QB PDD

MODULE 1 (2 MARKS )
1 Define Product

: A product is a tangible or intangible item created or offered for sale to fulfill a specific need or want
in the market, ranging from physical goods to digital services.

2 Differentiate between product Design and Product Development.

3 Describe the external approach in concept generation

: The external approach in concept generation involves seeking ideas and inspiration from sources
outside the organization, such as customers, competitors, and other industries. It often includes
methods like market research, customer feedback, and benchmarking to generate innovative
concepts for product or service development. This method leverages external perspectives, trends,
and market insights to stimulate creative thinking.

4 What is ergonomics, asthetics

: 1. **Ergonomics
- Focuses on designing products for optimal user comfort and efficiency, considering
human factors and interactions to enhance usability and functionality.
2. **Aesthetics
- Concerns the visual appeal and sensory aspects of a product, emphasizing design
elements to create an attractive and pleasing appearance that resonates with user pre
ferences.
5 Define product architecture
: Product architecture refers to the high-level structure and organization of a
product's components, defining how they interact and function together. It
encompasses the arrangement of key features and systems to achieve the
product's design and performance objectives.
6. Define concept selection
: Concept selection is the process of evaluating and choosing the most viable
and promising ideas or designs from a pool of generated concepts. It involves
criteria-based assessments to determine the concepts that align best with
project goals, feasibility, and market requirements.
5 marks
7 Discuss the methodology used in new product development.
: The methodology used in new product development typically involves a structured
and iterative process. While various models exist, a common approach includes the
following stages:

1. **Idea Generation:**

- Generate a pool of creative ideas through brainstorming, customer feedback,

market research, and other innovative methods.

2. **Idea Screening:**

- Evaluate and filter generated ideas based on criteria such as feasibility, market
potential, alignment with business goals, and technical viability.

3. **Concept Development and Testing:**

- Develop detailed concepts of the selected ideas and test them through
prototyping, user feedback, and market studies to assess their acceptance and
feasibility.

4. **Business Analysis:**

- Conduct a comprehensive analysis, considering financial projections, cost

estimates, market demand, and potential returns to assess the project's economic
viability.

5. **Product Development:**

- Transform the chosen concept into a tangible product through detailed design,
engineering, and prototyping, ensuring alignment with specifications and objectives.

6. **Testing and Validation:**

- Conduct thorough testing, both in controlled environments and real-world

scenarios, to validate the product's performance, reliability, and safety.

7. **Market Launch:**

- Introduce the product to the market through strategic planning, marketing

campaigns, and distribution channels to maximize reach and impact.

8. **Commercialization:**
 - Scale up production, establish supply chains, and implement sales and
distribution strategies for widespread market penetration.

9. **Post-Launch Evaluation:**

- Continuously monitor product performance, gather customer feedback, and make

necessary adjustments to enhance product features or address any issues.

10. **Iterative Improvement:**

- Continuously iterate and improve the product based on customer feedback,

market trends, and technological advancements to stay competitive and meet
evolving consumer needs.

8 Describe the external approach in concept generation

: **External Approach in Concept Generation:**

1. **Market Research:**

- Involves gathering insights from target audiences, competitors, and market trends to identify
unmet needs and opportunities.

2. **User Feedback:**

- Incorporates input from potential users through surveys, interviews, or focus groups to
understand preferences, pain points, and desired features.

3. **Collaboration:**

- Engages external stakeholders, such as suppliers, partners, or experts, to contribute diverse

perspectives and expertise in generating innovative concepts.

4. **Observation:**

- Involves observing real-world scenarios, trends, and behaviors in the external environment to
uncover latent needs and emerging patterns.

5. **Benchmarking:**

- Examines successful products or solutions in similar markets to extract best practices, inspiration,
and ideas for improving upon existing concepts.

6. **Technology Scanning:**

- Monitors advancements in relevant technologies to incorporate cutting-edge features or

functionalities into the product concept.

7. **Open Innovation:**

- Embraces external ideas and contributions through partnerships, competitions, or idea

submissions, fostering a collaborative approach to concept generation.

9 Infer the internal approach in concept generation

: **Internal Approach in Concept Generation:**

1. **Cross-Functional Teams:**

- Assembles multidisciplinary teams within the organization, encouraging collaboration between

departments and leveraging diverse expertise.

2. **Brainstorming Sessions:**

- Conducts internal brainstorming sessions to generate a variety of ideas, tapping into the collective
creativity and knowledge of the team.

3. **Innovation Workshops:**

- Organizes workshops or training programs to stimulate creative thinking, foster idea generation,
and enhance the team's problem-solving skills.

4. **Research and Development:**

- Utilizes internal R&D capabilities to explore technological advancements and incorporate

innovative features into product concepts.

5. **Prototyping and Testing:**

- Develops internal prototypes for initial testing and evaluation, allowing for iterative refinement of
concepts before external exposure.

6. **Knowledge Management:**

- Leverages internal knowledge databases, lessons learned from past projects, and internal
expertise to inform and inspire new concept development.

7. **Corporate Strategy Alignment:**

- Aligns concept generation with the organization's strategic goals and objectives, ensuring that
generated concepts are in line with the company's mission and vision.

10 Describe the reasons for success of a product

: The success of a product can be attributed to various factors, and understanding these reasons is
crucial for effective product development and market penetration. Here are key reasons for the
success of a product:

1. **Market Fit:**

- The product addresses a genuine need or problem in the market, resonating with the target
audience and fulfilling their requirements.

2. **Innovation:**

- Incorporation of innovative features or technologies distinguishes the product from competitors,

attracting attention and capturing consumer interest.

