QUESTION 1

a. An eight-pole lap wound DC generator has 960 conductors, a flux of 40

mWb per pole,
and is driven at 400 rpm. Find open circuit (OC) emf.
(2 Mark)
b. A 4-pole, DC machine has 500 wave wound conductors and runs at 1000
rpm. The flux per pole is 30 mWb. What will be the voltage
induced in the armature winding? (2 Mark)
c. A 4-pole, DC machine has 144 slots in the armature with two coil-sides per
slot, each coil has two turns. The flux per pole is 20 mWb, the armature is lap
wound and it rotates at 720 rpm, what is the induced emf (i) across the armature
(ii) across each parallel path?

(2 Marks)
d. A six-pole machine has an armature with 90 slots and 8 conductors per slot,
the flux per pole is 0.05 Wb and rms at 1000 rpm. Determine induced emf if
winding is (i) lap
connected (ii) wave connected.
(2 Marks)
e. A DC generator carries 600 conductors on its armature with lap
connections. The generator has 8 poles with 0.06 Wb useful flux. What will be the
induced emf at its terminals if it is rotated at 1000 rpm? Also, determine the
speed at which it should be driven to induce the same voltage with wave
connections.
(2 Marks)
ANSWERS
To calculate the open circuit electromotive force (OC emf) of an eight-pole lap
wound DC generator with 960 conductors, a flux of 40 mWb per pole, and driven
at 400 rpm, we can use the formula for the generated emf:
Eg=P⋅Φ⋅N⋅Z/60⋅A
Given Data :
• Number of poles (P): 8
• Flux per pole (Φ): 40 mWb = 40 × 10−310−3 Wb
• Speed (N): 400 rpm
• Total conductors (Z): 960
• For lap winding, the number of parallel paths (A) is equal to the number of
poles, so A=P=8

Eg=P⋅Φ⋅N⋅Z/60⋅A

= 8⋅ (40×10−3) ⋅400⋅960/60⋅8
= (8⋅40×10−3⋅400⋅960)/480
= 8⋅40×10−3=0.32
0.32⋅400 =128
128⋅960=122880
Now calculate :
=122880/480
=256V
The open circuit emf (OC emf) of the generator is 256 volts.
b) To calculate the voltage induced in the armature winding of a 4-pole DC
machine with 500 wave-wound conductors running at 1000 RPM and a flux per
pole of 30 mWb, we can use the formula for the generated electromotive force
(EMF):
Eg=P⋅ϕ⋅Z⋅N/60⋅A
Data:
• Eg = Induced voltage (EMF)
• P = Number of poles (4)
• ϕ = Flux per pole (in Weber; convert 30 mWb to Wb:
30×10−3=0.0330×10−3=0.03 Wb)
• Z = Total number of conductors (500)
• N = Speed in RPM (1000)
• A = Number of parallel paths in wave winding (2)
Substituting the values into the formula:

Eg=4⋅0.03⋅500⋅1000/60⋅2
4⋅0.03=0.12
0.12⋅500=60
60⋅1000=60000
60⋅2=120
Eg=60000/120
=500 V
Thus, the voltage induced in the armature winding is 500 volts.

C) To calculate the induced electromotive force (emf) in a 4-pole DC machine with

the given parameters, we can use the formula for the emf generated in a DC
generator:
Eg=P⋅ϕ⋅N⋅Z/60⋅A
Given Data:
• Number of poles, P=4
• Flux per pole, ϕ=20 mWb=20×10−3 Wb
• Speed of rotation, N=720rpm
• Total number of slots = 144
• Coil sides per slot = 2
• Turns per coil = 2
Calculating Total Number of Conductors:
The total number of conductors Z is calculated as follows:
Z=Number of slots × Coil sides per slot=144×2=288
Determining the Number of Parallel Paths:
For a lap-wound armature, the number of parallel paths A is equal to the number
of poles:
A=P=4
Calculation of Induced emf:
Now substituting all known values into the emf equation:
Eg= 4⋅ (20×10−3) ⋅720⋅288/60⋅4
4 ⋅ (20×10−3) =0.08
0.08⋅720=57.6
57.6⋅288=16548.8
60⋅4=240
Eg=16548.8/240
≈68.95 V

1. Induced emf across the armature: Approximately 68.95 V.

2. Induced emf across each parallel path: Since there are four parallel paths,
the induced emf across each path is:
Epath=Eg/A
=Eg/4
=68.95/4
≈17.24V
Thus, the induced emf across each parallel path is approximately 17.24 V.

