Learning Module

of
Gender and Society

By:

MATT B. SINACA
Associate Professor 1
Surigao del Norte State University

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 GE Gender and Society

Module 1: TITLE: Gender Concepts/terms

A. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. Understand and explain the distinctions between biological sex and gender as
social and cultural constructs.
2. Recognize and articulate various forms of SOGIE-SC, and understand how these
concepts can differ across individuals and cultures.
3. Comprehend the idea of intersectionality and how multiple identities (such as
race, class, gender, sexuality, and disability) intersect and impact individuals'
experiences and social positioning.
4. Utilize the definitions and key concepts learned to analyze and discuss real-life
situations, demonstrating an understanding of how these concepts manifest in
everyday life and impact social interactions.

B. Lesson Content

Part 1: Sex vs. Gender

The difference between gender and sex is a crucial concept that helps us understand
human diversity and social dynamics. Sex refers to the biological differences between males
and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones. For instance,
individuals with XY chromosomes are typically classified as biologically male, while those
with XX chromosomes are classified as biologically female. However, gender is not
determined by biology alone; it is a social and cultural construct that encompasses the roles,
behaviors, and identities that societies consider appropriate for men, women, and non-
binary people. For example, a person may be biologically female (sex) but identify and live
as male (gender), expressing this identity through clothing, behavior, and other external
markers traditionally associated with men.

Understanding various forms of gender identity and expression is essential because these
concepts can differ widely across individuals and cultures. Gender identity is an individual’s
internal understanding and experience of their gender, which may or may not correspond
with the sex they were assigned at birth. For example, someone assigned female at birth
might identify as a man (transgender man) or as neither male nor female (non-binary).
Gender expression, on the other hand, is how a person chooses to present their gender
identity to the world, often through behavior, clothing, and physical appearance. This could
mean a transgender woman (someone assigned male at birth but who identifies as female)
might express her gender by wearing dresses and makeup, similar to a cisgender woman
whose gender identity aligns with her sex assigned at birth.

Another concept related to gender and sex is sexual orientation, which refers to a person's
romantic or sexual attraction to others. This is distinct from both sex and gender. For
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example, a cisgender woman might be attracted to men (heterosexual), women (lesbian),
both men and women (bisexual), or might not experience sexual attraction at all (asexual).
Similarly, a transgender man (a person assigned female at birth but who identifies and lives
as a man) could be attracted to men (homosexual or gay), women (heterosexual), or people
of any gender (pansexual).

The concept of intersectionality further complicates these distinctions by highlighting how

multiple social identities—such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and disability—intersect
and shape an individual's experiences and social positioning. For instance, a Black
transgender woman might face discrimination not only because of her gender identity but
also because of her race. Likewise, an older, bisexual woman with a disability might
encounter unique challenges stemming from the intersections of her age, sexual orientation,
gender, and physical ability. Understanding intersectionality is crucial for appreciating how
various forms of discrimination, such as sexism, racism, and homophobia, can overlap and
create unique dynamics of disadvantage or privilege.

Applying these concepts to real-life situations helps us better understand people's diverse
experiences and identities. For instance, consider a workplace scenario where a
transgender employee, assigned female at birth but who identifies as male, asks colleagues
to use his chosen name and pronouns. This request is an expression of his gender identity,
and understanding the difference between sex and gender is crucial in respecting his
identity and fostering an inclusive environment. Another example is recognizing the unique
experiences of a non-binary student who may face challenges in a school setting where
facilities and activities are strictly divided along binary gender lines. By understanding these
distinctions, we can promote more inclusive and respectful social interactions that
acknowledge and celebrate the full spectrum of human diversity.

At birth, the difference between boys and girls is their sex; as they grow up society
gives them different roles, attributes, privileges and rights that in the end create the
social differences between men and women.

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 Table 1: Difference between sex and gender.

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 Real Life Scenario about Sex and Gender

In a school setting, consider a scenario involving a student named Alex. Alex was
assigned female at birth based on their biological characteristics, such as having XX
chromosomes and female reproductive anatomy. However, as Alex grew older, they
began to identify more with the male gender. This realization started around the age of
12 when Alex expressed discomfort with being referred to by female pronouns and
preferred male pronouns instead.
Alex’s experience highlights the distinction between sex and gender. While their
biological sex is female (assigned at birth), their gender identity is male. This situation
led Alex to come out as transgender to friends and family, seeking acceptance for their
true identity.
The school environment can be challenging for students like Alex. Some classmates
may not understand or accept Alex’s transition, leading to instances of bullying or
exclusion. However, supportive teachers and allies within the school community can
help create an inclusive atmosphere by using correct pronouns and educating others
about gender diversity.
As part of their transition, Alex may choose to adopt a new name that aligns with their
gender identity and may also explore options for medical transition in the future, such as
hormone therapy or surgery. These choices are deeply personal and vary from
individual to individual.
This scenario illustrates how sex (biological characteristics) and gender (identity)
can differ significantly in real life. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and
respecting individuals’ experiences regarding their gender identity while recognizing that
societal norms surrounding gender roles can impact those experiences profoundly.

Part 2: SOGIE-SC:

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sexual

Characteristics
Understanding SOGIE-SC: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression,
and Sexual Characteristics

1. Introduction to SOGIE-SC
SOGIE-SC is an acronym that stands for Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender
Expression, and Sexual Characteristics. This framework is essential for understanding
the complexities of human identity and sexuality. Each component plays a crucial role in
how individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by society.

2. Components of SOGIE-SC
Sexual Orientation: This refers to an individual’s emotional, romantic, or sexual
attraction to other people. It encompasses various identities such as heterosexuality
(attraction to the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to the same sex), bisexuality
(attraction to both sexes), and more. For example, a person who identifies as gay
experiences romantic attraction primarily towards individuals of the same gender.

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Gender Identity: This is an individual’s personal sense of their own gender, which may
or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth. Gender identity can be male,
female, both, neither, or anywhere along the gender spectrum. For instance, a
transgender woman is someone who was assigned male at birth but identifies and lives
as a female.
Gender Expression: This refers to the external presentation of one’s gender through
behavior, clothing, hairstyle, voice, and other forms of expression. It can be masculine,
feminine, a blend of both, or neither. A real-life example would be a person who
identifies as non-binary expressing their gender through androgynous clothing choices
that do not conform strictly to traditional male or female attire.
Sexual Characteristics: These are biological attributes related to sex that include
chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males), hormone levels (such as estrogen
and testosterone), reproductive/sexual anatomy (like ovaries or testes), and secondary
sexual characteristics (like breast development or facial hair). An example here could be
intersex individuals who may have atypical combinations of these characteristics that do
not fit typical definitions of male or female bodies.

3. Real-Life Example Illustrating SOGIE-SC

Consider Alex, a 25-year-old individual who identifies as non-binary:

Sexual Orientation: Alex is attracted romantically and sexually to people regardless of

their gender; thus they identify as pansexual.
Gender Identity: Alex does not identify strictly as male or female but rather feels
comfortable identifying outside this binary classification.
Gender Expression: Alex expresses their identity through fashion choices that include
both traditionally masculine and feminine elements—sometimes wearing skirts paired
with sneakers.
Sexual Characteristics: Alex was assigned female at birth but has undergone hormone
therapy that alters their physical traits over time while still retaining some characteristics
typically associated with females.

This example illustrates how each component of SOGIE-SC interacts within an

individual’s life experience.

4. Importance of Understanding SOGIE-SC

Understanding SOGIE-SC is vital for fostering inclusivity and respect in society. It helps
in recognizing the diversity within human experiences related to sexuality and gender.
Awareness can lead to better support systems for individuals navigating their identities
in various environments such as workplaces, schools, healthcare settings, and
communities.

By acknowledging these aspects openly and respectfully, society can work towards
reducing stigma and discrimination against those whose identities fall outside traditional
norms.

