buying the property?

How do I deal with

difficult people at work?
LESSON #1
• Deep Questions - we encounter them in
(1st Quarter - 1st Semester) serious conversations, in the books we read,
the songs we hear on the radio and even in
MEANING AND PROCESS OF DOING
the movies we watch.
PHILOSOPHY
• Examples: What is love? Is love worth giving
up everything? Where one can find true
happiness? Does the end justify the means?
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
Why do good people suffer? Why is there
Philosophy injustice in this world? What can we do to
make the world a better place? Why do I have
• comes from two Greek words: philos (love) to be a good person?
and Sophia (wisdom).
• Ancient Greeks used this term to refer to Philosophers
“love of wisdom”. • People who engage in Philosophy are called
• They soon applied it to the study or discipline philosophers or “lovers of wisdom.”
that uses human reason to investigate the • Philosophers became pioneers in various
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles fields of knowledge such as history, biology,
which govern all things. mathematics, astronomy, and even physics.
• study of general and fundamental questions • It was quite common to hear of ancient
about existence, knowledge, values, reason, philosophers who were “experts” in various
and language. fields of learning.
• is a way of thinking about the world, the
universe, and society Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:
• aims to search for wisdom Pythagoras (570 BCE – 495 BCE)
• People who engage in Philosophy are called
philosophers or “lovers of wisdom.” - Pythagorean theorem

TYPES OF QUESTIONS - Established a community of learners who

were devoted to the study of religion and philosophy.
• Simple questions - easily ignored because of
their simplicity, but these indicate a healthy Heraclitus (535 BCE – 475 BCE)
curiosity and a sense of wonder which is a - He proposed that everything that exists is
most important feature of childhood based on a higher order or plan which he called
innocence. “logos”.
• Examples: What is this? What does this do?
Why are trees tall? Why is the sky so far? - “No man ever steps in the same river twice”.
• Serious questions - influenced by our Democritus (460 BCE – 370 BCE)
experiences and circumstances.
• Examples: Why do I have to study? What do - Devoted himself to the study of the causes of
I need to do to get better grades? Why can’t I natural phenomena.
have more friends? What should I do to - Proposed that matter is composed of tiny
achieve my goals in life? Why did I fail? particles called atoms.
What can I do to do better? In the family our
parents usually say; how can our budget Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE – 323 BCE)
cover our family’s expenses? What should I - A known advocate of living a simple and
do to earn more? Would it be better to apply virtuous life.
for a new job? Did I make the right choice in
- A vocal critic of well-known Philosophers - Also proposed a system of classification of
such as Plato and Aristotle. plants and animals
- His teachings and views were later developed - Deductive reasoning – the process by which
by his followers and influenced the development of specific statement are analyzed to reach a conclusion
several schools of philosophy such as Cynicism and or generalization.
Stoicism
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE?
Epicurus (341 BCE – 270 BCE)
Which drive man to philosophize?
- Believed that Philosophy could enable man to
✓ Sense of wonder (Plato)
live a life of happiness.
- When confronted with experience, we always
- Epicureanism – a school of Philosophy which
wonder how it came about.
believes that wisdom and simple living will result in
a life free of fear and pain. - Man’s over bounding curiosity drives him to
ask questions.
Socrates (470 BCE – 399 BCE)
- This perspective drives the need of a
- He was considered the foremost philosopher
philosopher to question, examine, and learn more.
of ancient times.
✓ Doubt (Rene Descartes)
- Believed that philosophy could enable man to
live a life of virtue. - In life, we will be faced with several ideas
and arguments which present themselves as “truths.”
- Socratic method – a means of examining a
A critical and questioning perspective is necessary to
topic by devising a series of questions that let the
determine if indeed these ideas or views are correct
learner examine and analyze his knowledge and
or true.
views regarding the topic.
✓ Experience (Karl Jaspers)
Plato (427 BCE – 347 BCE)
- Human person is often confronted by
- A student of Socrates
experiences which challenge his ideas and
- His teachings and writings were considered frameworks. These experiences are called limit
the foundation of Western Philosophy. situations and are often accompanied by feelings of
helplessness, anxiety or dread.
- Theory of Forms – everything that exists is
based on an idea or template that can only be - Philosophy provides us a means to
perceived in the mind; these nonphysical ideas are understand adverse or challenging conditions, and to
external and unchanging. rise above them and gain new knowledge and
perspectives.
- Dialectic – a method of inquiry where two
opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive ✓ Love of Wisdom
at a new knowledge.
- To love wisdom is to have insatiable desire
- Academy – an institution of higher learning for truth. A philosopher does not seek knowledge to
which was the first of tis kind in the Western World. claim ownership of it; and one who engages in
philosophy is not satisfied with figuring out the
Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE)
answer to a question. He seeks to continue to
- Attended the Academy, and was a prominent question, to probe, and to discuss in order to get to
student of Plato the bottom things.