3. **Quality and Reliability:**

- A high-quality product that performs reliably builds trust with consumers, leading to positive
reviews, repeat business, and favorable word-of-mouth.
4. **Effective Pricing Strategy:**

- A well-thought-out pricing strategy that aligns with the product's perceived value and market
dynamics is crucial for success.

5. **User Experience (UX) Design:**

- A user-friendly and intuitive design enhances the overall user experience, fostering customer
satisfaction and loyalty.

6. **Timely Launch:**

- Timely entry into the market, addressing emerging trends or needs, can contribute to the
product's success, gaining a competitive edge.

7. **Adaptability and Flexibility:**

- Products that can adapt to changing market conditions, customer preferences, and technological
advancements have a higher likelihood of sustained success.

8. **Effective Distribution and Accessibility:**

- The accessibility of the product through efficient distribution channels and availability in key
markets contributes significantly to its success.

9. **Customer Feedback and Iteration:**

- Continuous engagement with customer feedback and a willingness to iterate based on insights
contribute to product improvement and long-term success.

10. **Brand Reputation:**

- A strong brand reputation built on trust, reliability, and positive customer experiences can
significantly influence the success of a product.

11. **Strategic Partnerships:**

- Collaborations and partnerships with other businesses or influencers can enhance the product's
visibility and credibility.

11 Explain critical goals that industrial designers must follow as per Dreyfuss

: Henry Dreyfuss, a prominent industrial designer, outlined several critical goals that industrial
designers should follow to create successful and user-centered designs. Dreyfuss's design philosophy
focuses on improving the functionality, usability, and overall user experience of products. Here are
some key goals as per Dreyfuss:

1. **Solve the Right Problem:**

- Identify and understand the actual problem that needs solving, ensuring that the design
addresses real user needs and challenges.

2. **Human-Centered Design:**

- Prioritize the human experience in design, emphasizing ergonomic considerations, user comfort,
and intuitive interactions to enhance usability.

3. **Functionality and Purpose:**

 - Design products that serve a clear purpose and function effectively, avoiding unnecessary
complexity or features that may confuse users.

4. **Aesthetics in Harmony with Function:**

- Integrate aesthetics with functionality, creating designs where the visual elements complement
and enhance the product's usability rather than detract from it.

5. **Market Research:**

- Conduct thorough market research to understand consumer needs, preferences, and market
trends, guiding the design process to align with market demands.

6. **Efficiency and Simplicity:**

- Strive for simplicity and efficiency in design, eliminating unnecessary elements or steps that might
hinder the user experience.

7. **Environmental Considerations:**

- Consider the environmental impact of the design, promoting sustainability and responsible
material choices.

8. **Future-Proofing:**

- Anticipate future needs and technological advancements to design products that remain relevant
and adaptable over time.

9. **Attention to Detail:**

- Pay meticulous attention to the details of a design, recognizing that small elements can
significantly impact the overall user experience.

12 Discuss the steps involved in engineering process design

: **Steps in Engineering Process Design:**

1. **Define Objectives:**

- Clearly outline the goals and objectives of the engineering process design, considering
functionality, efficiency, and any specific requirements.

2. **Gather Requirements:**

- Identify and collect detailed requirements, including technical specifications, environmental

constraints, and user needs.

3. **Feasibility Study:**

- Conduct a feasibility study to assess the viability of the proposed design in terms of technical,
economic, and resource considerations.

4. **Conceptualization:**

- Develop conceptual designs and brainstorm potential solutions that align with the defined
objectives and requirements.

5. **Preliminary Design:**
 - Create a preliminary design based on the chosen concept, incorporating key features,
components, and system architecture.

6. **Detailed Design:**

- Develop detailed engineering drawings, specifications, and plans, specifying materials,

dimensions, and manufacturing processes.

7. **Analysis and Simulation:**

- Perform engineering analysis and simulations to evaluate the performance, structural integrity,
and efficiency of the proposed design.

8. **Prototyping:**

- Build prototypes or models to test the physical manifestation of the design, identifying any
potential issues and refining the design accordingly.

9. **Testing and Validation:**

- Conduct rigorous testing to validate the design against predetermined criteria, ensuring that it
meets performance and safety standards.

10. **Optimization:**

- Iterate and optimize the design based on testing results, addressing any identified issues and
improving efficiency or functionality.

11. **Documentation:**

- Document the final design, including detailed specifications, drawings, test results, and any other
relevant information for future reference.

12. **Regulatory Compliance:**

- Ensure that the design complies with industry standards, regulations, and safety requirements,
obtaining necessary certifications if applicable.

13. **Implementation and Manufacturing:**

- Implement the final design for mass production, coordinating with manufacturing teams to
ensure smooth and efficient production processes.

14. **Quality Control:**

- Implement quality control measures to monitor and verify the consistency and reliability of
manufactured products.

13 What is product design?

: **Product design** is a multidisciplinary process that involves conceptualizing, creating, and

developing products to meet specific needs or solve particular problems. The goal is to enhance the
user experience and satisfaction while also meeting business and technical requirements. Product
designers often collaborate with various stakeholders, including engineers, marketers, and users, to
bring a product from concept to reality.

### Product Design in Short Points

1. **Conceptualization**:

- Generating ideas and concepts for new products based on market needs, trends, and
technological opportunities.

2. **Research and Analysis**:

- Conducting market research, competitor analysis, and feasibility studies to understand customer
preferences and market demand.

3. **Design Specifications**:

- Defining detailed specifications, including functionality, performance, aesthetics, and usability

requirements.

4. **Prototyping**:

- Creating physical or digital prototypes to visualize and test the design concept.

5. **Testing and Validation**:

- Evaluating prototypes through rigorous testing to ensure they meet design specifications and user
requirements.

6. **Iteration and Refinement**:

- Making improvements and refinements based on testing feedback to enhance the product’s
design and functionality.

