Mistral-class amphibious assault ship

The Mistral class is a class of five amphibious assault

ships built by France. Also known as helicopter
carriers, and referred to as "projection and command
ships" (French: bâtiments de projection et de
commandement or BPC), a Mistral-class ship is
capable of transporting and deploying 16 NH90 or
Tiger helicopters, four landing craft, up to 70 vehicles
including 13 Leclerc tanks, or a 40-strong Leclerc tank
battalion,[4] and 450 soldiers. The ships are equipped
with a 69-bed hospital, and are capable of serving as
part of a NATO Response Force, or with United BPC Dixmude in Jounieh Bay, Lebanon 2012.
Nations or European Union peace-keeping forces. Class overview
Name Mistral class
Three ships of the class are in service in the French
Navy: Mistral, Tonnerre, and Dixmude. A deal for two Builders DCNS[2]
ships for the Russian Navy was announced by then STX Europe[2]
French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 24 December Operators Marine Nationale
2010, and signed on 25 January 2011. On 3 September
Egyptian Navy
2014, French President François Hollande announced
the postponement of delivery of the first warship, Preceded by Foudre class
Vladivostok, in response to the Russia–Ukraine Cost €451.6 million (2012)[1]
crisis.[5][6] On 5 August 2015, President Hollande and In commission December 2005 – present
Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that
Planned 5
France would refund payments and keep the two ships;
the two ships were sold to Egypt within one month.[7] Completed 5
Active 5
General characteristics
History Type Amphibious assault ship
Displacement 16,500 tonnes (empty)

French doctrine of amphibious 21,500 tonnes (full load)

operations in 1997 Length 199 m (652 ft 11 in)

Beam 32 m (105 ft 0 in)
In 1997, the DCNS started a study for a multi-purpose
intervention ship (bâtiment d'intervention polyvalent Draught 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in)
or BIP). At the same time, the French doctrine of Installed 3 Wärtsilä diesel-alternators
amphibious operations was evolving and being defined power 16 V32 (6.2 MW) + 1 Wärtsilä
as the CNOA (French: Concept national des Vasa auxiliary diesel-
opérations amphibies, "National design for alternator 18V200 (3 MW)
amphibious operations").[8] The BIP was to renew and Propulsion 2 Rolls-Royce Mermaid
azimuth thrusters (2 × 7 MW),
increase the amphibious capabilities of the French 2 five-bladed propellers
Navy, which at the time consisted of two Foudre-class Speed 18.8 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
and two Ouragan-class landing platform docks. Range 10,800 km (5,800 nmi) at 18
The CNOA was to assert the French Navy's capability knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
to perform amphibious assaults, withdrawals, 19,800 kilometres
demonstrations, and raids. This would allow the (10,700 nmi) at 15 knots
French Navy to further integrate into the doctrinal (28 km/h)
frameworks described by NATO's Allied Tactical Boats & 4 chaland de transport de
Publication 8B (ATP8) and the European Amphibious landing matériel landing craft
Initiative. While the CNOA made air capabilities a craft carried EDA-R/S Amphibious Landing
priority, it also recommended an increase in the
Craft (S models being
number of vehicles and personnel that could be
delivered from 2021)
transported and deployed;[9] the CNOA fixed the aim
Landing Craft Air Cushion (2
to project a force comprising four combat companies
could be carried but not
(1,400 men, 280 vehicles, and 30 helicopters) for ten
acquired by French Navy)
days, in a 100-kilometre (62 mi)-deep sector; this
force should be able to intervene either anywhere Capacity 70 vehicles (including 13
within 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) of Metropolitan Leclerc tank) or a 40-strong
France , or in support of French oversea territories or Leclerc tank battalion
allies.[8] As well as joint operations with NATO and Troops 450 troops (or 250 troops plus
EU forces, any proposed ship had to be capable of a military staff of 200 men)
inter-service operations with the Troupes de Marine Complement 20 officers, 80 petty officers,
brigades of the French Army.[10] 60 quarter-masters
Sensors and DRBN-38A Decca
Evolution of the concept processing Bridgemaster E250
systems navigation radar
The studies for a multi-purpose intervention ship
(French: bâtiment d'intervention polyvalent, BIP) MRR3D-NG air/surface sentry
began during a time where the defence industries were radar
preparing to undergo restructuring and integration. The 2 optronic fire control systems
BIP was intended to be a modular, scalable design that Armament 2 × Simbad missile systems
could be made available to the various European
2 x 20 mm modèle F2 gun[3]
Union nations and constructed cooperatively, but
political issues relating to employment and repartition 2 × 30 mm Breda-Mauser
of contracts caused the integration of the European 2 x 7.62mm M134 miniguns
nations with naval engineering expertise to fail, and 4 × 12.7 mm M2HB Browning
saw the BIP project revert to a solely French concern. machine guns