D) To determine the induced electromotive force (emf) in a six-pole machine with

specific parameters, we will use the formula for induced emf in DC generators.
The parameters given are:
• Number of poles (P) = 6
• Number of slots = 90
• Conductors per slot = 8
• Total conductors (Z) = 90×8=720
• Flux per pole (ϕ) = 0.05 Wb
• Speed (N) = 1000 rpm
The formula for induced emf (E) is given by:
E=P⋅ϕ⋅Z⋅N/60⋅A
where:
• A is the number of parallel paths.
1. Lap Connected Winding
For lap winding, the number of parallel paths (A) is equal to the number of poles
(P). Therefore, A=P=6.
Substituting the values into the formula:
Elap=6⋅0.05⋅720⋅1000/60.6
Calculating this gives:
Elap=216000/360
=600 V
2. Wave Connected Winding
For wave winding, the number of parallel paths (A) is always 2, regardless of the
number of poles. Thus, A=2.
Substituting these values into the formula:
Ewave=6⋅0.05⋅720⋅1000/60⋅2

Calculating this gives:

Ewave=216000/120
=1800 V

E). DC Generator with Lap Connections

To calculate the induced electromotive force (emf) in a DC generator with lap
winding and determine the speed required for wave winding to achieve the same
emf, we will use the following formula:
E=P⋅ϕ⋅Z⋅N/60⋅A
Given Data
• Number of poles, P=8
• Flux per pole, ϕ=0.06 Wb
• Total armature conductors, Z=600
• Speed, N=1000 RPM
Step 1: To calculate Induced EMF for Lap Winding
For lap winding, the number of parallel paths A is equal to the number of poles, so
A=P=8.
Substituting the values into the formula:
E=8⋅0.06⋅600⋅1000/60⋅8
E=0.48⋅600000/480
=600 V
Step 2: Determine Speed for Wave Winding
For wave winding, the number of parallel paths A is always 2. We need to find the
speed Nw that would induce the same emf. Using the same formula and
rearranging for Nw:
600=8⋅0.06⋅600⋅Nw/60⋅2
Solving for Nw:
1. Simplify:
600=0.48⋅600⋅Nw/120
Multiply both sides by 120:
72000=0.48⋅600⋅Nw
2. Calculate:
0.48⋅600=288
Nw=72000/288
=250 RPM
Final Results
The induced emf at the terminals of the DC generator with lap connections is
600 V.
The speed at which it should be driven to induce the same voltage with wave
connections is 250 RPM.
QUESTION 2
A dc machine (6 kW, 120 V, 1200 rpm) has the following magnetization
characteristics at 1200 rpm.
If (A) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Ea(V) 5 20 40 60 79 93 102 114 120 125

The machine parameters are 𝑅𝑎 = 0.2 ohms, 𝑅𝑓𝑤 = 100 ohms. The machine is
driven at 800 rpm and is separately excited. The field current is adjusted at 𝐼𝑓 =
0.8 A. A load resistance 𝑅𝐿 = 2 ohms is connected to the armature terminals.
Neglect armature reaction fields.
a. Determine the quantity 𝐾𝑎𝜑 for the machine.
(2 Marks)
b. Determine 𝐸𝑎 and 𝐼𝑎
(2Marks)
c. Determine the torque T and load power 𝑃𝐿.
(2 Marks)
The DC machine in the previous problem has a field control resistance whose
value can be changed from 0 to 150 ohms. The machine is driven at 1200 rpm.
The machine is separately excited and the field winding is supplied from a 120 V
supply.
d. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the no-load terminal
voltage. (2 Marks)
e. The field control resistance (𝑅𝑓𝑐) is adjusted to provide a no-load terminal
voltage of 120V. Determine the value of (𝑅𝑓𝑐). Determine the terminal voltage
at full load for no armature reaction
To solve the given problem regarding the DC machine, we need to address each
part systematically.
a. Determine the quantity Kaϕ for the machine.
The relationship for back EMF Ea in a DC motor is given by:
Ea=Kaϕω
Where:
• Ka is a constant,
• ϕ is the flux per pole,
• ω is the angular speed in rad/s.
First, convert the speed from rpm to rad/s:
ω=1200 rpm
=1200×2π60
=125.66 rad sω
=1200 rpm
=1200×602π
=125.66 rad/ s
From the magnetization characteristics provided, we can find Kaϕ using the
known values of Ea at different field currents.
For example, at If = 0.6A, Ea =102 V
Kaϕ=Eaω=102/125.66
=0.812V/(rad/s)

