APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

MAXWELL’s EQUATIONS 𝑟റ : position vector in 3 − 𝐷 space

(𝑟റ = 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 )
𝜕𝐵(𝑟;
റ 𝑡൯
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 + =0 Faraday’s Law
𝑡 : denotes time
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷(𝑟;
റ 𝑡൯ റ 𝑡 : Electric field vector 𝑉 Τ𝑚
𝐸 𝑟;
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 − = 𝐽റ 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 Ampere’s Law
𝜕𝑡
റ 𝑡 : Magnetic field vector 𝐴Τ𝑚
𝐻 𝑟;
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 Gauss’s Law
𝐷 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 : Electric flux density
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 =0 Magnetic Gauss Law (Displacement vector) 𝐶 Τ𝑚2
𝐵 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 : Magnetic flux density
𝐽റ 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 : Electric Current density 𝐴Τ𝑚2 (Magnetic induction vector) 𝑊𝑏Τ𝑚2
𝜌 𝑟;റ 𝑡 : Electric Charge density 𝐶 Τ𝑚3

Field Vectors
October 1, 2024 Sources 1
 APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
MAXWELL’s EQUATIONS

𝜕𝐵(𝑟;
റ 𝑡) Fictitious Sources
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 + = −𝑀 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
𝜕𝑡 റ 𝑡 : magnetic current density (Volts/𝑚2 )
𝑀 𝑟;
𝜕𝐷(𝑟;
റ 𝑡൯ റ 𝑡 : magnetic charge density 𝑊𝑏/𝑚3
𝜌𝑚 𝑟;
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 − = 𝐽റ 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
A Full Symmetrical System
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑟;
റ 𝑡

The hypothetical assumption of 𝑀 and 𝜌𝑚 is just for mathematical convenience. However the
field produced by the equivalent sources 𝑀 and 𝜌𝑚 can be considered as identical with the
field produced by the real source 𝐽Ԧ and 𝜌𝑚 (Duality Principle)

October 1, 2024 2
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS MAXWELL’s EQUATIONS
Solving the system
Equivalency (Maxwell’s Equations)
𝐽Ԧ 𝑀
For circular magnetic
Idealized Ideal Magnetic
𝐸 𝐸 loop current current loop
Electric Dipole
produces
𝐻 𝐻 Equivalency the same results with
ideal electric dipole.
𝑀
𝐽Ԧ
Idealized
Ideal Electric loop current
Magnetic Dipole 𝐻 𝐻
Solving the system (Maxwell’s
Equations) for circular electric current
𝐸 𝐸 loop produces the same results with
October 1, 2024 ideal magnetic dipole. 3
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
𝑛
MAXWELL EQUATIONS
Continuity Equation: The assumption of charge 𝛺
Γ
conservation stipulates that the current and charge
densities be conserved since the total charge can be
𝜕𝜌
neither destroyed or created. From Maxwell equations; Ԧ +න
න 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐽𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0 ⟹
𝜕𝑡
𝜴 𝜴

𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝜌
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 − 𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐽Ԧ ⟹ න 𝐽. 𝑑𝑠 = − න 𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜞 𝜴
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
Ԧ Ԧ
− = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐽 ⟶ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐽 + = 0 𝜕 𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 = − න 𝜌𝑑𝑣 = − ⟹𝐼=−
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝛺
𝜕𝜌𝑚
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑀 + =0
𝜕𝑡 Current flowing through the surface Γ Decrease in the total charge
October 1, 2024
in the outward 𝑛 direction of volume 𝛺. 4
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
Integral forms of Maxwell’s Equations
MAXWELL’s EQUATIONS
𝜕𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝛷
න 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 = − න 𝑑𝑠 ⟹ ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝓁 = − . න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = − ⟹
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑛 𝑠 𝑠 𝑐 𝑠
𝑑𝛷
𝑒 𝑡 −
𝑆 ↓
= 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 ↓
Faraday’s Law 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐶
𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥

𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 − Ԧ
= 𝐽 ⟹ න 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻. 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝑑𝑠 + න 𝐽Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 ⟹ ර 𝐻. 𝑑𝓁 = 𝐼𝐷 + 𝐼𝑓
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑐
Amperé’s Law circulation of the magnetic field total current flowing
along the contour C through the surface S
𝐼𝐷 is the displacement current
𝐼𝑓 is the current of other sources (independent sources and conductivity sources)
October 1, 2024 5
 APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
Integral forms of Maxwell’s Equations Continuity of the current
𝑖𝐶 A 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 Circuit Theory
𝑉𝑔 = 𝑉0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑐
Source

𝑉𝑔 𝑖𝐶 = 𝐶 = −𝜔𝐶𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑔
𝑖𝐶 A 𝑉𝐶
𝐸 = 𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 Field Theory
𝑑
𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐸 𝜀 𝜕𝑉𝑐
𝑖𝐷 = න 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝜀 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝑑𝑠
𝐸 𝜀 𝑑 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑 𝜕𝑡
𝑆 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝜀 𝜀𝑆
𝑖𝐷 = න (−𝜔𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑠 = (−𝜔𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑠
𝑖𝐷 = −𝐶𝜔𝑉0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 𝑖𝐶
October 1, 2024 6
 APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
MAXWELL EQUATIONS Integral forms of Maxwell’s Equations
Gauss Law
𝑆 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 = 𝜌 ⟹ න 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷𝑑𝑣 = න 𝜌𝑑𝑣 = ෍ 𝑄 ⟹ ර 𝐷 𝑑𝑠 = ෍ 𝑄
𝑛
𝑉 𝑉 𝒔
𝑉
The total (net) electric flux through a closed surface S is simply
the total charge inside the region covered by the surface S.

Magnetic Gauss Law

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 = 0 ⟹ ර 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝒔

The total (net) magnetic flux through a closed surface S is always zero.

October 1, 2024 7
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS Time Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations

In most of the wireless communication channels, information is transmitted by a

sinusoidal (time harmonic) electromagnetic wave with a carrier frequency of 𝑓.
If the angular frequency of a time varying field 𝐸 𝑟; റ 𝑡 is 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, then a
typical field vector, say electric field can be represented as
𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑟റ 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜑 𝑟റ − 𝜔𝑡] റ 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐸 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 →
𝐸 𝑟; Remember
Euler Equation!!!
𝐸0 𝑟റ : 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑟റ
𝐸 𝑟റ = 𝐸0 𝑟റ 𝑒 𝑖𝜑 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜑 𝑟റ − 𝜔𝑡: 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐸 𝑟റ is a complex vector and is called as the Phasor Representation (complex

representation) of real field vector 𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡

The phasor field 𝐸 𝑟റ suppresses the redundant time factor 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 ,

thereby substantially simplifying the mathematical expressions.
October 1, 2024 8
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

MAXWELL EQUATIONS Time Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations

The time convention 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 (which we are going to use from now on) is not unique of
course. If one chooses 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 time factor the only thing which will be changed is the
complex (phasor) expression. For example let

𝐸 𝑥; 𝑡 = 𝐸0 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐸0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑘𝑥 ( 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 )

𝐸 𝑥; 𝑡 = 𝐸0 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐸0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝐸 𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 (𝑒 +𝑖𝜔𝑡 )

The phasor representations of the above field for different time dependencies are simply
complex conjugates of each other. We will stick to the 𝒆−𝒊𝝎𝒕 time factor throughout the
course!!! (if otherwise not stated)

October 1, 2024 9
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS
Maxwell’s Equations : Time Harmonic Case
MAXWELL EQUATIONS
𝜕
𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝑒 𝐸 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 + 𝑅𝑒 𝐵 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 0 ⟹
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 + =0⟹
𝜕𝑡 𝑅𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 + 𝑅𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝐵 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 0 ⟹

𝑅𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟റ − 𝑖𝜔𝐵 𝑟റ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟റ − 𝑖𝜔𝐵 𝑟റ = 0