- Involved in a great variety of disciplines such - Socrates: “I know that I do not know…” it is
as zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics. in accepting this state of ignorance that one can
begin to learn and understand. “the unexamined life
is not worth living”. Nowhere is it more appropriate - Political philosophy – studies governments.
to embark on philosophy than in an examination of Deals with questions of justice, power and the rights
our own life. and obligations of citizens.
HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY - Metaphysics – deals with questions
OF PHILOSOPHY? regarding reality and existence.
Various viewpoints, thoughts, and approaches in - Philosophy of the human person –
philosophy: understands the human person—integrating and
synthesizing the different branches of philosophy and
• Philosophy as a way of analyzing
other fields of study to know the truth about human
frameworks.
person.
Framework
Important facts about philosophizing:
- a way of thinking about the world and is
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLISTIC
composed of the views and beliefs of a person.
THINKING AND PARTIAL THINKING
❖ Internal questions – questions dealing with
• Partial thinking
our own correctness and values. It can be
addressed using our own personal - Focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
frameworks.
- The partial view is an important component
❖ External questions – seek to question the very
of analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on
frameworks upon which people base their
certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to
own beliefs and views.
understand it.
Example, separation experience of child from
Example: doctors focuses on certain symptoms to
his/her family.
determine the cause of the illness.
• Philosophy can be thought of as an
• Holistic thinking
examination of a particular area of knowledge.
- a perspective that considers large-scale
- Philosophy is examination and questioning –
patterns in system.
often applied in the analysis of the framework of
other areas or sciences. - Often described as looking at the “big
picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or
E.g. philosophy of science – seek to understand the
problem
fundamental principles that guide scientific thought.
Example; doctor look at the “big picture” and view
Philosophy of religion – examines the basic tenets of
the patient’s illness as an aspect of his/her lifestyle
any faith. Philosophy of education, political
and personal circumstances.
philosophy, philosophy of history etc.
- Requires an individual to have an open
• Philosophy is a distinct area of knowledge
mindset and an ability to get the general sense or
with its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing
impression regarding a situation.
things.
- Holistic approach in thinking encourages us
- Aesthetics – deals with beauty and what
not only to be more critical but also to be more
things “beautiful”
considerate in dealing with others.
- Logic – deals with correct reasoning
- Holistic view give rise to a more appreciative
- Epistemology – study of knowledge. Deals perspective about life, as we are able to look at life in
with nature of knowledge and knowing. its totality
- Ethics – deals with moral questions and
dilemmas
HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN RFLECTION? - Our capacity for inquiry, critical thinking,
and reflection helps us to become better students,
• Reflection
professional etc.
- Requires a person to be willing to examine
one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn
more about one’s life and experiences. One can Lesson 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
reflect on almost any subject.
Example: Going to school, Buying clothes
TRUTH
- Reflection is vital in insuring that our actions
- lies at the heart of any inquiry
and decisions are well thought out and are done with
due regard for their implications and consequences - is the property of being in accord with fact or
on ourselves, others, and our surroundings. reality.
WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF PROPOSITIONS
PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES?
- statements about the world or reality
1. Philosophy enables the person to engage in
critical analysis and interpretation of concepts, - may or may not carry truth
definitions, arguments, and problems. - usually stated as short statements or
social media. sentences.