In 1997, several common ship designs referred to as Aircraft 16 heavy or 35 light

nouveau transport de chalands de débarquement carried helicopters
(NTCD), loosely based on the aborted PH 75 nuclear Aviation 6 helicopter landing spots
helicopter carrier, were revealed. The largest design, facilities
BIP-19, was the future basis of the Mistral class. The
BIP-19 included a 190-metre (620 ft) long flush deck, with a 26.5-metre (87 ft) beam, a draught of 6.5
metres (21 ft), and a displacement of 19,000 tonnes; dimensions which exceeded the requirements of the
NTCD concept. Three smaller ship designs were also revealed, basically scaled-down BIP-19 versions,
with a common beam of 23 metres (75 ft): BIP-13 (13,000 tonnes, 151 metres (495 ft)), BIP-10 (10,000
tonnes, 125 metres (410 ft)), and BIP-8 (8,000 tonnes, 102 metres (335 ft)). BIP-8 incorporated features
of the Italian San Giorgio-class amphibious transports, but with a helicopter hangar.

At the design stage, the NTCD concept featured an aircraft lift on

the port side (like the U.S. Tarawa class), another on the starboard
side, one in the centre of the flight deck, and one forward of the
island superstructure. These were later reduced in number and
relocated: a main lift towards the aft of the ship was originally
located to starboard but then moved to centre, and an auxiliary lift
behind the island superstructure.[11] Concept drawings and
descriptions created by Direction des Constructions Navales
Landing craft Sabre
(DCN), one of the two shipbuilders involved, showed several
aircraft carrier-like features, including a ski-jump ramp for
STOBAR aircraft (like the AV-8B Harrier II and F-35B fighters), four or five helicopter landing spots
(including one strengthened to accommodate V-22 Osprey or CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters), and a
well deck capable of accommodating a Sabre-class landing craft, or two LCAC hovercraft.[12] A French
Senate review concluded that STOBAR aircraft were outside the CNOA's scope, requiring design
changes.[13]

The NTCD was renamed Porte-hélicoptères d'intervention (PHI, for "intervention helicopter carrier") in
December 2001, before being eventually named Bâtiment de projection et de commandement (BPC) to
emphasize the amphibious and command aspects of the concept.[14]

Design and construction

At Euronaval 1998, France confirmed plans to build vessels based on the BIP-19 concept. Approval for
construction of two ships, Mistral and Tonnerre, was received on 8 December 2000. A construction
contract was published on 22 December and, after getting the public purchase authority's approval (Union
des groupements d'achats publics, UGAP) on 13 July 2001, was awarded to DCN and Chantiers de
l'Atlantique in late July. An engineering design team was established at Saint-Nazaire in September 2001
and, following consultation between DCA and the Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (General
Delegation for Ordnance, DGA), began to adapt the BIP-19 design. In parallel, the concept was refined
by DGA, DCN, the Chief of the Defence Staff and Chantiers de l'Atlantique. During the design validation
process, a 1⁄120th scale model was built and tested in a wind tunnel, revealing that in strong crosswinds,
the ship's height and elongated superstructures created turbulence along the flight deck. The design was
altered to minimise the effects and provide better conditions for helicopter operations.[15]

The ships were constructed at various locations in two major and several minor components and united
on completion. DCN, the head of construction and responsible for 60% of the value of construction and
55% of the work time, assembled the engines in Lorient, combat systems in Toulon, and the rear half of
the ship, including the island superstructure, in Brest. STX Europe, a subsidiary of STX Shipbuilding of
South Korea, constructed the forward halves of each ship in Saint-Nazaire, and was responsible for
transporting them to DCN's Brest shipyard for final assembly.[2] Other companies were involved in the
construction: some work was outsourced to Gdańska Stocznia "Remontowa", while Thales supplied
radars and communications systems. Each ship was predicted to take 34 months to complete, with design
and construction for both costing 685 million Euros (approximately the same cost for a single ship based
on HMS Ocean or USS San Antonio, and approximately the same
cost as the preceding Foudre-class amphibious ships, which
displaced half the tonnage of the Mistral class and took 46.5
months to complete).[16]