7. **Material Selection**:

- Choosing appropriate materials that meet performance, durability, and cost criteria for the
product.

8. **Manufacturing Process Design**:

- Designing efficient and cost-effective manufacturing processes to produce the product at scale.

9. **Ergonomics and Usability**:

- Ensuring the product is user-friendly and ergonomically designed for optimal user experience.

10. **Sustainability Considerations**:

- Incorporating eco-friendly materials and processes to minimize the product’s environmental

impact.

MODULE 2 (2 MARKS)

1 Define Industrial design

: **Industrial design** is a specialized field that involves the creation and development of
aesthetically pleasing and functional products, incorporating elements such as form, usability, and
manufacturability to enhance the overall user experience. Industrial designers blend artistic and
engineering principles to create innovative and marketable solutions.

2 Compose the problem of designing a barbecue grill. Try a functional decomposition as well as a
decomposition based on the use interactions with the product

: Design Problem for a Barbecue Grill:

 Functional Decomposition:
 Heat Source: Gas, charcoal, electric.
 Cooking Surface: Grates, griddles, racks.
 Control Mechanism: Knobs, switches, temperature gauges.
 Frame and Body: Material, construction, stability.
 Mobility and Storage: Wheels, handles, collapsibility.
 Use Interaction Decomposition:
 Ignition: Ease of starting the grill.
 Cooking Control: Adjusting temperature and heat distribution.
 Cooking Surface: Accessibility and ease of cleaning.
 Safety Features: Protection from heat, flare-ups, and tipping.
 Maintenance: Cleaning, grease management, and durability.

3 What are the Aspects of ergonomic design of machine tools

 : **Aspects of Ergonomic Design of Machine Tools:**

 Workstation Layout
 Operator Seating
 Control Panel Placement
 Handle and Switch Design
 Display Visibility
 Vibration Damping
 Noise Control
 Tool Access and Reach
 Lighting Design
 Material Handling

4 write in brief challenges in product development

: **Challenges in Product Development:**

Navigating time constraints, evolving market demands, and ensuring seamless collaboration among
cross-functional teams pose significant challenges in product development. Additionally, managing
resource limitations while maintaining innovation and quality standards adds complexity to the
process.

5 Industrial Design Process in detail

: The industrial design process involves researching user needs, ideating concepts, creating
prototypes, and refining designs iteratively to develop aesthetically pleasing and functional products.
This comprehensive approach integrates user-centered methodologies, engineering considerations,
and creative solutions to achieve a well-rounded design.
6 Describe Major types of product design?.

: Product design can be broadly categorized into three major types:

1. **Industrial Design:** Primarily concerned with the aesthetic and ergonomic aspects of a product,
industrial design focuses on creating visually appealing and user-friendly products.

2. **Mechanical Design:** Focused on the functional and structural aspects, mechanical design
involves creating products with a strong emphasis on engineering principles.

3. **Interaction Design:** Centered around user interfaces and experiences, interaction design aims
to create intuitive and engaging interactions between users and digital or physical products.

5 marks

7 Explain Importance of material selection? with an example

: **Importance of Material Selection:**

Material selection is crucial in product design as it directly influences the product's performance,
durability, cost, and overall success. The right material can enhance functionality, ensure safety, and
contribute to the product's aesthetic appeal. For instance, in designing a smartphone, selecting
lightweight and durable materials like aluminum or polycarbonate for the outer casing not only
influences the device's physical integrity but also impacts its overall weight and user experience.
Simultaneously, the choice of materials for internal components, such as the selection of
semiconductor materials for the circuitry, affects the device's performance, energy efficiency, and
heat dissipation. Therefore, thoughtful material selection is integral to achieving the desired product
characteristics and meeting the specific requirements of the intended application.

8 Explain fixed cost, overhead cost, operational cost

: **Fixed Cost:**

Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales. These
costs do not vary with the volume of goods or services produced by a business. Examples include
rent or lease payments, salaries of permanent employees, insurance premiums, and property taxes.
Fixed costs remain consistent within a certain production or operational range.

**Overhead Cost:**

Overhead costs, also known as indirect costs, are expenses that are not directly tied to the
production of a specific product or service but contribute to overall business operations. This
category includes expenses such as utilities, administrative salaries, facility maintenance, and other
general operational costs. Overhead costs are typically incurred to support the entire business and
are allocated across various products or services.

**Operational Cost:**

Operational costs, also known as operating expenses or variable costs, are expenses directly
associated with the production of goods or services. These costs fluctuate with the level of
production or business activity. Examples include raw materials, labor for production, packaging, and
shipping costs. Operational costs are essential for the day-to-day functioning of a business and can
vary based on the level of output or sales.

9 Discuss the steps involved in engineering process design

: ### Steps Involved in Engineering Process Design

1. **Problem Identification**:

- Define the problem or need that the engineering process aims to address.

2. **Requirement Analysis**:

- Gather and analyze requirements, including functional, performance, and regulatory constraints.

3. **Feasibility Study**:

- Conduct a feasibility study to evaluate technical, financial, and operational viability.

4. **Conceptual Design**:

- Develop initial design concepts and select the most promising solution.

5. **Detailed Design**:

- Create detailed drawings, specifications, and models of the selected design.

6. **Material and Component Selection**:

- Choose appropriate materials and components based on design requirements and constraints.

7. **Prototype Development**:

- Build prototypes to test and validate the design concepts.

8. **Testing and Simulation**:

- Perform simulations and physical tests to ensure the design meets all requirements and
specifications.

9. **Design Optimization**:

- Refine and optimize the design based on testing results to improve performance and efficiency.

10. **Documentation and Review**:

- Document the final design, including all specifications, drawings, and test results, and conduct a
thorough review before implementation.