2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving KNOWLEDGE

and decision making - clear awareness and understanding of
- Analyze dilemma, identify significant aspects something
and come up with solutions. - product of questions that allow for clear
3. A philosopher is a good communicator who answers provided by facts.
can clearly and adequately present his/her ideas. FACTS
- Philosophy help to be more open to new - statements which are observed to be real or
ideas truthful
- Develop our communication skills CLAIM
- Trains us to be very clear and precise about - statements that are not evidently or
our thoughts/sentiments. immediately known to be true
4. Wisdom - further examination is required to establish
- Product of philosophizing whether it is true or false.

- Person’s ability to apply knowledge to daily BASIS OF DETERMINING TRUTH (Roberto

life. Abella)
5. Knowledge of philosophy contribute to A belief/statement is true if…
self-development
1. it can be justified through the use of one’s
- Encourages us to know ourselves senses.
- Help us know our strength and weaknesses 2. it is based on facts.
- Helps establish our identity and determine 3. people agree on a common belief.
our purpose in life.
4. proven through action.
5. subjected to test. 6. APPEAL TO TRADITION - it is assumed
that the idea is acceptable because something has
been done a certain way for a long time, or
(ARGUMENT, FALLACY, s BIAS) traditionally, so, it is necessarily the right way of
doing it.
7. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION -assuming
OPINION of what is true of a part, is true for the whole
- an expression based on facts, emotions, 8. FALLACY OF DIVISION - assuming of
beliefs, and views. what is true for a whole, is true for its parts.
- Also the bases for making arguments and 9. POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC –
convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.
(Cause and Effect) one event is said to be the
CONCLUSION
cause of a later event simply because it occurred
- judgment based on certain facts. earlier.
BELIEFS 10. SLIPPERY SLOPE - assuming a very small
- statements that express convictions that are action will lead to extreme outcomes
not easily and clearly explained by facts.
EXPLANATIONS BIAS - a disproportionate weight in favor of or
- statements that assume the claim to be true against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is
and provide reasons why the statement is true. closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.
ARGUMENTS 1. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS /
- series of statements that provide reasons to ATTRIBUTION EFFECT - tendency to draw
convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion
is truthful. inferences about someone's personality based on
their behaviors, even when there is situational
FALLACY
explanation for the behavior
- a failure in reasoning which renders an argument
invalid (Faulty Reasoning) 2. CONFIRMATION BIAS - tendency to look
for and readily accept information which fits
1. AD HOMINEM - attacking the person, focus
our attention on people rather on arguments or one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or
evidence. views that go against it.

2. AD BACULUM – (appeal to force) using 3. CONFLICT OF INTEREST - A person or

threat or force, or an undesirable event to advance an group is connected to or has a vested interest in the
argument issue being discussed.

3. AD MISERICORDIAM – (appeal to pity) 4. CULTURAL BIAS - tendency to judge other

strong appeal to pity or sympathy
phenomena based on our own cultural preferences,
4. AD POPULUM – (appeal to people) the idea or by the norms of a particular
presented must be true because many or most people
culture.
believe it.
5. FRAMING - a person's decision is affected
5. AD VERECUNDIAM – (appeal to authority)
by the way the information about the decision is
- insisting that the claim is true simply because a
presented or framed.
valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true,
without any other supporting evidence offered.
-focusing on a certain aspects of a problem while
ignoring other aspects
6. HINDSIGHT – allows people to convince
themselves after an event that they had accurately
predicted it before it happened.
-the tendency to see past events as predictable,
SELF-AWARENESS - refers to the person having a
or to ascribe pattern to historical event clear perception of oneself, including his thoughts,
emotions, identity and actions

THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED

SPIRIT SELF-DETERMINATION - refers to the capability
of persons to make choices and decisions based on
their own preferences, monitor and regulate their
MAN - (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) The actions, and be goal-oriental and self-directed
English term “man” is derived from a Proto-Indo
European root *man - (see Sanskrit/Avestan Manu-,
Slavic mǫž "man, male"). It is the general term • FREE WILL - the supposed power or
commonly used to refer to the entire human race. capacity of humans to make decisions or perform
Other related terms, humanity, mankind, and actions independently of any prior event or state of
humankind. the universe.

