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Laboratory Experiment 5

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24 views5 pages

Laboratory Experiment 5

Uploaded by

beimntflc
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Activity 5: Determination of Specific Gravity using Hydrometer

1. Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Activity


SO d, Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze, and interpret data, and
synthesize
information to provide valid conclusions for investigating complex problems.
SO i, Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary setting.

2. Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):


At the end of the activity, the students shall be able to:
1. Discuss the concept of Archimedes principle.
2. Demonstrate the proper use of hydrometer.
3. Prove hydrometer measurements using Archimedes principle.

3. Objective:
The activity aims to determine the specific gravity of fluid using Archimedes Principle.

4. Principle of the Activity:

Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed
object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid.
Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom
of the column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to accelerate
an object upwards. The magnitude of that force is proportional to the difference in the pressure
between the top and the bottom of the column, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle) is also
equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the column, i.e. the displaced fluid.
For this reason, an object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is
submerged tends to sink. If the object is either less dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as
in a boat), the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a reference frame which either
has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward"
direction (that is, a non-inertial reference frame). In a situation of fluid statics, the net upward buoyancy
force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid displaced by the body.
Operation of the hydrometer is based on “Archimedes Principle” that a solid suspended in a
fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the submerged part of the
suspended solid. Thus, the lower the density of the substance, the farther the hydrometer will sink.

eq. 5.1

Where,
F = Buoyant Force
b

Y = specific weight of fluid


f

V = Volume submerged/displaced
s

5. Resources / Instruments Required:


 Graduated Cylinder
 Hydrometer
 Liquids

6. Procedures:

With the use of mass-volume-density relationship

1. Using weighing scale, determine the mass of an empty graduated cylinder


2. Pour out some amount of fluid on the graduated cylinder then measure the combined mass of the
fluid and the graduated cylinder. Also, determine the volume of fluid being poured on the graduated
cylinder.
3. Using the data from procedure 1 and 2 determine the mass of fluid being poured on the graduated
cylinder
4. Determine the density by dividing the calculated mass of fluid to the corresponding volume of fluid
on the cylinder. Consequently, the Specific gravity of the fluid can now be determined.
5. Repeat procedure 1 to 4 for other liquids.

With the use of hydrometer


1. Pour an amount of liquid into the graduated cylinder.
2. Place the graduated cylinder on a level surface.
3. Gently lower the hydrometer into the graduated cylinder. If there are bubbles clinging to the
hydrometer, flick it to knock them off. If this does not get rid of the bubbles, remove the hydrometer
and lower it again. Bubbles throw off the hydrometer reading.
4. Move the hydrometer to the middle of the graduated cylinder so it is floating freely and not attached
to the sides.
5. Take the measurement at the lowest point of the curved surface of the liquid.
6.

7. Laboratory Report

Group No: Section:


Date Performed: Date Submitted:
Group Members:

1. 4.
2. 5.
3.

8. Data and Results:

Table 5.1: Using mass-volume-density relation

Fluid Mass Volum S using mass-volume-density relation


Unit: e
Unit:

Table 5.2: Using hydrometer relation

FLUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Table 5.3: Summary

Flui S from Table S from Table % error


d 5.1 5.2

9. Analysis/Computation/s:

10. Source/s of Error


11. Technique/s and recommendations to minimize error/s

12. Conclusion/s

13. Documentation

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