10 with an example discuss Engineering solving problem proposed by Krick

: The engineering problem-solving approach proposed by Krick can be effectively applied to

automobile manufacturing. Here’s a breakdown of the approach using a hypothetical example of
designing a new fuel-efficient engine

1. **Problem Identification**:

- **Example**: Identifying the need to design a new fuel-efficient engine to meet stringent
emissions regulations and customer demand for better fuel economy.

2. **Requirement Analysis**:
 - **Example**: Gathering requirements such as fuel efficiency targets, emission standards, engine
performance specifications, and cost constraints.

3. **Feasibility Study**:

- **Example**: Conducting a feasibility study to evaluate the technical and economic viability of
different engine designs, such as hybrid, electric, and advanced combustion engines.

4. **Conceptual Design**:

- **Example**: Developing several conceptual designs for the engine, including different
configurations like inline, V-type, and flat engines, and selecting the most promising one based on
initial analysis.

5. **Detailed Design**:

- **Example**: Creating detailed CAD models and engineering drawings of the selected engine
design, specifying dimensions, materials, and component interactions.

6. **Material and Component Selection**:

- **Example**: Choosing lightweight, high-strength materials for engine components to improve

efficiency while maintaining durability, such as aluminum alloys and advanced composites.

7. **Prototype Development**:

- **Example**: Building a prototype of the new engine to evaluate its performance in real-world
conditions, focusing on fuel efficiency, power output, and emissions.

8. **Testing and Simulation**:

- **Example**: Performing simulations and physical tests, such as dynamometer testing and road
testing, to validate the engine’s performance against the specified requirements.

9. **Design Optimization**:

- **Example**: Analyzing test results and optimizing the engine design to address any performance
issues, such as tweaking the fuel injection system or adjusting the combustion chamber design for
better efficiency.

10. **Documentation and Review**:

- **Example**: Documenting the final engine design, including detailed engineering drawings, test
results, and performance data, and conducting a thorough review with cross-functional teams to
ensure all objectives are met before mass production.

11 with example explain new product development process

: 1. **Idea Generation**:

- How do you generate ideas for new products?

 2. **Idea Screening**:

- How do you evaluate and filter potential ideas?

3. **Concept Development and Testing**:

- How do you develop concepts for selected ideas, and how do you test these concepts with target
customers?

4. **Business Analysis**:

- What factors do you consider during the business analysis phase, including market potential, cost
estimates, and revenue projections?

5. **Product Development**:

- What steps are involved in turning the concept into a tangible product prototype?

6. **Market Testing**:

- How do you conduct market tests to assess the product's viability and gather feedback from
potential customers?

7. **Commercialization**:

- How do you prepare for the launch of the new product, including production planning,
distribution channels, and marketing strategies?

8. **Launch**:

- How do you execute the launch of the new product in the market?

9. **Post-Launch Evaluation**:

- How do you evaluate the success of the product launch, including sales performance, customer
feedback, and market acceptance?

10. **Product Improvement**:

- How do you incorporate feedback and make improvements to the product based on post-launch
evaluation results?

11. **Product Extension or Retirement**:

- How do you decide whether to extend the product line, iterate on the existing product, or retire
the product based on its performance in the market?

12. **Continuous Innovation**:

- How do you ensure ongoing innovation and development to sustain the product's
competitiveness in the market?

12 Explain with examples Economic Consideration in Material Selection

: 1. **Cost of Material**:
 - Selecting materials with lower costs can reduce overall production expenses. For example, using
aluminum instead of titanium for bicycle frames lowers production costs while maintaining durability.

2. **Cost of Processing**:

- Consider the cost of processing or manufacturing the chosen material. For instance,
thermoplastics are often chosen over thermoset plastics due to lower processing costs.

3. **Cost of Maintenance**:

- Opt for materials with minimal maintenance requirements to reduce long-term operational costs.
Stainless steel is preferred over carbon steel in outdoor structures due to its corrosion resistance and
lower maintenance needs.

4. **Life Cycle Cost Analysis**:

- Conduct life cycle cost analysis to evaluate the total cost of ownership, including acquisition,
operation, maintenance, and disposal costs. For example, selecting energy-efficient materials for
building construction reduces long-term energy expenses.

5. **Availability and Supply Chain Costs**:

- Consider the availability of materials and associated supply chain costs. Choosing locally sourced
materials reduces transportation costs and supply chain risks. For instance, using locally harvested
timber for furniture manufacturing reduces transportation expenses and supports local economies.

6. **Scrap and Waste Management**:

- Evaluate materials with minimal scrap and waste generation during manufacturing. For example,
choosing recyclable materials like glass or aluminum for packaging reduces disposal costs and
environmental impact compared to non-recyclable plastics.

7. **Regulatory Compliance Costs**:

- Ensure materials comply with regulatory standards to avoid fines and penalties. For instance,
selecting lead-free materials in consumer products complies with safety regulations and avoids costly
recalls.

13 Explain the industrial design process choosing any product as example

: **Industrial Design Process: Example of Smartphone Design**

1. **Research and Analysis**:

- Conduct market research to understand user preferences, technological trends, and competitor
offerings in the smartphone industry.

2. **Concept Generation**:

- Generate initial design concepts based on research insights, considering factors like form factor,
screen size, camera placement, and materials.

3. **Sketching and Rendering**:

 - Create hand sketches and digital renderings of the proposed design concepts to visualize aesthetic
and functional elements.

4. **CAD Modeling**:

- Translate conceptual sketches into detailed 3D CAD models using computer-aided design (CAD)
software, refining dimensions, proportions, and ergonomics.

5. **Prototype Development**:

- Build physical prototypes of the smartphone design using rapid prototyping techniques like 3D
printing or CNC machining to assess form, fit, and function.