HUMAN - refers to man as species – HOMO • CONSEQUENCE - is the result or effect of

SAPIENS or MODERN HUMAN BEINGS. The an action or condition. Philosophers believe that a
term human being is also used to differentiate man person acts freely and with due regard for the
from other animals. consequences of his actions

PERSON - is the personality of a human being so EXTERNALITY - refers to the capability of a

called “SELF”. Refers to a human being granted person to reach out and interact with others and the
recognition of certain rights, protection, world.
responsibilities and dignity above all. Philosopher
refers to the human person as the totality of an
individual, possessing awareness, self-determination DIGNITY - refers to the innate right to be valued
and capacity to interact with others and with and respected. Philosophers consider all humans as
himself/herself. having an inherent worth or value. “You’re
Personhood refers to the state of being a person. worthless!” is an insult since it attacks the very
notion of a person having value or worth

HUMAN NATURE - defines as the nature of

humans especially the fundamental characters and A human person is the union of the body and the
traits of humans. It refers to the characteristics that spirit.
distinguish humans from all other creatures. These (Embodied Spirit)
traits are expected to arise independent of the
influence.
WHAT IS A HUMAN PERSON? Limitations of the Human Person
Human persons are naturally deficient beings. This EXAMPLE: Magbabago Na Ako. Promise!
means that we are not prepared with the best physical
aspects among all the beings. Human persons do not
have the natural ability to fly. Human persons cannot Limitations and Possibilities for Transcendence
breathe underwater `without the aid of breathing
device. - Transcendence originated from the words Trans,
meaning “go beyond”, and scandare, meaning
“climb”.
LIMITATIONS CAN LEAD TO POSSIBILITIES
TRANSCENDENCE - is the ability to change, be
dynamic, and continually redefining one’s self which Fulfilling a dream requires transcendence because it
works with our facticity to create change. opens a state of thinking and feeling that there is
something more in life than just physical and
How do limitations lead to transcendence? material things. Much like Abraham Maslow’s self-
actualization concepts, transcendence is a state of
FACTICITY - refers to the things in our life that are
being intrinsically satisfied with life regardless of
already given. physical and tangible factors
EXAMPLE: LIFE
We are free to define who we are and who we are to LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
be.
TRANSCENDENCE:
• may not occur to everyone
Spatial-temporal being. As temporal beings, our
• does not come at a specified period
most obvious limitation is our finitude - our finite
quality or state. • varies across all people
As spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be • may coincide with physical limitations of the
present in two or more places at the same time. We body
are limited by space (spatial) and the time
(temporal). Our spatial- temporal situation sets our • developing a positive outlook in life
preconditions of understanding. • working towards reaching a goal
*Why do we want to be in a hurry to achieve or have • learning from experience
something which is not yet?

POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE

The Body as Intermediary
It is also important to know that transcendence may
Intermediary means acting as a mediator (Merriam be applied to present worries by living in the present.
Webster). This means that life is lived from moment to moment
Having a body may prevent us from revealing what in a carefree and cheerful manner where concerns for
we stress are reserved for the future, and regrets or guilt
feelings are kept in the past.
really want to express.
How do we communicate with each other? WORDS
THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS
But can words really capture the things we want to AND
express? But this limitation can also be an POSSIBILITIES
advantage... In most cases, words are not enough.
From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be • Philosophers believe that the human person
recognized that the human body, although it can has the ability to change the environment to suit his
perform many functions, also has limitations. Limits purposes. It is in an orderly environment where
in the environment, demographics, and society may human persons thrive best.
also hinder a person from reaching transcendence.
• Disorders give rise to several problems and
challenges for humankind. As a rational being, the
person is not only capable of transforming the world,
BODILY LIMITATIONS
but also of understanding the laws which govern
- mental and emotional disorders nature.