B). Determine Ea and Ia

Given that the machine is driven at 800 rpm, convert this to rad/s:
ω800 = 800×2π60
=83.78 rad sω800
=800×602π
=83.78 rad s
Using the same Kaϕ calculated earlier:
Assuming the field current remains constant at If=0.8A, we find Ea:
Ea=Kaϕ⋅83.78
Using the previously calculated value of Kaϕ=0.812V/(rad/s)
Ea=0.812×83.78
=68.01V
Next, calculate armature current Ia:
Using the voltage equation:
V=Ea+IaRa
Substituting values:
120V=68.01+Ia (0.2)
Solving for Ia:
Ia=120−68.010.2
=259.95Aia
=0.2120−68.01
=259.95A
C). Determine the torque T and load power PL
The torque is given by:
T=KtIa
Where Kt=Kaϕ/Rw
=0.812/100
=0.00812Nm/A
Thus,
T=0.00812∗259.95
=2.11NmT
=0.00812∗259.95
=2.11Nm
Load power can be calculated as:
PL=Ia2RL
Substituting values:
PL = (259.95)2∗2
= 134,000WPL
= (259.95)2∗2
= 134,000W
D). Determine maximum and minimum values of no-load terminal voltage.
The maximum terminal voltage occurs when field control resistance is zero:
• Maximum:
Vmax=Ea(max)+Ia(max)Ra
= 125+(0) (0.2)
= 125Vmax
= Ea(max)+Ia(max)Ra
= 125+(0) (0.2)
= 125V
• Minimum occurs when $ R_{fc} = 150 ohms:
Vmin=Ea(min)+Ia(min)Ra
 = (5) (125/150) +(0) (0.2)
= approx4Vmin
= Ea(min)+Ia(min)Ra
= (5) (125/150) +(0) (0.2)
= approx. 4.2V
E) Determine value of Rf for no-load terminal voltage of 120V.
Using:
Vterminal=V−IfRf
=E+IfRfc
= (120−If (100))
= (120−(0) (100))
= approxRfc
= 100ohmsVterminal
=V − IfRf
= E + IfRfc
= (120 – If (100))
= (120 − (0) (100))
=approxRfc=100ohms
For terminal voltage at full load:
Vfullload=(E+I(R))
=120 − (259) (0)
=approx. same as Vfullload 120V
=(E+I(R))
=120 − (259) (0)
=approx. same as above.120V

QUESTION 3
A 200-volt shunt motor is rated a 5 HP and 1000 rpm. At rated output, it draws 25
A of line current.
The total armature circuit resistance is 0.5 ohms. The field resistance is 100 ohms
a. Find the total rotational losses of the motor at rated conditions
(1 Mark)
b. Find the no-load speed of the motor at 200 volts
(1 Mark)
A 15 HP 230 V, 1750 rpm shunt motor has a terminal current of 56.2 A when
delivering rated power at rated speed. The total armature circuit resistance, Ra, is
0.28 ohms and the field resistance, Rf, is 137 ohms. Compute:
c. rated torque at the shaft (N-m) (
2 Marks)
d. armature current for a locked rotor (
2 Marks)
e. the value of external resistance required to limit Ia and developed torque to
200% of rated
torque.
(2 Marks)
f. the locked rotor torque when the terminal voltage drops to 215 V and the
starting resistor
is used to limit the armature current.
(2 Marks)

Answers
To solve the given problems related to the shunt motors, we will use the
fundamental equations governing DC motors, including those for calculating
rotational losses, no-load speed, torque, and armature current.
a). Total Rotational Losses of the Motor at Rated Conditions
Rotational losses in a motor typically include core losses (iron losses) and friction
losses. At rated conditions, these losses can be estimated using the following
formula:
Total Rotational Losses=If2⋅Rf+Ia2⋅Ra
Where:
• If is the field current,
• Rf is the field resistance,
• Ia is the armature current (25 A),
• Ra is the armature resistance (0.5 ohms).
First, we need to calculate the field current If:
If=VRf=200V/100Ω=2A
Now we can calculate the total rotational losses:
Total Rotational Losses = (2A)2⋅100Ω+(25A)2⋅0.5Ω
= 400W+312.5W
= 712.5W
Thus, the total rotational losses of the motor at rated conditions are 712.5 W.
b). No-Load Speed of the Motor at 200 Volts
The no-load speed can be calculated using the back EMF equation for a DC shunt
motor:
Eb=V−Ia⋅Ra
At no load, IaIa is primarily the field current:
Eb = 200V−(2A) ⋅ (0.5Ω)
 = 200V−1V
= 199VEb
= 200V − (2A) ⋅ (0.5Ω)
= 200V−1V
= 199V
The speed of the motor is proportional to the back EMF:
Nno−load=Nrated⋅EbV
Substituting values:
Nno−load=1000rpm⋅199V200V
= 995rpmNno−load
= 1000rpm⋅200V199V
= 995rpm
Thus, the no-load speed of the motor at 200 volts is 995 rpm.
c). Rated Torque at the Shaft (N-m)
The rated torque can be calculated using the formula:
T=Pω
Where:
P is power in watts,
ω is angular velocity in rad/s.
First, convert horsepower to watts:
P = 5HP×746W/HP
= 3730W
Next, convert RPM to rad/s:
Ω = 1000rpm×2π60
 = 1000×3.1415930
≈104.72rad/s
Now calculate torque:
T = 3730W104.72rad/s
≈ 35.6N−m
The rated torque at the shaft is approximately 35.6 N-m.
d). Armature Current for a Locked Rotor
For a locked rotor condition, we assume that all voltage drops across armature
resistance and that back EMF is zero: Using Ohm's law:
Ialocked=VRa
= 230V0.28Ω
≈ 821.43AIalocked
= RaV
= 0.28Ω230V
≈ 821.43A
Thus, the armature current for a locked rotor is approximately 821.43 A.
e). External Resistance Required to Limit Ia and Developed Torque to 200% of
Rated Torque
To limit armature current to twice its rated value (which equals 2Ia2Ia), we need
to find external resistance Rext: Using:
V=Ia (Ra+Rext)
Rearranging gives us:
Rext=V2Ia−Ra
Substituting values:
Rext = 230V2 (56.2A) − 0.28Ω
 = 230112.4−0.28
= 2.04−0.28
= 1.76Ω
Thus, an external resistance of approximately 1.76 ohms is required.
f). Locked Rotor Torque When Terminal Voltage Drops to 215 V
For locked rotor torque under reduced voltage conditions: Using similar
calculations as before but with new voltage:
Ia locked=215VRa+Rext
Assuming we keep external resistance constant from part e (Rext):
Assuming Rext from part e remains unchanged at approximately 1.76 ohms,
Total resistance becomes Ra+Rext=0.28+1.76=2.04. Calculate new armature
current:
Ia locked=215V/2.04
≈105.39AIalocked
=2.04215V
≈105.39A

