COMP304

Operating Systems (OS)

Introduction
Hakan Ayral
Lecture 1

Operating Systems-COMP 304 (original slides by Didem Unat) 1

 Course Basics

• Website
– Blackboard : https://ku.blackboard.com/
– All course materials will be posted
• Main Book
– Operating System and Concepts (10th edition)
• By Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne
• Additional Book
– Linux Kernel Development (3rd Edition)
• By Robert Love
• http://it-ebooks.info/book/819/

Operating Systems-COMP 304 2

 Linux Operating System
• In all projects, we will be using Linux environment.
You have two options:

1) Install a Linux OS environment (recommended)

Installation package (latest distributions of Ubuntu or Fedora)
Install as dual boot on your own computer

2) Install Linux Virtual Machine on your computer

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 Linux Tutorial
• Learning Unix commands
• http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/

• Study the intro and first 2 sections by next PS hour

• Experiment with these basic commands
• First PS will go over the commands
• First project will require you to have a running Linux
environment and basic Unix command knowledge

Operating Systems-COMP 304 4

 Linux Tutorial
• You may also benefit from
– available for free under CC licence

Operating Systems-COMP 304 5

 Grading
• Grading
– %45 Projects (15+15+15 of them)
– %20 Midterm
– %25 Final
– %10 Attendance

Final makeup exam and remedial exam will take place on the
same day at the same time. A student can take either of them
but not both.

Midterm makeup exam is on the last week of the instructions

at the PS hour. Midterm makeups are not cumulative.

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 Motivation
• Operating Systems: Major field of Computer Science and
Engineering
– One of the MOST important course

• Around 20% of questions in GRE Computer Science subject test

are from the OS concepts

• Forms a good knowledge base for other subject areas

• Provides a complete understanding of software/hardware
infrastructure

Operating Systems-COMP 304 7

 Elements
• Good knowledge in
– C programming
– Data structures
– Computer Systems
• CPU and Memory Subsystem
– Algorithms

Operating Systems-COMP 304 8

 What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary (supervisor)
between a user of a computer and the computer
resources

• Duties of an OS
1) Provide resource abstraction
2) Manage and coordinate resources
3) Provide security and protection
4) Provide fairness among users (or programs)

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 Computer Startup
• Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
– Typically stored in ROM, generally known as firmware
– Initializes all aspects of a system
– Loads operating system kernel into main memory and starts execution
• The first system process is ‘init’ (or systemd) in Linux
– When the system is fully booted, it waits for some event to occur
• Kernel
– The ``one” program running at all times (the core of OS)
• Everything else is an application program
• Process
– An executing program (active program)

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 (1) OS creates resource abstractions

foo(int x) {…}
Users/Other Machines

Applications

Compiler

Operating System

Hardware

There are other layers in software stack such as runtime, libraries etc.
Operating System and Compilers are essentials.

Operating Systems-COMP 304 11

 (2) OS manages resources
• OS is a resource allocator
– Manages all resources for processes
– Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use

Operating Systems-COMP 304 12

 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management

Operating Systems-COMP 304 13

 Resource Management
• Process Management
– Creating and deleting both user and system processes
– Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs
– Suspending and resuming processes
– Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
– Providing mechanisms for process communication
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management
Operating Systems-COMP 304 14
 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
– Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and which process is using them
– Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
– Deciding which processes (or parts of processes) and data
to move into and out of memory
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management

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 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
– Creating and deleting files
– Creating and deleting directories to organize files
– Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
– Mapping files onto mass storage
– Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management
Operating Systems-COMP 304 16
 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
– Mounting and unmounting
– Free-space management
– Storage allocation
– Disk scheduling
– Partitioning
– Protection
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management
Operating Systems-COMP 304 17
 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management

• I/O System Management

Operating Systems-COMP 304 18

 Resource Management
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File-System Management
• Mass-Storage Management
• Cache Management
• I/O System Management
– A memory-management component that includes
buffering, caching, andbspooling
– A general device-driver interface
– Drivers for specific hardware devices

Operating Systems-COMP 304 19

(3) OS provides protection and security
• OS is a control program
– Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper/malicious use of the computer
– Dual mode and Multimode OS
• User mode and Kernel mode

User 1: I would like

to open a file OS: Let me check if
you have permissions
to do so, wait a sec
User 2: I would like to edit a
password file OS: I’ll open it for you!