Starting from Dixmude, the rest of the French Mistrals and the two
Russian Mistrals were built in Saint-Nazaire by STX France,
which is jointly owned by STX Europe, Alstom and the French Comparison between the BPC and
government, with STX Europe having a majority stake. DCNS the preceding TCD types
will provide the combat system.[2] The Russian ships' sterns were
built in Saint Petersburg, Russia, by Baltic Shipyard.

DCN laid the keels for the aft part of both ships in 2002; Mistral
on 9 July, and Tonnerre on 13 December.[17] Chantiers de
l'Atlantique laid the keel of the forward part of Mistral on 28
January 2003, and of Tonnerre later. The first block of the rear of
Tonnerre was put in a dry dock on 26 August 2003, and that of
Mistral on 23 October 2003. The two aft sections were assembled
side by side in the same dry dock. The forward section of Mistral
Arrival of the forward part of Mistral
left Saint-Nazaire under tow on 16 July 2004 and arrived in Brest
in Brest on 19 July 2004
on 19 July 2004. On 30 July, the combination of the two halves
through a process similar to jumboisation began in dock no. 9.
Tonnerre 's forward section arrived in Brest on 2 May 2005 and underwent the same procedure.

Mistral was launched on schedule on 6 October 2004, while

Tonnerre was launched on 26 July 2005.[18] Delivery was
scheduled for late 2005 and early 2006 respectively, but was
postponed for over a year due to issues with the SENIT 9 sensor
system and deterioration to the linoleum deck covering of the
forward sections. They were commissioned into the French Navy
on 15 December 2006 and 1 August 2007, respectively.[18]
Mistral shortly after launching
The 2008 French White Paper on Defence and National Security
forecast that two more BPCs would be in French Navy service by
2020.[19] In 2009, a third ship was ordered earlier than expected as part of the French government's
response to the recession which began in 2008.[20] Construction began on 18 April 2009 in Saint-Nazaire;
the entire ship was built there due to cost constraints.[21] On 17 December 2009, it was announced that
this third ship would be named Dixmude.[22][23] It had been suggested to use the historic name of Jeanne
d'Arc following the decommissioning of the helicopter cruiser of that name in 2010, but it was opposed
by some French naval circles because France no longer operated a dedicated training ship (the traditional
role of warships named Jeanne d'Arc) and now rotated the training role between multiple ships in the
fleet.[24] The possibility of a fourth Mistral-class ship was officially abandoned in the 2013 French White
Paper on Defence and National Security.

Features and capabilities

Based on displacement tonnage, Mistral and Tonnerre are the largest ships in the French Navy after the
nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, for roughly the same height above water.

Aviation
The flight deck of each ship is approximately 6,400 square metres (69,000 sq ft). The deck has six
helicopter landing spots, one of which is capable of supporting a 33-tonne helicopter. The 1,800-square-
metre (19,000 sq ft) hangar deck can hold 16 helicopters, and includes a maintenance area with an
overhead crane. To aid launch and recovery, a DRBN-38A Decca Bridgemaster E250 landing radar and
an optical landing system are used.

The flight and hangar decks are connected by two aircraft lifts,
each capable of lifting 13 tonnes. The 225-square-metre
(2,420 sq ft) main lift is located near the stern of the ship, on the
centreline, and is large enough for helicopters to be moved with
their rotors in flight configuration. The 120 square metres
(1,300 sq ft) auxiliary lift is located aft of the island
superstructure.
The flight deck of Mistral as seen
Every helicopter operated by the French military is capable of
from the island superstructure. Both
flying from these ships. On 8 February 2005, a Westland Lynx of lifts can be seen: the main lift at the
the Navy and a Cougar landed on Mistral. The first landing of a rear of the ship, and the auxiliary lift
NH90 took place on 9 March 2006. Half of the air group of the on the extreme left of frame.
BPCs is to be constituted of NH-90s, the other half being
composed of Tigre attack helicopters. On 19 April 2007, Puma,
Écureuil and Panther helicopters landed on Tonnerre. On 10 May 2007, a MH-53E Sea Dragon of the US
Navy landed on her reinforced helicopter spot off the U.S. Naval Station Norfolk.