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 Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Gender

Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Gender

Gender roles, identities, and expectations have varied significantly across different
historical periods and cultures. By examining these variations, we gain a deeper
understanding of how gender is not a fixed or universal concept, but rather a social
construct that changes over time and across societies. This exploration sheds light on
the flexibility of gender and its deep ties to cultural, political, and economic forces.

1. Pre-Colonial Societies and Gender Fluidity

In many pre-colonial societies, particularly in parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas,
gender was not limited to the binary categories of male and female. Instead, there were
fluid understandings of gender roles and multiple gender categories beyond the modern
Western framework of two genders.

Philippine Pre-Colonial Society:

Before Spanish colonization, gender roles in the Philippines were more fluid. Indigenous
groups such as the Tagalogs and Visayans recognized the existence of gender-fluid
individuals like the asog or bayog. These individuals were often biological males who
took on female roles, including spiritual leadership as shamans or babaylan. The
babaylan held positions of power in their communities and were revered for their
spiritual, healing, and social contributions. Their gender fluidity was accepted, and in
some cases, considered sacred.
Colonization introduced Christian norms, which imposed binary understandings of
gender and undermined the respected positions of gender-fluid individuals.

Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Philippines had a rich, diverse,
and fluid understanding of gender. Pre-colonial societies, such as the Tagalogs,
Visayans, and other indigenous groups, did not adhere strictly to the binary gender
system that is common today. These societies recognized gender fluidity, with
individuals taking on roles that transcended conventional male-female categories. The
presence of gender-fluid individuals, such as the asog or bayog, and the prominent roles
of babaylan (shamans or spiritual leaders), reflect the cultural acceptance and
reverence of diverse gender identities.

1. The Role of the Babaylan in Pre-Colonial Society

Spiritual Leaders: The babaylan were predominantly women, but there were also men
who took on this role, often adopting female dress and behaviors. These gender-fluid
males, called asog or bayog, were spiritual leaders who were believed to have special
connections to the spiritual world, ancestors, and gods. They were seen as mediators
between the human and supernatural realms, responsible for healing, performing rituals,
and ensuring the well-being of the community.

Gender Fluidity and Power: The fluidity of gender in pre-colonial Philippines was
integrated into societal structures. The babaylan’s position of power was not only due to
their spiritual capabilities but also because of their ability to transcend gender
boundaries. They could embody both masculine and feminine qualities, which were
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believed to give them a deeper understanding of life’s dualities and complexities. This
non-binary identity was considered a source of strength, especially in spiritual and
healing practices.

Social and Political Influence: Aside from their spiritual roles, babaylan had significant
social and political influence. They were consulted by datus (chiefs) on matters of
governance, community welfare, and warfare. Their guidance was sought during
important events like marriages, harvests, and battles. The respect afforded to the
babaylan highlights the pre-colonial Filipinos' respect for individuals who did not conform
to rigid gender norms.

2. The Asog or Bayog: Gender-Fluid Individuals

Asog/Bayog: The asog or bayog were individuals who were biologically male but who
dressed, acted, and lived as women. These gender-fluid roles were not stigmatized;
rather, they were accepted as part of the natural social order. In some cases, these
individuals were believed to possess special spiritual abilities due to their fluid gender
identity. The belief was that by embodying both male and female characteristics, they
had a unique ability to bridge the physical and metaphysical worlds.

Sacredness of Gender Fluidity: The acceptance of the asog and bayog in pre-colonial
society underscores the notion that gender fluidity was not just tolerated but revered. In
many indigenous belief systems, duality is a symbol of balance, and individuals who
embodied both masculine and feminine aspects were seen as spiritually potent. This
notion is evident in the way asog and bayog were often involved in community rituals,
healing practices, and other significant societal functions.

2. The Impact of Spanish Colonization on Gender Roles

Introduction of Christian Norms: When the Spanish colonizers arrived in the Philippines
in 1521, they brought with them Christianity, which imposed a binary understanding of
gender. The Christian worldview divided people into male and female, each with distinct,
rigid roles. This was a stark contrast to the fluid and inclusive gender roles of pre-
colonial societies. The Spanish friars and missionaries viewed the practices of the
babaylan and the asog/bayog as heretical, often demonizing their spiritual practices as
pagan and their gender fluidity as sinful.

