Module 1 Lesson 1: What is History?

• History is derived from the Greek word historia which means learning by inquiry or
knowledge acquired by investigation.
o It is a systematic accounting of a set of the natural phenomena that is
taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account.
• Events occurring before written record are considered prehistoric; an umbrella
term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery. collection,
organization, presentation and interpretation of information about these events.
Hence, scholars who write about history are called Historians.
• History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind,
including an account of the rise and fall of the nations, as well as of other great
changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human
race.
• Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who looked upon history as the systematic
accounting of a set of natural phenomena considering the chronological
arrangement of the account.
• The practice of historical writing is called Historiography, the traditional method in
doing historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different
libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making descriptive
or analytical narrative.
• Salient feature of historical writing is the facility to give meaning and impact
value to a group of people about their past.
• The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the
past is called Historical Method.
• What is the limitation of historical knowledge? The incompleteness of records has
limited man's knowledge of history.

Module 1 Lesson 2: Sources of History

• Historical data are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. These
can be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past which
historians depend in order to create their own depiction of that past. The
historian deals with the dynamic or genetic as well as the static and aims at
being interpretative as well as descriptive.
• Primary Sources – they give the first-hand knowledge or account of the event
happened produced by the eyewitnesses. It provides window into the past.
However, these sources often have a little context and very rare to find.
• Secondary Sources – These give second-hand information as the authors provide
analysis, synthesis, interpretation and evaluation of the original information. They
do not represent firsthand knowledge of the subject or event.

Module 1 Lesson 3: Historical Criticism

• Historical Criticism examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate the
underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be.
• Two objectives: (1) to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or
historical context and its literal sense; and, (2) to establish a reconstruction of the
historical situation of the author and recipients of the text.
• External Criticism – determines the authenticity of the sources
• Internal Criticism – determines the credibility or historicity of the facts and
relevant particulars contained in the document.

Module 2 Lesson 1: First Voyage Around the World

• The Philippine islands in 1521 has been "REDISCOVERED" by the Spanish

commissioned authority, Ferdinand Magellan. He was a Portuguese explorer who
organized an expedition to East Indies.
• Along with this chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta a Venetian scholar and Itialian
Chronicler who serves as the lens through which the voyage and
circumnavigation of the world can be apprehended with certainty.
• In the late 1400s, European exploration began led by Portuguese, Spanish, and
Italian sailors. They made great voyages to the unknown, full of danger,
adventure, and discovery. These pioneers were driven by Christian zeal and
profit. In Europe, spices like cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg which grew only in
the Far East. Whoever control their trade, was guaranteed immense wealth.
• By 1518, the route to the so called Spice Islands was dominate by Portugal. Spain
wanted a route on its own to Moluccas because of 1494's Treaty of Tordesillas, a
decree from Pope Alexander VI that had essentially divided the world in half
between Spanish and Portuguese.
• A thirty-eight (38) year old sailor, Fernão de Magalhães or Ferdinand Magellan in
english, was a brilliant navigator who spent many years sailing the Indian Ocean
but he had fallen out on the king of Portugal and now offered a boat plan to his
rival King Charles I of Spain. Magellan believed it was possible to sail around the
new world and reach the Spice Islands from the East.
• King Charles accepted Magellan's proposal and helped him assemble an
expedition with two-hundred seventy (270) crews from several nations and five
(5) ships which are named as San Antonio under Juan de Cartagena;
Concepcion under Gaspar de Quesada; Santiago under Juan Rodriguez
Serrano; Victoria under Louis de Mendoza; and Trinidad (flagship) under
Ferdinand Magellan as the captain general.
• Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan. They almost prevented him from
sailing. They switched mostly Portuguese crew to mostly men of Spain included
about forty (40) Portuguese. The masters and captains of other ships of his
company did not like Ferdinand Magellan because of being Portuguese and
they were Spaniards.
• Magellan continued South until winter storms forced him to camp at Puerto San
Julian. There Magellan faced a mutiny led by Spanish officers convinced he was
leading their doom. Magellan acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He sent loyal men to
kill one of the leaders while another one is captured and executed. Two others
were moved and left behind the fleet sail again in August.
• As Magellan searched for a passage West, one ship, the Santiago was wrecked
though the crew was saved. Another ship, San Antonio deserted and sailed
home. But Magellan did discover a three hundred fifty strait which now bares his
name, Magellan Strait.
• Through the far ocean, a sea that so calm he named it Mar Pacifico, the
peaceful sea or Pacific Ocean.
• Then, after ninety-nine (99) days at sea, the look out spied the land. They land on
Guam in the Mariana Islands, but when the islanders stole one of their boats
fighting broke out. Magellan had to leave without fresh provisions. The island was
then called as Ladrones Island or also Inown as the "Island of Thieves".
• On March 17, 1521, they sighted Samar, Magellan and his men became the first
European to reach the Philippines where they able to feast on bananas and
coconuts.
• Philippines was first named Archipelago de San Lazarus (Archipelago of St.
Lazarus) because it was the feast of St. Lazarus. On March 31, 1521 (Easter
Sunday), the first catholic mass held in Limasawa, a little island South of Leyte.
• They sailed on through the Philippines to Zzubu (Cebu). On April 1, 1521, they
arrived in Cebu, With Magellan's Malay slave acting as translator, Magellan
spoke before the people of Cebu about peace and God. He made cordial
relations with Raja Humabon the local ruler along with his wife, daughter and
eight hundred (800) natives who agreed to be baptised to Christian by mass
baptism. He encouraged them by burning all of the idols and worship the cross
instead. The cross was planted at the highest hill.
• On April 26, 1521, Zula, a principal man from the island of Mactan went to see
Magellan and asked for a boat full of men to fight the chief named Silapulapu
(Lapu- lapu and Magellan agreed.
• On the next day, he crossed Mactan with sixty (60) men in boats. Although the
Europeans had superior weapons and armor, they were massively outnumbered.
 • Magellan himself was cut down as they tried to reach the boats. He died in the
battle since he was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg thus causing his
men to retreat.
• Now, their former allies on Cebu turned on Magellan's crew butchering thirty (30)
of them in an ambush. The survivors fled with only half men left to crew ships,
they burned the Concepcion and continued their search for the Spice Island.
They traveled to the muslim court of Brunei on Borneo and were amazed by its
splendor.
• Finally, with the help of local guides and more than two (2) years after sailing
from Spain they reached their destination, the Spice Island or Maluku Islands,
today part of Indonesia.
• The Victoria, the last and smallest Magellan's fleet sailed West for home captain
by Juan Sebastián Elcano. Crossing the Indian Ocean, they took nine (9) weeks
battling headwinds or thye could round the cape of good hope. The men
began to starve and once more. Twenty-one (21) died before they found fresh
provisions of Cape Verde.
• On the eighth of September 1522, or for exactly three (3) years after the
departure. The famished and exhausted crew of the Victoria cast anchor at civil
Spain. Just eighteen (18) of the original crew two hundred and seventy (270) that
made it home.