According to Mistral 's first commanding officer, Capitaine de vaisseau Gilles Humeau, the size of the
flight and hangar decks would allow the operation of up to thirty helicopters.[25] Mistral aviation
capabilities approach those of the Wasp-class amphibious assault ships, for roughly 40% the cost and
crew requirements of the American ship.[26]

Amphibious transport
Mistral-class ships can accommodate up to 450 soldiers, although this can be doubled for short-term
deployments. The 2,650-square-metre (28,500 sq ft) vehicle hangar can carry a 40-strong Leclerc tank
battalion, or a 13-strong Leclerc tank company and 46 other vehicles. By comparison, Foudre-class ships
can carry up to 100 vehicles, including 22 AMX-30 tanks, in the significantly smaller 1,000-square-metre
(11,000 sq ft) deck.

The 885-square-metre (9,530 sq ft) well deck can accommodate four landing craft. The ships are capable
of operating two LCAC hovercraft, and although the French Navy appears to have no intention of
purchasing any LCACs,[27] this capability improves the class' ability to interoperate with the United
States Marine Corps and the British Royal Navy. Instead the DGA ordered eight French-designed 59-
tonne EDA-R (Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide) catamarans for operation from the Mistral
class.[28] The EDA-S Amphibious Standard Landing Craft (Engins de Débarquement Amphibie –
Standards) were subsequently ordered to replace CTM landing
craft. These landing craft began delivery in 2021. Eight are
envisaged for operation from the Mistral class and they have a
payload capacity of 65 to 80 tonnes and a maximum speed of 11
knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) at full load.[29][30][31]

A U.S. Marine Corps M1A1 Abrams

tank embarks aboard Tonnerre off
the coast of North Carolina, US for
Composite Training Unit Exercise (7
February 2009).

Two landing craft in Aft of Tonnerre, with

the well deck of the well deck door
Mistral and elevator

EDA-R catamaran

Command and communications

Mistral-class ships can be used as command and control ships, with a 850-square-metre (9,100 sq ft)
command centre which can host up to 150 personnel. Information from the ship's sensors is centralised in
the SENIT system (Système d'Exploitation Navale des Informations Tactiques, "System for Naval Usage
of Tactical Information"),[32] a derivative of the US Navy's Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS).
Problems in the development of the SENIT 9 revision contributed to the one-year delay in the delivery of
the two ships. SENIT 9 is based around Thales' tri-dimensional MRR3D-NG Multi Role Radar, which
operates on the C band and incorporates IFF capabilities. SENIT 9 can also be connected to NATO data
exchange formats through Link 11, Link 16 and Link 22.

For communications, the Mistral-class ships use the SYRACUSE satellite system, based on French
satellites SYRACUSE 3-A and SYRACUSE 3-B which provide 45% of the Super High Frequency
secured communications of NATO. From 18 to 24 June 2007, a secure video conference was held twice a
day between Tonnerre, then sailing from Brazil to South Africa, and VIP visitors at the Paris Air
Show.[33]

Armament
As built, the two Mistral-class ships were armed with two Simbad
launchers for Mistral missiles and four 12.7 mm M2-HB
Browning machine guns.[18] Two Breda-Mauser 30 mm/70 guns
are also included in the design, though not installed as of 2009.
Following the experiences of French naval commanders during
Opération Baliste, the French deployment to aid European citizens
in Lebanon during the 2006 war, proposals to improve the self-
defence capabilities of the two Mistral-class ships were supported
by one of France's chiefs of staff.[18][34] One suggestion is to
upgrade the dual-launching, manual Simbad launchers to
quadruple-launching, automatic Tetral launchers.[35]

Incidents such as the near-loss of the Israeli corvette INS Hanit to

a Hezbollah-fired anti-ship missile during the 2006 Lebanon War
have shown the vulnerability of modern warships to asymmetric
threats, with the Mistral-class ships considered under-equipped for
self-defence in such a situation.[25] Consequently, Mistral and The island superstructure, as seen
Tonnerre cannot be deployed into hostile waters without sufficient from the flight deck
escorting ships. This problem is compounded by the small number
of escort ships in the French Navy; there is a five-year gap
between the decommissioning of the Suffren-class frigates and the
commissioning of their replacements, the Horizon-class and
FREMM frigates.