6. **User Testing**:

- Conduct user testing sessions with prototype models to gather feedback on usability, comfort, and
overall user experience.

7. **Iterative Design Refinement**:

- Incorporate user feedback and iterate on the design, making adjustments to improve ergonomics,
aesthetics, and functionality.

8. **Materials Selection**:

- Choose appropriate materials for the smartphone components, considering factors like durability,
weight, and aesthetics. For example, using Gorilla Glass for the screen and aluminum alloy for the
frame.

9. **Integration of Components**:

- Integrate electronic components, such as processors, cameras, and batteries, into the design
while optimizing space utilization and thermal management.

10. **Design Validation**:

- Validate the final design through rigorous testing, including drop tests, stress tests, and
environmental testing, to ensure durability and reliability.

11. **Finalization and Production**:

- Finalize the design, detailing specifications for manufacturing processes and assembly. Coordinate
with manufacturing partners to commence mass production.

12. **Launch and Market Introduction**:

- Launch the smartphone in the market, accompanied by marketing campaigns and promotional
activities to attract consumers and establish brand presence.

14 How does user feedback contribute to the evaluation of industrial design quality?
: 1. Identifying User Preferences: User feedback helps identify user preferences and expectations
regarding aesthetics, functionality, and usability.

2. Improving Ergonomics: Insights from user feedback enable designers to refine ergonomics,
ensuring comfort and ease of use for diverse user demographics.

3. Enhancing User Experience: Feedback highlights areas for improvement in the user interface,
interaction design, and overall user experience.

4. Addressing Pain Points: Users' comments and suggestions identify pain points or areas of
dissatisfaction, prompting design adjustments to address these issues.

5. Validating Design Decisions: User feedback validates design decisions and helps designers prioritize
features and design elements based on user needs and preferences.

6. Iterative Design Refinement: Continuous user feedback facilitates iterative design refinement,
allowing designers to fine-tune the design to better align with user expectations.

7. Ensuring Accessibility: Feedback from users with disabilities or special needs informs design
modifications to ensure accessibility and inclusivity.

8. Testing Prototypes: User testing of prototypes provides valuable insights into real-world usage
scenarios, uncovering usability issues and guiding design improvements.

9. Assessing Emotional Response: User feedback assesses the emotional response evoked by the
design, such as feelings of delight, frustration, or satisfaction.

10. Driving Innovation: User feedback sparks innovation by inspiring new design ideas, features, or
functionalities that meet unmet user needs or desires.

15 Why is prototyping an essential step in the industrial design process?

: Prototyping is an essential step in the industrial design process for several reasons:

1. **Visualizing Design Concepts**: Prototypes allow designers to visualize and communicate design
concepts more effectively than sketches or digital renderings.

2. **Testing Functionality**: Prototypes enable designers to test the functionality of the design in a
real-world context, identifying potential flaws or issues early in the development process.

3. **User Feedback**: Prototypes facilitate user testing and feedback, providing valuable insights
into usability, ergonomics, and user experience.

4. **Iterative Design Refinement**: Prototyping supports iterative design refinement by allowing

designers to make incremental improvements based on feedback and testing results.

5. **Validating Design Decisions**: Prototypes validate design decisions and assumptions, helping
designers justify their choices to stakeholders and clients.

6. **Reducing Risk**: Prototyping helps mitigate risks associated with design flaws or usability issues
by uncovering problems before mass production begins.

7. **Cost-Effective Exploration**: Prototyping allows designers to explore various design alternatives

and concepts in a cost-effective manner before committing to expensive production processes.
8. **Enhancing Communication**: Prototypes serve as tangible representations of the design,
enhancing communication and collaboration among designers, engineers, and stakeholders.

9. **Building Confidence**: Prototyping builds confidence in the design by demonstrating its

feasibility and functionality, reassuring stakeholders and investors.

10. **Accelerating Time to Market**: Prototyping accelerates the design process by facilitating rapid
iteration and decision-making, ultimately speeding up the time to market for new products.

MODULE 3
(2MKS)

1 Give the difference between value analysis with conventional cost reduction.

ANS – Value Analysis: Focuses on improving the value of a product or process by optimizing its
function (striking a balance between quality, cost, and functionality) and reducing costs without
compromising quality. Takes a holistic approach, considering the entire lifecycle of the product or
process.

Conventional Cost Reduction: Focuses solely on reducing costs without necessarily considering the
value or function of the product or process. This approach may result in cost-cutting measures that
could compromise quality or functionality. Often takes a narrower approach, focusing on immediate
cost-cutting measures without considering the long-term implications. It may result in short-term
cost savings but could lead to long-term negative impacts on quality or customer satisfaction.

2 Explain Value Engineering.

ANS - An organized study of functions to satisfy the user’s needs with a quality product at the lowest
life cycle cost through applied creativity. Value Engineering is a systematic approach to improving the
value of a product, process, or system by optimizing its function, quality, and cost. It involves
analyzing the functions of a product or process, identifying opportunities for improvement, and
implementing changes to achieve better value.

3 Explain the history of Value Engineering and describe its advantages and disadvantages.

ANS - Developed in the 1940s by Lawrence D. Miles at General Electric. Initially focused on cost
reduction in the manufacturing industry. Evolved into a broader value optimization approach.

Advantages:

 Cost Savings: Value Engineering can lead to significant cost savings by identifying and
eliminating unnecessary costs.
 Improved Quality: By focusing on function and value, Value Engineering can lead to
improvements in product quality and performance.
 Enhanced Innovation: Value Engineering encourages innovative thinking and creative
solutions to problems.

Disadvantages:

 Time and Resources: Implementing Value Engineering can require time and
resources, which may be a limitation for some organizations.
 Resistance to Change: Some stakeholders may resist changes proposed by Value
Engineering.
  Requires trained and experienced personnel (can be expensive initially).