Diminishing the Role of the Babaylan: As part of the colonizers' efforts to convert
Filipinos to Christianity, the role of the babaylan was systematically undermined. The
Spanish viewed the babaylan as threats to their mission of spreading Christianity
because these spiritual leaders held immense influence over their communities. The
colonizers replaced the indigenous spiritual system with Catholicism, establishing
priests as the new spiritual authorities. This led to the decline in the power and prestige
of the babaylan, as well as the marginalization of gender-fluid individuals.

Colonial Imposition of Gender Binaries: The imposition of European patriarchal norms

also transformed Filipino society's understanding of gender. Women were relegated to
subordinate roles, expected to embody the Christian ideals of modesty, submission, and
domesticity. Meanwhile, men were expected to adopt roles of authority and leadership,
in line with Western Christian ideals. Gender-fluid individuals, once accepted and
revered, were increasingly marginalized and forced to conform to the colonial gender
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binary.

3. Legacy of Pre-Colonial Gender Fluidity

Resilience of Indigenous Beliefs: Despite centuries of colonization and the imposition of
Western gender norms, traces of the pre-colonial fluid understanding of gender have
persisted in Filipino culture. In some rural and indigenous communities, the role of the
babaylan remains, although in a much more limited and less formal capacity.

Revival and Recognition: In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of interest in
pre-colonial gender roles and the recognition of gender fluidity in Filipino society.
Scholars and activists have worked to reclaim the history of the babaylan and the
asog/bayog, viewing their stories as part of a broader effort to decolonize Filipino culture
and challenge the Western-imposed gender binaries.

Contemporary LGBTQ+ Movements: The pre-colonial acceptance of gender fluidity

provides a historical precedent for today’s LGBTQ+ movements in the Philippines, which
advocate for the rights of gender-diverse individuals. The recognition of the babaylan
and asog as integral parts of pre-colonial society offers a cultural narrative that
challenges colonial legacies of marginalization and stigmatization of non-binary and
transgender individuals.

In pre-colonial Philippines, gender roles were much more fluid, with individuals such as
the babaylan and asog occupying respected positions within society. The introduction of
Spanish colonialism and Christianity imposed rigid gender binaries that marginalized
these roles and altered the Filipino understanding of gender. However, the legacy of
pre-colonial gender fluidity still resonates today, offering a rich cultural heritage that
informs contemporary discussions about gender and identity in the Philippines. The
history of the babaylan and asog highlights the importance of recognizing and
reclaiming indigenous gender roles and challenging the colonial imposition of binary
gender norms.

Native American Two-Spirit People:

In many Native American cultures, gender was understood to encompass more than just
male and female. The term Two-Spirit refers to individuals who embody both masculine
and feminine qualities or who occupy roles that blend gender norms. Two-Spirit people
were often spiritual leaders or held special roles within their communities. Their gender
diversity was celebrated, and they were considered integral to the social and spiritual
fabric of their societies.
European colonization and the introduction of Christianity led to the suppression of
these traditions and the imposition of strict binary gender norms.

South Asian Hijra Community:

The Hijra community, which has existed in South Asia for centuries, comprises
individuals who do not fit neatly into the male-female binary. Many hijras are intersex,
transgender, or eunuchs. Historically, they held significant roles in royal courts and
religious ceremonies, such as performing blessings at weddings and childbirths.
Although colonization and modern societal changes have marginalized hijras, they are
still recognized as a third gender in countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh,
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where they have fought for and gained legal recognition.

2. Ancient Civilizations and Gender Roles

In various ancient civilizations, gender roles were often tied to religious, social, and
economic factors, and these roles could be more fluid than those seen in modern times.

Ancient Egypt:
In Ancient Egypt, gender roles were relatively flexible, especially in terms of political
leadership. While men predominantly held power, women were not entirely excluded
from positions of authority. Female pharaohs, such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra, ruled
Egypt, and women could own property, engage in business, and initiate divorce.
Gender fluidity was also present in Egyptian mythology. Gods like Atum and Hapi were
depicted as embodying both male and female characteristics, symbolizing the unity of
dualities.