In late 2011, the French Navy selected the NARWHAL20 remote

weapon station (RWS) to equip Mistral ships for close-in self-
defense. Nexter Systems will deliver two NARWHAL20B guns
for each ship, chambered in 20×139mm ammunition, with one gun
covering the port bow and the other covering the starboard stern.
Dixmude was the first of the vessels outfitted with the cannons in
Emplacement of the bow 30 mm
March 2016.[36] Breda-Mauser, not presently
installed. Another turret is planned
In late 2013, the French Navy equipped all three Mistrals with two
aft.
M134 Miniguns each; intended for close-in self-defence against
asymmetric threats faced during anti-piracy operations, such as
speedboats and suicide boats.[37]

In December 2014, the French Navy awarded a contract to Airbus to study the integration of the Multiple
Launch Rocket System (MLRS) on Mistrals. This is to increase the ships' naval fire support capabilities,
as 76 mm and 100 mm guns have been determined to have insufficient range and lethality. The MLRS is
in French Army service, using a GPS-guided rocket with a range of 70 km (43 mi) and a unitary 90 kg
(200 lb) high-explosive warhead.[38]
 One of the two An uncovered Machine gun on
SIMBAD launchers of SIMBAD launcher Mistral
Mistral

Hospital
Each ship carries a NATO Role 3 medical facility,[39][40] i.e., equivalent to the field hospital of an Army
division or army corps, or to the hospital of a 25,000-inhabitant city, complete with dentistry, diagnostics,
specialist surgical and medical capabilities, food hygiene and psychological capabilities.[41] A Syracuse-
based telemedicine system allows complex specialised surgery to be performed.[42]

The 900 m2 (9,700 sq ft) hospital[43] provides 20 rooms and 69 hospitalisation beds, of which 7 are fit for
intensive care.[44] The two surgery blocks come complete with a radiology room[45] providing digital
radiography and ultrasonography, and that can be fitted with a mobile CT scanner.[40] 50 medicalised
beds are kept in reserve and can be installed in a helicopter hangar to extend the capacity of the hospital
in case of emergency.[46]

Propulsion
The Mistral class are the first ships of the French Navy to use
azimuth thrusters. The thrusters are powered by electricity from
five 16-cylinder Wärtsilä 16V32 diesel alternators, and can be
oriented in any angle. This propulsion technology gives the ships
significant manoeuvering capabilities, as well as freeing up space
normally reserved for propeller shafts.

The long-term reliability of azimuth thrusters in military use is yet

Two of the Wärtsilä 16 V32 diesel
to be rigorously studied, but the technology has been employed alternators
aboard ships in several navies, including the Dutch Rotterdam
class, the Spanish Galicia class, and the Canadian Kingston class.

Accommodation
The space gained by the use of the azimuth thrusters allowed for the construction of accommodation
areas where no pipes or machinery are visible. Located in the forward section of the ship, crew cabins
aboard Mistral-class ships are comparable in comfort levels to passenger cabins aboard contemporary
cruise ships.[39] Each of the fifteen officers have an individual cabin. Senior non-commissioned officers
share two-man cabins, while junior crew and embarked troops use four- or six-person cabins. Conditions
in these accommodation areas are said to be better than in most barracks of the French Foreign Legion,
and when United States Navy vice-admiral Mark Fitzgerald inspected one of the Mistral-class ships in
May 2007, it was claimed that he would have used the same accommodation area to host a crew three
times the size of Mistral 's complement.[39]

Operational history
The BPCs are certified as members of the naval component of the NATO Response Force, which allows
them to take part in a Combined Joint Task Force. France provided forces to NRF-8 in January 2007,
including a Commander Amphibious Task Force and eight ships. The next contribution took place in
January 2008 in NRF-10, after exercises Noble Midas which tested link 16 and the SECSAT system
which operationally controls submarines. The forces can be set up on 5 to 30 days' notice.

Mistral made her maiden voyage from 21 March to 31 May 2006,

cruising in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.