4 With a neat Flow Chart Explain the phases of the Value Engineering Job Plan.

ANS - Information Phase: Gather information about the project, including its objectives,
requirements, and constraints.

Function Analysis Phase: Analyze the functions of the product or process to understand its purpose
and identify areas for improvement.

Creative Phase: Generate ideas and alternatives to improve the value of the product or process.

Evaluation Phase: Evaluate the ideas and alternatives based on their feasibility, cost-effectiveness,
and impact on value.

Implementation Phase: Implement the selected ideas and alternatives to achieve the desired
improvements.

5 Construct a FAST Diagram taking an example.

ANS – FAST (function analysis system technique) is a technique to develop a graphical representation
showing the logical relationships between the functions of a project, product, process, or service
based on the questions “How” and “Why”.
6 What is the difference between value engineering and cost reduction?

ANS - Value Engineering focuses on improving the value of a product or process by optimizing its
function and reducing costs without compromising quality.

Cost Reduction, on the other hand, focuses solely on reducing costs without necessarily considering
the value or function of the product or process. The biggest difference with value engineering,
though, is that cost-cutting does not focus on the impact that cuts might have on the long-term
value, purpose, or function of the product, project, or process.

7 Discuss different areas of application of value engineering.

ANS - Manufacturing: Product design, process optimization, cost reduction.

Construction: Building design, materials selection, project life cycle cost.

Aerospace: Aircraft design, weight reduction, performance enhancement.

Healthcare: Medical device design, cost-effective healthcare delivery.

Software Development: Streamlining workflows, optimizing software functionality.

Service Industries: Enhancing customer experience, reducing service delivery costs.

5 marks

8 Discuss in brief the basic kind of value and different reasons of poor value

: Value can be categorized into two basic types:

1. **Customer Value**: This refers to the perceived benefits that customers derive from a product or
service compared to its cost. It includes factors like quality, functionality, performance, features,
reliability, convenience, and customer service.

2. **Organizational Value**: This pertains to the benefits that an organization gains from its
products, services, or processes in terms of profitability, competitiveness, market share, brand
reputation, and customer loyalty.
Reasons for Poor Value:

1. **Low Quality**: Products or services that fail to meet quality standards or customer expectations
result in poor value perception.

2. **High Price**: When the cost of a product or service outweighs its perceived benefits or utility,
customers perceive it as poor value.

3. **Lack of Features or Functionality**: Products that lack essential features or fail to deliver the
desired level of performance offer poor value to customers.

4. **Poor Customer Service**: Inadequate customer service, such as slow response times, unhelpful
support staff, or difficulty in resolving issues, diminishes the overall value of a product or service.

5. **Inferior Performance**: Products or services that underperform or fail to deliver promised

results provide poor value to customers.

6. **Unmet Needs**: Failing to address or fulfill customer needs and preferences results in poor
value perception.

7. **Misaligned Expectations**: When the actual performance or features of a product/service do

not match the customer's expectations, it leads to dissatisfaction and poor value perception.

8. **Lack of Innovation**: Stagnant or outdated offerings that lack innovation and fail to keep pace
with evolving customer needs offer poor value.

9. **Inconvenience**: Products or services that are difficult to use, access, or obtain result in poor
value due to the inconvenience experienced by customers.

10. **Negative Brand Perception**: Negative brand reputation or image due to past issues, scandals,
or controversies diminishes the perceived value of products or services associated with the brand.

9 What is necessity of job plan

: The necessity of a job plan lies in its ability to provide structure, organization, and direction to tasks
and projects within a workplace. Here's why it's essential:

1. **Clarity and Direction**: A job plan outlines the tasks, responsibilities, and timelines for
completing a project, providing clarity and direction to individuals or teams involved.

2. **Efficient Resource Allocation**: By detailing the required resources, such as manpower,

materials, and equipment, a job plan ensures efficient allocation and utilization of resources,
minimizing waste and maximizing productivity.

3. **Time Management**: Job plans help in scheduling tasks and setting deadlines, enabling
effective time management to ensure timely completion of projects.

4. **Risk Management**: Identifying potential risks and challenges upfront in a job plan allows for
proactive risk management strategies to be implemented, reducing the likelihood of project delays or
failures.

5. **Communication and Collaboration**: A well-defined job plan facilitates communication and

collaboration among team members, ensuring everyone is aligned on project objectives, roles, and
expectations.
6. **Quality Assurance**: Job plans often include quality standards and checkpoints, ensuring that
work is performed to the desired level of quality and consistency.

7. **Accountability**: By assigning clear responsibilities and accountability for each task or

deliverable, a job plan holds individuals or teams accountable for their contributions to the project.

8. **Continuous Improvement**: Job plans can serve as a basis for evaluating performance and
identifying areas for improvement in future projects, contributing to continuous improvement efforts
within the organization.

In essence, a job plan serves as a roadmap for achieving project goals efficiently and effectively,
fostering organization, collaboration, and success in the workplace.

10 Define value engineering and express the function of any four products in ‘Verb’ and ‘Noun’

: Value engineering is a systematic and organized approach to improving the value of goods or
products by examining their functions and identifying opportunities to reduce costs without
compromising quality or performance.

Here are the functions of four products expressed in "Verb" and "Noun":

1. **Smartphone**:

- Verb: Communicate, Capture

- Noun: Device, Communication tool

2. **Refrigerator**:

- Verb: Preserve, Chill

- Noun: Appliance, Cooling device

3. **Automobile**:

- Verb: Transport, Navigate

- Noun: Vehicle, Transportation tool

4. **Air Conditioner**:

- Verb: Cool, Circulate

- Noun: Appliance, Climate control device

11 Explain FAST diagram with neat sketch in detail.

12 With a neat sketch explain Value Engineering Cycle

:
The Value Engineering (VE) cycle is a systematic approach used to analyze and improve the value of
products, services, or processes. It typically involves several iterative steps:

1. **Information Gathering**: Gather relevant data and information about the product, service, or
process to be analyzed, including technical specifications, performance metrics, cost data, and
customer requirements.