OS: No, you don’t have

authorization for that file
Operating Systems-COMP 304 20
 (3) OS provides protection and security
• System Call
– How a program requests a service from an OS
– Results in a transition from user to kernel mode
– Return from call resets it to user mode
• Software error or request creates exception or trap
user process
user mode
user process executing calls system call return from system call (mode bit = 1)

trap return
kernel mode bit = 0 mode bit = 1 kernel mode
(mode bit = 0)
execute system call

Operating Systems-COMP 304 21

 Interrupts
• An operating system is interrupt driven
– It sits and waits for an event to occur
• Device or hardware interrupts
– I/O device is done or
– Hardware throws an exception (e.g. overflow)
• Software interrupts
– A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt
caused either by an error or a user request (system call)
• OS has an interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines for interrupt
handling
Operating Systems-COMP 304 22
Interrupts

Operating Systems-COMP 304 23

Interrupts

Operating Systems-COMP 304 24

 (4) OS provides fair execution
• OS provides fair execution and resource sharing
between users and programs
– via multiprogramming
Come on, it is
my turn!
You’ve been
playing for 2 hrs
No, I am
enjoying myself
☺

Hmm, that’s
not fair

Operating Systems-COMP 304 25

 How Multiprogramming Works
• Multiprogramming needed for efficiency
– Single user or program cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all
times
– Organize processes so that CPU always has one process to execute
– A subset of total jobs is kept in main memory

• One job selected and run via CPU scheduling

– When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3
Time-multiplexed CPU
Process 4

Space-multiplexed Memory

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 Brief History of OS
• No operating system 1940s
– Computers are exotic
– Program in machine language
– Programs manually loaded
– No concurrency: no multiple jobs, no multiple users
• 1950s
– First compiler is developed
– OS uses batch scheduling
• No human-computer interaction
• Still used in servers, clusters and data centers today

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 Brief History of OS
• 1960s
– Multics – one of the most important real OS
• Hierarchical file system (directory structure)
• Access control list and protection
• https://multicians.org/
• 1970s
– Computers became affordable
– UNIX is born at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis
Ritchie
• Written in C, allows people to experiment

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 Brief History of OS
• 1980s
– MS-DOS
• IBM needed software for their personal computers
• Approached Bill Gates (Microsoft) and he created MS-DOS
– BSD Unix
• University of California developed BSD Unix
• Became open source later
– Mach
• Carnegie Mellon Univ. developed Mach to replace Unix
• Apple chose BSD/Mach as the foundation for MacOS X
• 1983
– Richard Stallman started the GNU project
• Advocates free, open-source UNIX compatible operating system
• GNU General Public License (GPL) is now a common license under
which free software is released
Operating Systems-COMP 304 29
 Brief History of OS
• 1990s
– Linux
• Developed by a student (Linus Torvalds) in Finland
• Unix-based
• Several distributions: SUSE, Fedora, Ubuntu, Redhat ….
• Open-source operating system under GNU General Public License
– Windows 95 and MacOS X became mature and complex
• 2000s
– Mobile devices: Android (based on Linux)
– Trend is to have a smaller OS (network storage)
– Virtualization has become common (Vmware Player,
VirtualBox etc.)
Operating Systems-COMP 304 30
 Reading

• From text book

– Read 1.1, 1.4-1.10 (OS Structure – Kernel Data Structures)
– Read 1.12 (Open-Source OS)
– Read 1.2-1.3 if you want to refresh your Computer
Architecture knowledge
• Install a Linux Distribution or Virtual Machine

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 Acknowledgments
• Original slides are by Didem Unat which were adapted
from
– Öznur Özkasap (Koç University)
– Operating System and Concepts (9th edition) Wiley

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