file in DOS is

'.obj,' and in UNIX, the extension is 'o'. If the
name of the source file is 'hello.c', then the
name of the object file would be 'hello.obj'.
 Compilation process in c
Linker
• Mainly, all the programs written in C use library
functions.

• These library functions are pre-compiled, and the

object code of these library files is stored with
'.lib' (or '.a') extension.

• Therefore, we conclude that the job of the linker

is to link the object code of our program with the
object code of the library files and other files.
 Compilation process in c
Linker
• The output of the linker is the executable file. The
name of the executable file is the same as the
source file but differs only in their extensions.

• In DOS, the extension of the executable file is

'.exe',

• For example, if we are using printf() function in a

program, then the linker adds its associated code
in an output file.
 Compilation process in c
Let's understand through an example.

hello.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

printf("Hello javaTpoint");

return 0;

}
Compilation process in c
 Structure of c program
A C program involves the following sections:

• Documentations (Documentation Section)

• Preprocessor Statements (Link Section)

• Global Declarations (Definition Section)

• The main() function

• Local Declarations

• Program Statements & Expressions

• User Defined Functions

 First C Program
/*My first c program*/

#include<stdio.h>

Void main()

printf("Hello, World!\n");

}
/* Comments */ - Comments are a way of explaining what
makes a program. The compiler ignores comments and
used by others to understand the code.

#include<stdio.h> - This is a preprocessor command. That

notifies the compiler to include the header file stdio.h in
the program before compiling the source-code.

Void – the function returns null

main() - The main() is the main function where program

execution begins. Every C program must contain only one

main function.

Braces - Two curly brackets "{...}" are used to group all

statements.

printf() - It is a function in C, which prints text on the screen.

Compile and Execute C Program

• Open a text editor and add the

above-mentioned code.

• Save the file as hello.c

• Alt + F9 – Compile

• Ctrl + F9 – Compile & Run

 Input and output statements

• printf() is used to display the output

and scanf() is used to read the
inputs.
• printf() and scanf() functions are
declared in “stdio.h” header file
in C library.
• All syntax in C language
including printf() and scanf()
functions are case sensitive.
Tokens – small individual unit
 Keywords in C
A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as
a variable name, constant name, etc. There are
only 32 reserved words (keywords) in the C
language.
 C Identifiers
• Identifier refers to name given to entities such as variables,
functions, structures etc.

• Identifiers must be unique. They are created to give a

unique name to an entity to identify it during the execution
of the program.

• For example:

• 1. int money;

• 2. double accountBalance;

• Here, money and accountBalance are identifiers.

• Also remember, identifier names must be different from

keywords. You cannot use int as an identifier because int
is a keyword.
Rules for naming identifiers

• 1. A valid identifier can have letters (both

uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and
underscores.
• 2. The first letter of an identifier should be either
a letter or an underscore.

• 3. You cannot use keywords as identifiers.

• 4. There is no rule on how long an identifier can

be. However, you may run into problems in some
compilers if the identifier is longer than 31
characters.
 Variables in C
• A variable is a name of the memory location. It is
used to store data. Its value can be changed, and it
can be reused many times.

• It is a way to represent memory location through

symbol so that it can be easily identified.

• Let's see the syntax to declare a variable:

type variable_list;

• The example of declaring the variable is given below:

• int a;

• float b;

• char c;
 Variables in C
• Here, a, b, c are variables. The int, float, char are
the data types.

• We can also provide values while declaring the

variables as given below:

• int a=10,b=20;//declaring 2 variable of integer

type

• float f=20.8;

• char c='A';
 Variables in C
Rules for defining variables

• A variable can have alphabets, digits, and

underscore.

• A variable name can start with the alphabet, and

underscore only. It can't start with a digit.

• No whitespace is allowed within the variable

name.

• A variable name must not be any reserved word

or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc.
 Variables in C
Local Variable
• A variable that is declared inside the function or
block is called a local variable.

• It must be declared at the start of the block.

void main(){
int x=10;//local variable
}
 Variables in C
Global Variable

• A variable that is declared outside the function or

block is called a global variable.

• Any function can change the value of the global

variable. It is available to all the functions.
int value=20;//global variable
void main(){
int x=10;//local variable
}
 Constants in C
A constant is a value or variable that can't be changed in the

program, for example: 10, 20, 'a', 3.4, "c programming" etc.

There are two simple ways in C to define constants

Using #define preprocessor.