- disabilities • It can be said that the world is a text which

the person can read and understand in order to live a
- disease and illnesses better life. He may treat it as:
- failures and experiences 1. A source of raw materials to be used in any
way he pleases

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL 2. As something that envelops and surround

LIMITATIONS him, and thus have a unique relationship with it. This
means that persons can help environment become
- Socioeconomic status greater than what it originally is
- Location of neighborhood
- Abusive relationships ANTHROPOCENTRISM – focuses on the
- Negative influences significant role of humankind in the world and
considers nature as the means by which humans are
able to meet their needs and survive. This view
THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE believes that humans are the most important species
ENVIRONMENT on the planet and they are free to transform nature
and use its resources.

“No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a

piece of the continent, a part of the main.” – John BIOCENTRISM – believes that humans are not the
Donne only significant species on the planet, and that all
other organisms have inherent value and should be
- This means that as human person, we interact protected. This view advocates ethical treatment of
not only with our fellow human beings, but also with animals.
other living and non-living elements in our
environment. Humankind is a part of the world, and
we significantly affect our environment in the same ECOCENTRISM – places great value on
way that changes in our environment affect us. ecosystems and biological communities. This view
believes that humankind is a part of a greater
biological system or community and that we have a
ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY – is the significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
discipline that studies the moral relationship of This view promotes the idea that order and balance
human beings with the environment and its non- in nature brings about stability and beauty. The
human contents. influence of humanity on the environment can be
best understood if we consider the individual person
as a dynamic source of change within his particular
environment.
ENVIRONMENTALISM - A social movement or 1. We must make wise decisions regarding the
ideology focused on the welfare of the environment use of natural resources to ensure that there is still
enough left for future use.
2. The misuse of resources often means that
ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS –
other people do not get to benefit from it.
Philosophical view that believes maintaining order in
the environment will bring out the natural beauty of
the surroundings and contribute to the well-being of
ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY – refers to
the people and other organisms living in it. The
maintaining the state of the environment. This means
appreciation of natural beauty brings about the
that human activities should not unduly disrupt the
concern for the environment and helps people relate
ecosystems and human communities located in the
more effectively with nature.
area.
Care should be taken that the surrounding landscape
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS - This is a moral is not drastically impacted by human activities.
approach that analyzes the relationship between
humans and the environment. It also discusses
environmental problems caused by human activities ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY – refers to prudence
and social issues that impact the environment. It in decision-making regarding the use of resources to
serves as a basis for reflecting on how our actions ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
show our regard for nature. It also guides us in
upholding the welfare of the environment and EQUITY – demands that we use our natural
everything in it. resources in such a manner that these are conserved
so that the next generation will be able to use them.
Prudence is the ability to regulate one’s
As persons, it is our responsibility to start with our actions and behavior.
own actions and how they affect our immediate
surroundings. Frugality is being thrifty with the use of one’s
resources.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY - applies an ecological and

ethical approach in analyzing society, and sees a As human persons, it is our responsibility to
relationship between social problems and treat with respect not only our fellow humans, but
environmental problems. also everything in our world. Upholding
environmentalism and sustainability will enable us to
take the first steps in addressing environmental
issues and contribute to solving the greater
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE - refers to the fair
environmental challenge of climate change.
distribution of environmental benefits, as well as the
burden of meeting environmental challenges
- influenced the emergence of climate ethics *sorry for the typos and infos that are not included*
and climate justice *all infos are from our Philo Lecture*

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - This concept ~LOTS OF LUCK!~

focuses on reconciling human activities and
economic development with the protection of the
environment.
Major ideas: