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Laboratory Experiment 7

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23 views7 pages

Laboratory Experiment 7

Uploaded by

beimntflc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Activity 7: Force and Forced Vortex Apparatus

1. Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Activity


SO d, Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze, and interpret data, and
synthesize
information to provide valid conclusions for investigating complex problems.
SO i, Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary setting.

2. Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):


At the end of the activity, the students shall be able to:
1. Identify the surface profile of a free and forced vortex.
2. Locate and describe the total head variation in free and forced vortex.
3. Sketch the shape of a free vortex by measurement of the surface profile coordinates.

3. Objective/s of the Activity:


The activity aims to plot the surface of various forced vortices formed under different speed
conditions.

4. Principle of the Activity:


When at rest, the surface of mass of liquid is horizontal at PQ as shown in the Figure 7.1. When
this mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical axis at constant angular velocity ω radian per second,
it will assume the surfaceABC which is parabolic. Every particle is subjected to centripetal force or
centrifugal force CF = mω x which produces centripetal acceleration towards the center of rotation.
2

Other forces that acts are gravity force W = mg and normal force N.

eq. 7.1

Where tan θ is the slope at the surface of paraboloid at any distance x from the axis of rotation.
From Calculus, y’ = slope, thus

eq. 7.2

For cylindrical vessel of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height h of paraboloid is
eq. 7.3

Other Formulas
By squared-property of parabola, the relationship of y, x, h and r is defined by
eq. 7.4

Volume of paraboloid of revolution

V = ½ π r2h eq. 7.5


Important conversion factor

1 rpm = 1/30 π rad/sec eq. 7.6

5. Resources/Instruments Required:

Free and Forced Vortex Apparatus


Hydraulic Bench
Water

6. Procedure:

Measurements
1. Radius and Height

 Insert combined radius and height gauge in mount from underneath and secure using star-type
nut.
 For measurement, loosen star-type nut and set new height; then use knurled nut and set new
height ; then use knurled nut on cross member to move gauges to surface of vortex.
Readings are taken at the following points:
Height: Shoulder of retaining rod; this indicates the height of the gauges above the bottom
Radius: Left edge of notch of slider; this indicates the radius

2. Height gauge

 Pull combined radius and height gauge downwards out of mount and insert 10 mm gauge in
hole; secure with star-type nut.
 Insert 3 mm gauges in holes in gland bolts and secure
 For measurement, position gauges on surface of vortex. As all gauges are of equal length, a
rule can be used to measure the distance between the top edge of the mount and the end of
the gauge.

3. Velocity determination by way of number of revolutions

1. Allow a small piece of paper or polystyrene to drop into the surface to measure the velocity of
the vortex.
2. Then use a stopwatch to determine the time taken for the piece of paper to perform 10
revolutions with the vortex.
3. Determine the radius on which the paper revolves.
Angular velocity ω is.
ω = 2πn (with n in Revolutions/seconds)

7. Laboratory Report:
Group No.: Section:
Date Performed: Date Submitted:
Group Members:
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.

Data and Results:

Table 7.1: Using Height Gage


Rotation ω (rad/sec)
Radius r in mm 0 30 50 70 90 110
(rpm)

Measured Height h in mm Theoretical

Theoretical Height h in mm Measured

Percent Error Percent Error

Table 7.2: Using Radius and Height Gage


4 Rotation ω (rpm) (rad/sec)
Radius r in mm 10 20 30 50 60
0

Measured Height h in mm Theoretical

Theoretical Height h in mm Measured

Percent Error Percent Error

8. Analysis/Computation/s:
9. Source/s of Error
10. Technique/s and recommendations to minimize error/s

11. Conclusion/s

12. Documentation

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