Syntax:

#define identifier value

Example

#define LENGTH 10

#define WIDTH 5
Using const keyword.

Syntax:
const type var
const int LENGTH = 10;
const int WIDTH = 5;
 Data Types in C
A data type specifies the type of data that
a variable can store such as integer,
floating, character
 Data Types in C

• Basic Data Type - int, char, float, double

• Derived Data Type - array, pointer,

structure, union

• Enumeration Data Type - enum

• Void Data Type - void

 Format specifier
• The Format specifier is a string used in
the formatted input and output functions.
• The format string determines the format
of the input and output.
• The format string always starts with a '%'
character.
EXAMPLE:
%d - int
%f - float
%c - char
 INPUT OUTPUT (I/O) STATEMENTS

➢ scanf() function to take input from the user,

➢printf() function to display output to the user

EXAMPLE:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Displays the string inside quotations
printf("C Programming");
return 0;
}
 Output statement in C
➢ printf() function to display output to the user

Syntax: printf(“%X”, variableOfXType);

where %X is the format specifier in c

➢ In C programming, printf() is one of the main output

function. The function sends formatted output to the screen.

➢ The printf() is a library function to send formatted output to

the screen. The function prints the string inside the
quotations.

➢ To use printf() in our program, we need to include stdio.h

header file using #include <stdio.h> statement.
 EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int testInteger = 5;
printf("Number = %d", testInteger);
}

• Output:Number = 5
• We use %d format specifier to print int types.
• Here, the %d inside the quotations will be
replaced by the value of testInteger
Example 3: float and double Output
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
float number1 = 13.5;
double number2 = 12.4;
printf("number1 = %f\n", number1);
printf("number2 = %lf", number2);
}
 Print Characters
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char chr = 'a';
printf("character = %c", chr);
}
Output
character = a
To print char, we use %c format specifier
 INPUT OUTPUT (I/O) STATEMENTS
➢ scanf() function - to take input from the user,
Syntax: scanf(“%X”, &variableOfXType);
where %X is the format specifier in c
& is the address operator in C.

EXAMPLE:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
// Displays the string inside quotations
printf("C Programming");
//getting input from the user
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“Given data is %d”,a);
}
 C Input
• In C programming, scanf() is one of the commonly used function to take
input from the user.

• The scanf() function reads formatted input from the standard input
such as keyboard

Integer Input/Output
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int testInteger;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &testInteger);
printf("Number = %d“,testInteger);
}
Output
Enter an integer: 4
Number = 4
 C Input
• Here, we have used %d format specifier inside the
scanf() function to take intinput from the user.
When the user enters an integer, it is stored in the
testInteger variable.

• Notice, that we have used &testInteger inside

scanf(). It is because &testIntegergets the address
of testInteger, and the value entered by the user is
stored in that address.
 C Input
Example 6: Float and Double Input/Output
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float num1;
double num2;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%f", &num1);
printf("Enter another number: ");
scanf("%lf", &num2);
printf("num1 = %f\n", numprintf("num2 = %lf",
num2);
return 0;}
 C Input
C Character I/O
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char chr;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c",&chr);
printf("You entered %c", chr);
}
Output
Enter a character: g
You entered g.
 C Input
• When a character is entered by the
user in the above program, the
character itself is not stored. Instead,
an integer value (ASCII value) is
stored.

• And when we display that value using

%c text format, the entered character is
displayed. If we use %d to display the
character, it's ASCII value is printed.
 ASCII Value
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char chr;
printf("Enter a character: ");
scanf("%c", &chr);
// When %c is used, a character is displayed
printf("You entered %c.\n",chr);
/*When %d is used, ASCII value is displayed */
printf("ASCII value is % d.", chr);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a character: g
You entered g.
ASCII value is 103.
 I/O Multiple Values
Here's how you can take multiple inputs from the user and displaythem.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
float b;
printf("Enter integer and then a float: ");
// Taking multiple inputs Page13
scanf("%d%f", &a, &b);
printf("You entered %d and %f", a, b);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter integer and then a float: -3
3.4
You entered -3 and 3.400000
Format Specifiers for I/O
Data Type Format Specifier
int %d
char %c
float %f
double %lf
short int %hd
unsigned int %u
long int %li
long long int %lli
unsigned long int %lu
unsigned long long int %llu
signed char %c
unsigned char %c
 C Operators
➢ An operator is simply a symbol that is used to
perform operations.
➢ There can be many types of operations like
arithmetic, logical, bitwise, etc.
➢ There are following types of operators to
perform different types of operations in C
language.
▪ Arithmetic Operators
▪ Relational Operators
▪ Shift Operators
▪ Logical Operators
▪ Bitwise Operators
▪ Ternary or Conditional Operators
▪ Assignment Operator
▪ Misc Operator
 Arithmetic Operators
• The following table shows all the arithmetic operators
supported by the C language.
• Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then
 Arithmetic Operators
EXAMPLE:
Relational Operators
• The following table shows all the relational operators
supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable
B holds 20 then
 Relational Operators
A relational operator checks the relationship between two
operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is
false, it returns value 0.
Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or
1 depending upon whether expression results true or false.
Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in
C programming.
• (a == b) && (c > 5) evaluates to 1 because both
operands (a == b) and (c > b) is 1 (true).