𝜕𝐵(𝑟;
റ 𝑡൯
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 𝑟റ − 𝑖𝜔𝐵 𝑟റ = 0
𝜕𝐷(𝑟;
റ 𝑡൯ 𝜕 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 𝑟റ + 𝑖𝜔𝐷 𝑟റ = 𝐽റ 𝑟റ
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 − = 𝐽റ 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
𝜕𝑡 → −𝑖𝜔
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 𝑟റ = 𝜌 𝑟റ
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑟;
റ 𝑡
𝑟;
റ 𝑡 → (𝑟)
റ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 𝑟റ = 0
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 𝑟;
റ 𝑡 =0
Complex (Phasor) Representation of the Maxwell′s Eqns
October 1, 2024
Maxwell′s Eqns 10
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

The relationship amongst 𝐸, 𝐷 ,𝐻, 𝐵 and 𝐽റ are given by medium properties.

In general (or for most of the media) we tend to write 𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 and 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻,
where 𝜀 is the dielectric permittivity and 𝜇 is the magnetic permeability.
This representation is the well known general case where 𝜀 and 𝜇 can be
constant numbers as well as they can be some tensors or some more
complicated operators.

October 1, 2024 11
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

The most general constitutive relations have the form

𝜀𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝑥𝑦 𝜀𝑥𝑧
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 ҧ
ҧ + 𝜉𝐻
ቋ⟶ 𝜀 ҧ = 𝜀𝑦𝑥 𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝑦𝑧
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻
ҧ + 𝜁𝐸 ҧ 𝜀𝑧𝑥 𝜀𝑧𝑦 𝜀𝑧𝑧

where 𝜀,ҧ 𝜇ҧ ,𝜉 ҧ and 𝜁 ҧ are 3 × 3 tensors

This most general case is called bianisotropic medium. The term

“anisotropy” stems from the tensor structure of the medium parameters
which means the medium changes the directions of the fields (or the
constitutive relations are functions of field directions). The term “bi”
(bianisotropy) implies that 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 are related to both 𝐸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻.
October 1, 2024 12
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations
In the anisotropic medium 𝐵 and 𝐷 are only related to 𝐻 and 𝐸 respectively;
that is,
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 ҧ
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻.
ҧ
As it is clear from these relations ‘’Anisotropy‘’ implies that constitutive relations
are functions of the field directions.
If further 𝜀 ҧ and 𝜇ҧ are functions of space coordinates, such a medium is known as
inhomogeneous .
Moreover if the tensors 𝜀 ҧ and 𝜇ҧ are functions of the fields themselves i,e; if
𝜀 ҧ = 𝜀 ҧ 𝐸 and 𝜇ҧ = 𝜇ҧ 𝐻 the medium is nonlinear. A very famous and well-
known nonlinear medium is ferrite material. (Remember Hysteresis
Phenomenon!!!)
October 1, 2024 13
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

For isotropic media the relations are independent of field polarizations and
the vectors (𝐷 and 𝐸) and (𝐵 and 𝐻) became parallel to each other, that is,

𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 and 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻

In free space
−9
ε0 = 10 ൗ36π FΤm μ0 = 4π10−7 HΤm
1
c0 = = 3. 108 m/s (velocity of light in free space)
ε 0 μ0
October 1, 2024 14
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

Conduction current 𝐽റ𝑐 = 𝜎𝐸 is related to the electric field vector.

When an electric field is applied to a conductive (lossy) medium, a conduction

current is generated within the lossy medium, dissipating the applied energy
into heat energy.

𝐽റ𝑐 = 𝜎𝐸 Ohm’s Law. 𝜎: conductivity of the medium.

𝜎
Loss tangent of a medium is defined as 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 =
𝜔𝜀

October 1, 2024 15
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

𝜎
Loss tangent of a medium is defined as 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 =
𝜔𝜀
The conductive character of a medium is determined by not only with the
conductivity 𝜎, but also with the frequency 𝜔.
𝜎
When ≫ 1 ; the material is classified as a good conductor
𝜔𝜀

𝜎
When ≪ 1 ; the material is said to be a good dielectric (insulator)
𝜔𝜀

𝜎
The case ~1 ; semi conductors.
𝜔𝜀
October 1, 2024 16
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Constitutive Relations