Classical Greece and Rome:

In Classical Greece, gender roles were more rigid, with women often confined to
domestic roles and excluded from public life. However, the role of gender in Greek
culture was complex. The philosopher Plato wrote about gender and sexuality,
proposing in his dialogue "Symposium" that humans were once androgynous and that
love was the attempt to regain one's original form.
Sparta presented a notable contrast to other Greek city-states, as women were
encouraged to be physically strong and were afforded more freedoms, including owning
property and engaging in public activities.
Rome followed a more patriarchal system, with men holding most political and social
power. However, women could own property, inherit wealth, and some women, like Livia
Drusilla, the wife of Emperor Augustus, wielded significant political influence.

4. Gender Roles in Medieval Europe

Medieval Europe was largely patriarchal, with strict divisions between male and female
roles, deeply influenced by Christianity.

Women in the Church:

While medieval society often relegated women to domestic roles, the Catholic Church
provided one avenue for women to achieve autonomy and authority. Women who
became nuns, abbesses, or mystics could hold significant influence in religious and
political affairs. Figures like Hildegard of Bingen and Joan of Arc illustrate the spiritual
and, at times, military power that women could wield within certain frameworks.

Gender and Witchcraft:

During the Middle Ages, the persecution of women accused of witchcraft reflected the
societal anxiety around women who did not conform to expected gender roles. The
infamous witch hunts were largely targeted at women, especially those who were single,
widowed, or otherwise economically independent, demonstrating the danger that non-
conforming women posed to patriarchal systems.

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5. Colonialism and the Imposition of Western Gender Norms
Colonialism significantly altered gender dynamics in many parts of the world. European
colonizers imposed their binary understanding of gender, marginalizing the gender
diversity that existed in many indigenous societies.

Introduction of Western Gender Norms:

In colonized societies, European powers imposed Christian ideals and Western legal
systems that reinforced patriarchal structures and binary gender roles. This process
often involved the erasure of indigenous gender diversity, as seen in the Philippines, the
Americas, and Africa, where gender-fluid individuals were previously accepted and even
revered.

The Victorian Era (19th Century):

During the Victorian period, strict gender roles dominated British and Western European
societies. Women were largely confined to the domestic sphere, associated with purity,
morality, and homemaking, while men were expected to be assertive, public figures who
worked outside the home.

The idea of "separate spheres" – the division between the public (male) and private
(female) domains – was prevalent and heavily reinforced by legal and social institutions.

6. Gender in Contemporary Society

The 20th and 21st centuries have seen a dramatic shift in how gender is understood,
with increased awareness and recognition of gender diversity, gender fluidity, and the
social construction of gender roles.

Second-Wave Feminism:
The mid-20th century saw the rise of second-wave feminism, which challenged
traditional gender roles and advocated for women’s rights in areas such as education,
employment, and reproductive rights. Feminist theorists like Simone de Beauvoir argued
that "one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," emphasizing the social
construction of gender roles.

Gender and Sexuality Movements:

The late 20th century also witnessed the emergence of the LGBTQ+ rights movement,
which fought for the recognition and rights of people with diverse sexual orientations and
gender identities. Transgender and non-binary individuals began to gain visibility and
advocate for their rights, challenging the rigid binary understanding of gender.
Legal and policy changes in many countries now recognize gender diversity, with some
nations offering legal recognition of non-binary or third-gender categories, along with
protections against discrimination based on gender identity.

Global Perspectives on Gender:

In many parts of the world, traditional gender roles are still deeply entrenched, often tied
to religious, cultural, or economic factors. However, the global spread of feminist and
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LGBTQ+ movements has led to growing challenges against these norms, as well as the
introduction of gender equality legislation in areas such as education, work, and politics.