Following the start of the 2006 Lebanon War, Mistral was one of
four French ships deployed to the waters off Lebanon as part of
Opération Baliste. These ships were to protect, and if necessary
evacuate, French citizens in Lebanon and Israel. Mistral embarked
650 soldiers and 85 vehicles, including 5 AMX-10 RC and about
20 VABs and VBLs. Four helicopters were also loaded aboard,
Tonnerre
with another two joining the ship near Crete. During her
deployment, Mistral evacuated 1,375 refugees.[47]

Tonnerre 's maiden voyage occurred between 10 April and 24 July 2007. During this voyage, Tonnerre
was involved in Opération Licorne, the French co-deploying complement to the United Nations
Operation in Côte d'Ivoire following the Ivorian Civil War. Gazelle and Cougar helicopters of the French
Air Force operated from the ship during 9 July.

At the start of 2008, Tonnerre was involved in the Corymbe 92

mission (see Standing French Navy Deployments), a humanitarian
mission in the Gulf of Guinea. During this deployment, Tonnerre
acted on tip-offs from the European Maritime Analysis Operation
Centre – Narcotics, and intercepted 5.7 t (5.6 long tons; 6.3 short
tons) of smuggled cocaine: 2.5 t (2.5 long tons; 2.8 short tons)
from a fishing vessel 520 kilometres (280 nmi) from Monrovia on
29 January, and 3.2 t (3.1 long tons; 3.5 short tons) from a cargo
Mistral sailing with HMS Argyll off ship 300 kilometres (160 nmi) off Conakry.
West Africa in 2013
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis struck Burma; the worst natural
disaster to hit the region. Mistral, which was operating in the East
Asia area at the time, loaded humanitarian aid supplies, and sailed to Burma. The ship was refused entry
to the nation's ports;[48][49] the 1,000 tons of humanitarian supplies had to be unloaded in Thailand and
handed over to the World Food Program.

French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé announced on 23 May 2011 that Tonnerre would be deployed with
attack helicopters to the Libyan coast to enforce UN resolution 1973.[50]
In September/October 2021, Tonnerre and Mistral deployed together for a major military exercise
incorporating two helicopter groups (with 25 helicopters), an amphibious engagement group and two
escort vessels (the frigates Forbin and Provence). The exercise was designed to permit units of the navy
and army to train "in a high intensity setting" for joint operations.[51]

Export
Since 1997, and particularly since the Euronaval 2007, the Mistral type has been promoted for export.
The "BPC family" comprises the BPC 140 (13,500 tonnes), the BPC 160 (16,700 tonnes) and the BPC
250 (24,542 tonnes, 214.5 metres (704 ft) long). The BPC 250 was the design from which the final
Mistral-class design was derived: the reduction in length and other modifications were a price-saving
exercise.[52] The BPC 250 concept was one of two designs selected for the Canberra-class amphibious
warfare ships, to be constructed for the Royal Australian Navy.[52] The design finally chosen was the
Spanish Buque de Proyección Estratégica-class amphibious ship.[52]

In 2012, the Royal Canadian Navy showed "strong interest" in buying two Mistral ships. The two
Canadian ships were to be built by SNC Lavalin, with an option to buy a third. The project represented a
total investment of $2.6 billion.[53][54] Canada had also pursued the two former Russian vessels, and
Canada's defence minister held a face to face exchange at the NATO Ministerial in June 2015.[55]
Canada's attempt to purchase Mistral ship was dropped due to budgetary constraints. As of late 2011, the
Polish Navy has been working closely with the Polish Ministry of Defense to purchase one Mistral ship.
The Indian Navy has also expressed interest in the design of the Mistral type as a Multi-Role Support
Vessel. Brazil and Turkey could in time consider purchasing BPCs, but in the end Turkey also chose a
derivative of Navantia's Juan Carlos I, TCG Anadolu.[56] Algeria is also considering the purchase of two
BPCs.[57][58] South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Singapore also reportedly expressed
interest in the Mistral class.[59]

Russian purchase
In August 2009, General Nikolai Makarov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, suggested Russia planned
to purchase one ship and intended to later construct three further ships in Russia. In February 2010, he
said that construction would start sometime after 2015 and would be a joint effort with France.[60] French
President Nicolas Sarkozy favoured the building of the first two ships in France and only the second two
in Russia. According to Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, the first ship
would be entirely built and assembled in France from 2013, the second would also be built in France,
delivered in 2015, but with a higher proportion of Russian components. Two more would be built in
Russia by a DCNS/Russian United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) joint-venture.[61] On 1 November
2010, Russia's USC and France's DCNS and STX France signed an agreement to form a consortium,
including technology transfer, the USC president stated that it was linked to the Mistral deal.