Complex Dielectric Permittivity:

rot𝐻 + 𝑖𝜔𝜀𝐸 = 𝐽റ ⟹
റ 𝐽റ𝑐 + 𝐽റ𝑓 = 𝜎𝐸 + 𝐽റ𝑓 ⟶ external (free) current sources
𝐽=
𝐽റ𝑐 = 𝜎𝐸; conductivity current (Ohm’s Law)
⟹ 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 + 𝑖𝜔𝜀 − 𝜎 𝐸 = 𝐽റ𝑓 ⟹
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 + 𝑖𝜔 𝜀 − 𝜎ൗ𝑖𝜔 𝐸 = 𝐽റ𝑓 ⟹ 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 + 𝑖𝜔𝜀𝑐 𝐸 = 𝐽റ𝑓

𝜀𝑐 =: 𝜀 1 − 𝜎Τ𝑖𝜔𝜀 = 𝜀 1 + 𝑖𝜎Τ𝜔𝜀

𝜀𝑐 ; Complex dielectric permittivity

October 1, 2024 17
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Boundary Conditions

To give a complete and exact solution of a given specific electromagnetic problem,

Maxwell’s equations (i.e; differential equations) are not sufficient. As in the
application of any differential equation system we need the boundary or initial
conditions.
The field behavior across a boundary between two media follows certain rules,
usually known as boundary conditions. One can easily derive the boundary
conditions directly from Maxwell’s equations by the use of Gauss and Stokes
theorems. 𝑛
𝐸2 , 𝐷2 , 𝐻2 , 𝐵2 𝑆 ∶ 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝐸1 , 𝐷1 , 𝐻1 , 𝐵1
𝜀2 , 𝜇2 , 𝜎2
𝜀1 , 𝜇1 , 𝜎1
Medium 𝐼𝐼
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐼
October 1, 2024 18
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

𝑛
Boundary Conditions 𝑆 ∶ 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝐸2 , 𝐷2 , 𝐻2 , 𝐵2
𝐸1 , 𝐷1 , 𝐻1 , 𝐵1
𝜀2 , 𝜇2 , 𝜎2
𝜀1 , 𝜇1 , 𝜎1
Medium 𝐼𝐼
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐼

(1) On the surface S; 𝐸1𝑡 = 𝐸2𝑡 or 𝑛 × 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 𝑆 = 0

𝜕𝐵
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 + =0 ⟹The tangential component of the electric field vector is continuous
𝜕𝑡 on the surface S, separating two media.

(2) On the surface S;

𝜕𝐷 𝑛 × 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐽𝑠 on S ; where 𝐽𝑠 is the surface current density.
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐻 − = 𝐽റ
𝜕𝑡 ⟹The tangential component of the magnetic field vector has a
October 1, 2024 discontinuity in the amount of surface current density. 19
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Boundary Conditions 𝑛
𝐸2 , 𝐷2 , 𝐻2 , 𝐵2 𝑆 ∶ 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝜀2 , 𝜇2 , 𝜎2 𝐸1 , 𝐷1 , 𝐻1 , 𝐵1
𝜀1 , 𝜇1 , 𝜎1
Medium 𝐼𝐼
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝐼

(3) On the surface S; 𝑛. 𝐷2 − 𝐷1 𝑆 = 𝜌𝑆 on S

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 = 𝜌 ⟹Normal component of the displacement
vector has a discontinuity in the amount of
surface charge density.
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐵 = 0 (4) On the surface S; 𝑛. 𝐵2 − 𝐵1 𝑆 = 0 on S
⟹ Normal component of the Magnetic flux
density vector is continuous

October 1, 2024 20
APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY / FUNDAMENTALS

Boundary Conditions

𝑛 𝑆
𝐸2 , 𝐷2 , 𝐻2 , 𝐵2
𝜀2 , 𝜇2 , 𝜎2 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜎1 → ∞
𝐼𝐼 Particularly, on a perfectly electric conducting
𝐼
surface we have the following boundary
conditions:
𝑛 × 𝐸2 = 0 ; 𝑛 × 𝐻2 = 𝐽റ𝑠 ;
𝑛. 𝐷2 = 𝜌𝑠 ; 𝑛. 𝐵2 = 0
October 1, 2024 21