7. Gender Fluidity Across Cultures

Several cultures have long recognized gender diversity beyond the male-female binary.
In contrast to Western binary gender systems, many indigenous cultures had and
continue to have non-binary or third-gender categories:

Samoan Fa'afafine:
In Samoa, the Fa'afafine are individuals who are assigned male at birth but take on
female gender roles. Fa'afafine are an integral part of Samoan culture and are
respected for their contributions to both the family and the community. They are often
seen as embodying both masculine and feminine qualities and are accepted as a third
gender.

Balkans' Sworn Virgins:

In some rural communities in the Balkans, a tradition exists where women can choose to
live as men by taking a vow of celibacy. Known as sworn virgins, these women gain the
social privileges of men, such as the right to inherit property, but they are required to live
celibately. This practice reflects the fluidity of gender roles in societies where legal and
social power is concentrated in male hands.

Historical and cultural perspectives on gender demonstrate that gender is not a static or
universally defined concept. Across different societies and eras, gender roles, identities,
and expectations have been fluid, shaped by cultural beliefs, religious practices,
economic systems, and political structures. By examining these perspectives, we can
better appreciate the diversity of gender experiences and challenge the rigid gender
binaries that continue to shape many contemporary societies.

References:

 Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
 De Beauvoir, S. (1949). The second sex. Vintage Books. (Original work published 1949)
 Hooks, b. (2000). Feminist theory: From margin to center. South End Press.
 Kimmel, M. S., & Messner, M. A. (2007). Men’s lives (7th ed.). Pearson.
 Stryker, S., & Whittle, S. (Eds.). (2006). The transgender studies reader. Routledge.

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 LEARNING EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Definition Matching

Match the following terms to their correct definitions:

1. Sex
2. Gender
3. Intersex
4. Gender Expression
5. Gender Identity

Definitions:

A. A person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or something else.
B. The biological characteristics that define humans as male, female, or intersex.
C. A combination of male and female biological characteristics.
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D. The external presentation of one's gender through clothing, behavior, and appearance.
E. Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and attributes that a society considers appropriate for
men, women, or non-binary people.

Exercise 2: True or False

Determine whether the following statements are True or False:

1. Gender is assigned at birth based on physical characteristics.

2. Sex is a social construct and varies widely across cultures.
3. A person’s gender identity can differ from the sex they were assigned at birth.
4. Intersex individuals have biological traits that do not fit typical binary notions of male or
female.
5. Gender expression is the same as sexual orientation.

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks

Complete the sentences with the correct terms: sex, gender, gender identity, gender
expression, or sexual orientation.

1. A person’s ____________ refers to how they present themselves to the world, such
as through clothing and behavior.
2. ____________ is based on biological characteristics such as chromosomes and
reproductive organs.
3. Someone who is biologically female but identifies as male has a different
____________ than their biological sex.
4. ____________ refers to the pattern of romantic or sexual attraction a person feels
toward others.
5. ____________ encompasses the roles, behaviors, and norms that a society considers
appropriate for different sexes.

Exercise 4: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct answer for each question:

1. What is the term for a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were
assigned at birth?
o A) Transgender
o B) Cisgender
o C) Non-binary
o D) Intersex
2. Which of the following is an example of gender expression?
o A) XY Chromosomes
o B) Wearing makeup and dresses
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 oC) Asexuality
oD) Blood type
3. Which term refers to someone who does not identify strictly as male or female?
o A) Cisgender
o B) Transgender
o C) Non-binary
o D) Intersex
4. What is the main distinction between sex and gender?
o A) Sex is a social construct; gender is biological.
o B) Sex is determined by anatomy; gender is a social and cultural construct.
o C) Sex is about gender identity; gender is about chromosomes.
o D) Sex and gender are the same thing.
5. What does intersectionality primarily deal with?
o A) The blending of genders and sexual orientations.
o B) How multiple social identities intersect and impact experiences.
o C) The biological aspects of sex.
o D) The differences between sex and gender.

Exercise 5: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences:

1. What is the difference between gender identity and gender expression?

2. How does intersectionality help us understand the experiences of a transgender
woman of color?
3. Why is it important to distinguish between sex and gender in social contexts?
4. Provide an example of a societal norm related to gender.
5. Can a person’s gender identity change over time? Why or why not?

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