Module 2 Lesson 2: Customs of the Tagalog

• Social Classes
o Datu – governed the Tagalogs; captains in the wars; chief of the
barangay; and, anyone who offend the datu
o Maharlika – freeborn; did not pay tax; accompany the datu in the war;
and, when they got married, they cannot transfer to another village
without paying a certain amount
o Aliping Namamahay – serve their master; accompany the datu in war;
row the boat for the datu
o Aliping saguiguilir – lives in their master’s house and land; can be sold and
transferred; paid according to the work he did
• The tagalogs practice dowry. It is a payment given by the men to the women's
parents. If the married couple will get divorce, twice the dowry will be given
back to the husband. If they will have a children, the fine and dowry is given to
them which was held by their responsible relatives.
• If the couple are both maharlicas then their child will be a maharlika also. If a
maharlica had a child among their slaves, then the slave and their child will
become free. However, the mother (slave) is compelled to give her master half
of a gold tael for her risk of death and for inability to labor during pregnancy. The
child of the freed mother will be supplied with food by the father (master). Now,
if the master will not do such, he shows that he did not recognize the child as his
own, in which case the child was wholly a slave.
• The two persons married of whom one was a Maharlika and the other a slave,
whether namamahay or saguiguilid, their children are divided, the first, third, fifth
child (odd numbers) belong to the father and the second, fourth, sixth child
(even numbers belong to the mother. If the father were free- all those belonged
to him were free; if slave, all those who belonged to him were slaves. If there
should not be more than one child, the child will become half free and half
slave.
• All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with
promptness, exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment should be made. The
person aggrieved, to whom the money was to be paid. Half of the cultivated
lands and all their produce belonged to the master who provides food and
clothing to the culprit; enslaving until such time that he has enough money to
pay the fine.
• The debtor is condemned to a life of toil. Now, if the debtor (father) will die, the
debt will be passed to the children; if not the amount will be doubled.
 • Pandot is the name of the festival they wish to celebrate or worship in the large
house of a chief. They created a temporary shed which they call Sibi for the
purpose of sheltering the assembled people. The idol that seems to signify "all
powerful" or "maker of all things" is Badhala.
• The Tagalogs believed that there is a place of the life of rest. They say that those
who go to this place are just, valiant, and those who lived without doing harm, or
who possessed by other moral virtues which they call Maca which means Village
of Rest or Paradise.
• If there is a place called as paradise for virtuous individual, there is alsoa place of
punishment, grief, and affliction which they call Casanaan which means a place
of anguish or hell. They said that the wicked went to Casanaan-there lived
demons, also known as Sitan.

Module 2 Lesson 3: Kartilya ng Katipunan

• KKK or the Katipunan was founded by Andres Bonifacio after Rizal was arrested
and deported.
• Katipunan's objectives were political, moral, and civic. They advocated for
freedom from the yoke of Spain, to be achieved through armed struggle
(political). They also saw it as their personal responsibility to help the poor and the
oppressed (civic), and to teach them good manners, hygiene, and morality
(civic).
• Recruits to the secret society underwent a rigorous initiation process, like Masonic
practices. A neophyte, dressed in black and accompanied by his sponsor, was
brought to a small room decorated with patriotic posters (1), in front of a cabinet
draped in black. He was then seated at a dimly lit table, on which rested a bolo
(2), a revolver (3), and a set of questions which he must answer to the
satisfaction of the members assembled: What was the condition of the
Philippines in the early times? What is the condition to future? The master of
ceremonies would once more try to discourage him by telling him to back down
if he does not have enough courage; should he persist, he is led blindfolded into
another room for physical test. The final rites involved the neophyte signing the
oath of membership in his own blood, usually drawn from a cut made by a
scalpel to the left forearm.
• Katipon rank – Black hood with a triangle with letters Z. Ll. B. inside; Password –
Anak ng Bayan
• Kawal rank – Green hood with a triangle with letters Z. Ll. B. inside, suspended in
the neck is a green ribbon with a medal; Password – GomBurZa
• Bayani – Red mask with a triangle with letters KKK Z. Ll. B. inside; Password – Rizal

Kartilya ng Katipunan (English)

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without
a shade, if not a poisonous weed.

2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.

3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.

4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.

5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.

6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.

7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.

8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.

10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if
the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.

11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful
companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will
increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee
and reared thee.

12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that
do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.

13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high
prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven
and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does
not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.

14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty
shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those
who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he
who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and believes he
will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
admission.