QUESTION 4
A 500-volt 125 HP 1150 rpm shunt motor operates at rated conditions, driving a
constant torque load. The line current at rated conditions is 204.3 amps. The total
armature resistance is 0.0343 ohms the field resistance is 96 ohms.
a. Determine the steady-state armature current if a 0.052-ohm resistor is
connected in series with the armature and the field is weakened by 10% from its
rated value. (2 Marks) b. Determine the steady-state speed for
conditions in part a. (2 Marks)
A DC motor has a terminal voltage of 250 Vdc and a rated current of 125 A. The
total armature resistance is 0.15 ohms
c. Find values of R1-R3 and pick-up voltage Va for relays 1AR to 3AR to limit
current to 200% of rated. Relays 1AR-3AR should activate when the armature
current reaches the rated motor
current at each stage. (6
Marks)

Answer

To solve the given problems related to the DC shunt motor, we will proceed step
by step through the calculations.
a). Steady-State Armature Current with Field Weakening
1. Determine the field current before weakening:
The field current If can be calculated using the rated voltage and field
resistance:
If = VRf
= 500 V/96 ohms
≈ 5.21 A
2. Calculate the new field current after weakening by 10%:
The weakened field current If′ becomes:
If′=If× (1−0.10)
=5.21 A×0.90
≈4.69 A
3. Calculate the armature current:
The armature current IaIa can be found using the relationship:
Ia=Iline+If′
 Where: Iline = 204.3 A−If
= 204.3−5.21
= 199.09 A.
Thus:
Ia=199.09+4.69=203.78 A
4. Adjust for additional resistance:
With a series resistance Rs=0.052 ohms, the total armature resistance
becomes:
Rtotal = Ra+Rs
= 0.0343+0.052
= 0.0863 ohms
5. Using Ohm's Law to find new steady-state armature current:
The voltage drop across the total armature resistance is given by:
Vdrop = IaRtotal
The back EMF Eb can be calculated as follows:
Eb=V−Vdrop=500−(IaRtotal)
6. Substituting values:
We can iteratively solve for IaIa:
Using an approximate method, we find that the steady-state armature current is
approximately Ia=203.78+(V−Eb)/Rtotal
b.) Steady-State Speed Calculation
1. Back EMF at rated conditions:
The back EMF can be calculated as follows:
Using the formula for back EMF,
Eb=V−IaRa
 2. Calculate speed using back EMF:
The speed of a DC motor is related to the back EMF and field flux, which is
weakened in this case.
Ns=K∗Eb
where K is a constant that depends on motor design. Given that we have
weakened the field by 10%, we can find the new speed as follows:
N′=Ns∗(1+k)
where k=0.1k=0.1.
c). Relay Values for Current Limiting
To limit the armature current to 200% of rated, we need to determine relay
values:
1. Rated Current Calculation:
The rated current is given as Ir=125AIr=125A. Therefore, at 200%,
Ilimit=2∗Ir=250A
2. Relay Resistor Values:
Assuming relays are set to activate at specific currents, calculate
resistors R1,R2,R3R1,R2,R3:
 Use Ohm's Law to determine values based on activation points.
3. Pick-Up Voltage Calculation:
The pick-up voltage VaVa for each relay can be determined based on their
respective resistances and desired activation currents.