On 24 December 2010, after eight months of talks, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev approved the
purchase by Rosoboronexport of two Mistral-class ships (and an option for two more) from France for
€1.37 billion (€720 million for the 1st ship; €650 million for the second).[62] The first ship was expected
to be delivered in late 2014 or early 2015; Russia made an advance payment in early 2011 pursuant to 25
January 2011 memorandum of understanding between the two parties. On 25 January 2011, the final
agreement between Russia and France was signed.
 In the United States, six Republican senators, including John
McCain, complained to the French ambassador in Washington
about the proposed sale;[63] Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen,
the top Republican on the United States House Committee on
Foreign Affairs, introduced a resolution that "France and other
member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the
European Union should decline to sell major weapons systems or
offensive military equipment to the Russian Federation."[64] On 8
A protest against the Mistral sale to February 2010, Defense Secretary Robert Gates told French
Russia at Saint-Nazaire, June 2014 officials that the US was "concerned"; however, accompanying US
officials said there is little the US could do to block the deal,[65]
and that it "did not pose a major problem."[66] The same day, the
deal was granted by France's DGA. It was the first major arms deal between Russia and a NATO country
since the Soviet Union's acquisition of Rolls-Royce Nene and Rolls-Royce Derwent turbojet engines in
1947.[67] NATO members Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia protested the deal; Lithuania's Defence Minister
Rasa Jukneviciene stated that "[i]t's a mistake. This is a precedent, when a NATO and EU member sells
offensive weaponry to a country whose democracy is not at a level that would make us feel calm."[68]

Some design changes were needed, such as for compatibility with Russian Ka-52 and Ka-27 helicopters.
In 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin stated that the ships would not be able to operate in
Russia's climate,[69] and required a grade of diesel fuel not produced in Russia.[70] Russian General Staff
General Nikolai Makarov announced that the first ship would be deployed to the Russian Pacific Fleet,
and could transport troops to the Kuril Islands if sought.[71] According to Nikolai Makarov, the chief
reason for the Mistral purchase over domestic producers was that Russia required an unacceptable delay
of ten years to develop the technologies needed. In March 2011, the deal stalled on Russian demands for
sensitive NATO technologies to be included with the ships.[72] In April 2011, the Russian President
Dmitry Medvedev fired the senior Navy official overseeing the talks with France. On 17 June 2011, the
two nations signed an agreement for two ships for $1.7 billion.[73]

In September 2014, the Mistral sale was put on hold by French

President Francois Hollande due to an arms embargo of Russia
over the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea.[74] French foreign
minister Laurent Fabius evaluated the deal in response to the
Crimean referendum and the enactment of "phase two" economic
sanctions; cancelling the Mistral contract was considered to be
"phase three"; Fabius noted that cancelling would damage France's
economy.[75] In May 2014, Paris had guaranteed the two ships'
The planned Sevastopol, late 2014
completion.[76] In November 2014, the Hollande government
placed a hold on the first delivery to Russia and set two
conditions: a ceasefire in Ukraine and a political agreement between Moscow and Kyiv.[77] In December
2014, Russia gave the French government a choice to deliver the two ships or refund the $1.53 billion
purchase price.[78] On 26 May 2015, Russian news agencies quoted Oleg Bochkaryov, deputy head of the
Military Industrial Commission, as saying "Russia won't take them, it's an accomplished fact. Now there's
only one discussion—concerning the money sum that should be returned to Russia."[79] On 5 August
2015 it was announced that France shall return Russia's partial payments and keep the two ships intended
for Russia.[80][81]

Egyptian purchase
On 7 August 2015, a French diplomatic source confirmed that President Hollande discussed the matter
with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during his visit to Egypt during the inauguration of the New
Suez Canal in Ismailia.[82][83] Subsequently, Egypt and France concluded the deal to acquire the two
former Russian Mistrals for roughly 950 million euros, including the costs of training Egyptian
crews.[84][85] Speaking on RMC Radio, Jean-Yves Le Drian, French Defence Minister, said that Egypt
had already paid the whole price for the helicopter carriers. Egypt also purchased the Russian helicopters
that were planned for the ships.