2. **Functional Analysis**: Identify and analyze the primary functions (what the product or process
is intended to do), secondary functions (additional features or capabilities), and supporting functions
(activities that enable the primary functions).

3. **Creative Idea Generation**: Encourage brainstorming and creative thinking to generate

alternative approaches or solutions for performing the identified functions more efficiently or
effectively.

4. **Evaluation of Alternatives**: Assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost implications of each
alternative solution. Consider factors such as technical feasibility, economic viability, and alignment
with organizational goals.

5. **Implementation Planning**: Develop a plan for implementing the selected alternatives or

recommendations for improvement. This may involve redesigning products, modifying processes, or
implementing new technologies or practices.

6. **Execution and Monitoring**: Implement the selected alternatives and monitor their
performance and outcomes. Continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented changes
and make adjustments as needed.

7. **Feedback and Continuous Improvement**: Gather feedback from stakeholders, customers, and
end-users to evaluate the success of the value engineering efforts. Use this feedback to refine and
optimize the product, service, or process further.

13 Elaborate on the concept of Value Engineering, outlining its principles and objectives.

: Value Engineering (VE) is a systematic approach aimed at improving the value of products,
processes, or services by maximizing their functionality while minimizing costs. Here are its principles
and objectives:

**Principles**:

1. **Function Analysis**: Identify the primary functions of a product or process and prioritize them
based on their importance to customers or stakeholders.

2. **Cost-Benefit Analysis**: Evaluate the cost of each function relative to its benefits, ensuring that
resources are allocated efficiently to maximize value.

3. **Creativity and Innovation**: Encourage brainstorming and creative thinking to generate

alternative solutions that achieve the desired functions at lower costs.

4. **Cross-Functional Collaboration**: Involve stakeholders from different departments or

disciplines to gain diverse perspectives and insights into value improvement opportunities.

5. **Continuous Improvement**: Foster a culture of continuous improvement by regularly reviewing

and reassessing products, processes, or services to identify new value enhancement possibilities.

**Objectives**:
1. **Cost Reduction**: Identify and eliminate unnecessary costs without sacrificing quality or
performance, thereby improving profitability and competitiveness.

2. **Quality Improvement**: Enhance the quality and reliability of products or services by focusing
on essential functions and optimizing their performance.

3. **Functionality Optimization**: Maximize the value delivered to customers by ensuring that

products or services effectively meet their needs and requirements.

4. **Risk Mitigation**: Identify potential risks or vulnerabilities in products, processes, or services

and develop strategies to mitigate them to enhance overall reliability and resilience.

5. **Customer Satisfaction**: Enhance customer satisfaction by delivering products or services that

provide superior value in terms of functionality, quality, and cost-effectiveness.

14 Discuss the different types of product functions and how identifying them is crucial in Value
Engineering.

: Identifying different types of product functions is crucial in Value Engineering as it helps prioritize
efforts to maximize value. Here's why:

1. **Primary Functions**: These are core functions directly related to the primary purpose of the
product, such as transportation for a vehicle or cooling for an air conditioner. Prioritizing these
functions ensures that essential customer needs are met efficiently.

2. **Secondary Functions**: These functions enhance the primary purpose or add value to the
product, such as entertainment features in a vehicle or energy-saving modes in an air conditioner.
Understanding secondary functions allows for optimization to improve overall customer satisfaction.

3. **Supporting Functions**: These functions facilitate the primary or secondary functions, such as
safety features in a vehicle or maintenance alerts in an air conditioner. By identifying supporting
functions, Value Engineering can ensure that products operate reliably and safely.

4. **Aesthetic Functions**: These functions relate to the appearance or design of the product and
contribute to its appeal or brand image. While not directly impacting performance, aesthetic
functions influence customer perception and market competitiveness.

5. **Economic Functions**: These functions relate to cost-effectiveness, such as energy efficiency in

appliances or fuel economy in vehicles. By analyzing economic functions, Value Engineering can
identify opportunities to reduce costs without compromising quality or performance.

10 marks

15 Explain the step-by-step process of applying Value Engineering in product design, emphasizing
its impact on overall product development.

: Applying Value Engineering in product design involves several key steps that impact overall product
development:

1. **Define Objectives**: Clearly outline the objectives of the product design, including performance
requirements, cost targets, and customer needs.

2. **Function Analysis**: Identify and prioritize the primary, secondary, and supporting functions of
the product to understand its essential features and areas for improvement.
3. **Cost Analysis**: Evaluate the cost of each function relative to its importance and benefits,
identifying opportunities for cost reduction or optimization.

4. **Generate Ideas**: Brainstorm and generate alternative design concepts or solutions that
achieve the desired functions at lower costs, fostering creativity and innovation.

5. **Evaluate Alternatives**: Assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost implications of each
design alternative through quantitative analysis and qualitative judgment.

6. **Select Optimal Design**: Choose the design alternative that best balances performance, quality,
and cost considerations, aligning with the defined objectives.

7. **Implement Changes**: Incorporate the selected design changes or modifications into the
product development process, ensuring seamless integration and compatibility.

8. **Test and Validate**: Conduct thorough testing and validation to verify the performance,
reliability, and safety of the redesigned product, addressing any issues or concerns.

9. **Iterate and Refine**: Continuously iterate and refine the design based on feedback, testing
results, and emerging requirements to optimize value and enhance competitiveness.