• (a == b) && (c < b) evaluates to 0 because

operand (c < b) is 0 (false).

• (a == b) || (c < b) evaluates to 1 because (a = b)

is 1 (true).

• (a != b) || (c < b) evaluates to 0 because both

operand (a != b) and (c < b) are 0 (false).

• !(a != b) evaluates to 1 because operand (a !=

b) is 0 (false). Hence, !(a != b) is 1 (true).

• !(a == b) evaluates to 0 because (a == b) is 1

(true). Hence, !(a == b) is 0 (false).
conditional operator
(condition) ? expression1 : expression2

If the condition is true then expression1 is executed

else expression2 is executed
Example
Type Conversion in C

• The type conversion process in C is basically

converting one type of data type to other to
perform some operation.

• The conversion is done only between those

datatypes wherein the conversion is possible

• EX – char to int and vice versa.

• There are two types of type conversion

1) Implicit Type Conversion
2) Explicit Type Conversion
1.Implicit Type Conversion

• This type of conversion is usually performed by the

compiler when necessary without any commands
by the user. Thus it is also called "Automatic
Type Conversion".

• The compiler usually performs this type of

conversion when a particular expression contains
more than one data type.

• In such cases either type promotion or demotion

takes place.
Whenever the compiler deals with different data types in an
expression, the operand which is present at the lower rank
will be converted to the corresponding datatype of the
operand with the higher rank.
Rules...

1. char or short type operands will be converted to int during an operation

and the outcome data type will also be int.
2. If an operand of type long double is present in the expression, then the
corresponding operand will also be converted to long double same for
the double data type.
3. If an operand of float type is present then the corresponding operand in
the expression will also be converted to float type and the final result
will also be float type.
4. If an operand of unsigned long int is present then the other operand will
be converted to unsigned long int and the final result will also be
unsigned long int.
5. If an operand of long int is present then the other operand will be
converted to long int and the final result will also be long int.
6. If an operand of unsigned int is present then the other operand will be
converted to unsigned int and the final result will also be unsigned int.
Example
int a = 20;
double b = 20.5;
a + b;

➢Here, first operand is int type and other is of type

double.

➢So, as per rule 2, the variable a will be converted to

double.

➢Therefore, the final answer is double a + b =

40.500000.
2) Explicit Type Conversion

• Explicit type conversion rules out

the use of compiler for converting
one data type to another instead
the user explicitly defines within the
program the datatype of the
operands in the expression.
2) Explicit Type Conversion

Output:
1. Thus, in the above example we find that the output result is
12 because in the result expression the user has explicitly
defined the operands (variables) as integer data type.
2. Hence, there is no implicit conversion of data type by the
compiler.If in case implicit conversion was used the result
would be 13.
C - Type Casting

• Type casting is a way to convert a variable

from one data type to another data type.

• For example, if you want to store a 'long'

value into a simple integer then you can type
cast 'long' to 'int'.

• You can convert the values from one type to

another explicitly using the cast operator as
follows −

• (type_name) expression
Example:

#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int sum = 17, count = 5;
double mean;
mean = (double) sum / count;
printf("Value of mean : %f\n", mean );
}
• When the above code is compiled and
executed, it produces the following result
• Value of mean : 3.400000
Integer Promotion
Integer promotion is the process by which values of integer
type "smaller" than int or unsigned int are converted either
to int or unsigned int.

#include <stdio.h>
main() {
int i = 17;
char c = 'c'; /* ascii value is 99 */
int sum;
sum = i + c;
printf("Value of sum : %d\n", sum );
}

Value of sum : 116