Mistral 140
DCNS unveiled a model of a smaller version of the standard Mistral BPC 210 ship called the Mistral 140
in September 2014 at the Africa Aerospace and Defence 2014 exhibition in Pretoria, South Africa.
Compared to the full-sized ship's 21,500 tons displacement and 199 m (653 ft) length with six helicopter
landing spots, the 140 would have a displacement of 14,000 tons, 170 m (560 ft) long with five helicopter
landing spots. It would be 30 m (98 ft) wide with a range of 6,000 nmi (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) at 15 knots.

Like the original plans for the Mistral BPC 210 that have not yet come to fruition, the Mistral 140 would
have naval guns at the left stern and at the right side of the bow, with heavy machine gun posts on both
sides. There would be a well dock in the stern for landing craft, and two alcoves on each side to launch
rigid-hulled inflatable boats, along with a crane positioned amidships behind the superstructure. The
hangar deck would have space for ten helicopters, with a 400 m2 joint operations centre for a command
staff. There would be accommodation for about 500 troops as well as over 30 vehicles and a 30-bed
hospital. Propulsion would be provided by two azimuth pods and a bow thruster, probably an all-electric
propulsion system like the BPC 210.

DCNS is advertising the Mistral 140 as "a political tool for civilian and military action" for countries that
cannot afford the standard Mistral vessels. Roles listed include humanitarian and peacekeeping
operations, crisis management, force protection, joint headquarters command, medical and logistics
support and transport of military forces. The company is pitching the ship to countries less likely to
engage in combat operations which need something more like a multi-role support or logistics ship,
particularly the South African Navy.[86]

Ships

Pennant
Name Laid down Launched Commissioned Homeport
no.

French Navy
L9013 Mistral 10 July 2003 6 October 2004 February 2006 Toulon

26 August
L9014 Tonnerre 26 July 2005 December 2006 Toulon
2003

17 September 27 December
L9015 Dixmude 18 April 2009 Toulon
2010[87] 2012[88]
Egyptian Navy
Gamal Abdel
18 June 20 November
L1010 [89] Nasser 2 June 2016[93] Safaga[94]
(ex-Vladivostok) 2013[90] 2014[91][92]

Anwar El Sadat 1 February 15 October 16 September

L1020 Alexandria
(ex-Sevastopol) 2012 2013[95][96] 2016[97]

See also
Project 23900 amphibious assault ship – Russia's future landing helicopter dock, a
replacement for the two undelivered Mistral-class vessels
Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship
Canberra-class landing helicopter dock

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2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030033442/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/
20131015/184162663/France-Floats-Out-First-Russian-Mistral-Warship.html) from the
original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
96. "DCNS launch Vladivostok, Russian Navy's first Mistral class LHD(Navy recognition)" (http://
www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1304). 16
October 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232054/http://www.navyreco
gnition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1304) from the original on 19
October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
97. "Egypt to receive second Mistral helicopter carrier on Friday" (http://english.ahram.org.eg/N
ewsContent/1/64/244018/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-to-receive-second-Mistral-helicopter-carrier.a
spx). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160916192840/http://english.ahram.org.eg/N
ewsContent/1/64/244018/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-to-receive-second-Mistral-helicopter-carrier.a
spx) from the original on 16 September 2016.

Further reading
Moulin, Jean (2020). Tous les porte-aéronefs en France: de 1912 à nos jours [All the Aircraft
Carriers of France: From 1912 to Today]. Collection Navires et Histoire des Marines du
Mond; 35 (in French). Le Vigen, France: Lela Presse. ISBN 978-2-37468-035-4.</ref>

External links
Mistral class (Navy recognition) (http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_co
ntent&task=view&id=531) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160419204904/http://ww
w.navyrecognition.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=531) 19 April 2016 at
the Wayback Machine
French Marine Nationale - Le BPC, un navire nouvelle génération (http://www.defense.gouv.
fr/marine/decouverte/equipements/renouvellement_des_moyens/le_bpc_un_navire_nouvell
e_generation)
globalsecurity.org (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mistral.htm)
DCN.fr (https://web.archive.org/web/20070203074056/http://www.dcn.fr/us/offre/batiments_s
urface/mistral.html)
Meretmarine.com (http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=102331)
DCNS (https://web.archive.org/web/20081115060154/http://www.dcnsgroup.com/cen/mistra
l.html)

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