10. **Monitor and Improve**: Monitor the performance and market feedback of the product post-
launch, collecting data for continuous improvement and future iterations.

16 Differentiate between Value Engineering and cost cutting, highlighting their key distinctions.

: 1. **Objective**:

- Value Engineering: Focuses on optimizing value by improving functionality, quality, and

performance while reducing costs.

- Cost Cutting: Primarily focuses on reducing expenses without necessarily considering the impact
on value or quality.

2. **Approach**:

- Value Engineering: Involves systematic analysis and optimization of product functions to achieve
cost savings while maximizing value.

- Cost Cutting: Often involves indiscriminate reduction of expenses across the board, which may
compromise quality or functionality.

3. **Long-Term Impact**:

- Value Engineering: Aims for sustainable cost reduction by improving efficiency and effectiveness,
leading to long-term benefits.

- Cost Cutting: May provide short-term savings but can lead to negative consequences such as
decreased quality, customer dissatisfaction, or reduced competitiveness in the long run.

4. **Focus on Functionality**:
 - Value Engineering: Emphasizes maintaining or enhancing product functionality while reducing
costs, ensuring that customer needs are met.

- Cost Cutting: May sacrifice functionality or quality to achieve immediate cost savings, potentially
compromising product performance or customer satisfaction.

5. **Innovation vs. Reduction**:

- Value Engineering: Encourages innovation and creativity to find alternative solutions that deliver
the same or higher value at a lower cost.

- Cost Cutting: Often relies on reducing or eliminating expenses without considering alternative
approaches or innovative solutions.

6. **Cross-Functional Collaboration**:

- Value Engineering: Involves collaboration among different departments or disciplines to identify

opportunities for improvement and optimize value.

- Cost Cutting: May be driven solely by financial considerations without input from other
stakeholders, leading to limited perspectives and suboptimal outcomes.

7. **Customer Focus**:

- Value Engineering: Prioritizes meeting customer needs and enhancing value proposition, ensuring
that cost reduction efforts align with customer expectations.

- Cost Cutting: May overlook the impact on customer experience or satisfaction, potentially
resulting in lost business or reputation damage.

17 Provide two examples of how Value Engineering can be applied in product design to enhance
value.

: Certainly! Here are two examples of how Value Engineering can be applied in product design to
enhance value:

1. **Automobile Manufacturing**:

- Problem: A car manufacturer wants to reduce the cost of producing a specific model without
compromising its performance or quality.

- Solution: Value Engineering can be applied by analyzing the functions of various components,
such as the engine, chassis, and interior features. Engineers can identify opportunities to optimize
materials, manufacturing processes, and design elements to achieve cost savings while maintaining
or improving performance and customer satisfaction. For example, replacing certain components
with lighter materials without sacrificing strength or safety can reduce manufacturing costs and
improve fuel efficiency, enhancing the overall value of the vehicle.

2. **Consumer Electronics**:

- Problem: A smartphone manufacturer aims to introduce a new model with advanced features at a
competitive price point.
 - Solution: Value Engineering can be employed by examining the functions and components of the
smartphone, such as the processor, display, camera, and battery. Engineers can identify opportunities
to streamline the design, optimize components, and leverage innovative technologies to reduce
production costs while delivering superior performance and user experience. For instance, using a
more energy-efficient processor or implementing software optimizations can extend battery life
without increasing manufacturing expenses, enhancing the value proposition of the smartphone for
customers.

18 Elaborate is value analysis cycle

: The Value Analysis (VA) cycle is a systematic process used to analyze and improve the value of
products, services, or processes. It typically consists of several iterative steps aimed at identifying
opportunities for cost reduction, performance enhancement, or quality improvement. Here's an
elaboration of the Value Analysis cycle:

1. **Identification of Objectives**: The first step involves clearly defining the objectives of the Value
Analysis project. This includes understanding the purpose of the analysis, defining success criteria,
and establishing goals for improvement.

2. **Data Collection and Analysis**: Gather relevant data and information about the product,
service, or process under review. This may include technical specifications, performance metrics, cost
data, customer feedback, and market trends. Analyze the collected data to identify areas of concern
or opportunities for improvement.

3. **Functional Analysis**: Conduct a thorough examination of the functions performed by the

product, service, or process. Identify the primary functions (what the product is intended to do),
secondary functions (additional features or capabilities), and supporting functions (activities that
enable the primary functions). This step helps clarify the purpose and value of each function.

4. **Value Assessment**: Evaluate the value of each function in relation to its cost. Assess whether
each function contributes directly to customer needs or organizational objectives, and whether the
cost of performing the function is justified by its value. This involves weighing the benefits of each
function against its associated costs.

5. **Generation of Alternatives**: Brainstorm and generate alternative approaches or solutions to

address the identified opportunities for improvement. Encourage creativity and innovation to explore
different ways of achieving the desired functions more efficiently or effectively.

6. **Evaluation of Alternatives**: Assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost implications of each
alternative solution. Consider factors such as technical feasibility, economic viability, operational
impact, and alignment with organizational goals. Evaluate the potential risks and benefits associated
with implementing each alternative.

7. **Implementation and Monitoring**: Implement the selected alternatives or recommendations

for improvement. This may involve redesigning products, modifying processes, or implementing new
technologies or practices. Monitor the performance and outcomes of the implemented changes to
ensure they achieve the desired results and provide continuous feedback for further improvement.

8. **Feedback and Continuous Improvement**: Gather feedback from stakeholders, customers, and
end-users to evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented changes. Use this feedback to refine and
optimize the product, service, or process further. Continuously monitor performance, identify new
opportunities for enhancement, and iterate the Value Analysis cycle to drive ongoing improvement.