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Structural Programming
Tutorial 3

1. Operators in C++
1.1. Relational Operators

They can be applied to any comparable data types, and the result is an integer: 0 (false) or 1
(true).

Operator Meaning

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

== Equality

!= Inequality (difference)

1.2. Logical Operators

They are most commonly used in combination with relational operators to form complex logical
expressions, which again return a result of 0 or 1.

Operator Meaning

&& Logical AND

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Operator
|| Meaning
Logical OR

! Negation (NOT)

Example:

int a = 5 && 0; // a = 0;
a = 2 && 5; // a = 1;
a = 0 || 5; // a = 1;
a = !0; // a = 1;
a = !5; // a = 0;

1.3. Assignment Operator

All expressions have values, even those containing =.

The value of such an expression is the value of the expression on the right-hand side.
Therefore, assignment of the following form is possible:

x = (y = 10) * (z = 5);
x = y = z = 20;

1.4. Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment operator ++ (increases the value of the operand by 1).

Decrement operator – (decreases the value of the operand by 1).
They can be used in prefix or postfix notation:

a. Prefix

The value of the variable is increased before the expression in which it participates is calculated.

a = ++b;

b. Postfix

The value of the variable is increased after the expression is calculated.

a = b++;

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1.5. Compound Operators: A Combination of an Assignment Operator and

Another Operator

+= operator

a += 5; // a = a + 5;
a += b * c; // a = a + b * c;

-= operator

a -= 3; // a = a - 3;

*= operator

a *= 3; // a = a * 3;

/= operator

a /= 3; // a = a / 3;

%= operator

a %= 3; // a = a % 3;

2. Control Structures for Selection: if-else

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if (condition) {
statements_if_true;
}
else {
statements_if_false;
}

Example: What will it print?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int m = 5, n = 10;
if (m > n)
++m;
++n;
cout << "m = " << m << ", n = " << n;
return 0;
}

Solution: m = 5, n = 11

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3. Exercises
3.1. Exercise 1

Write a program that reads a character from the keyboard and prints 1 if it is a lowercase letter or 0
if it is an uppercase letter.

Bonus: Check if the character is a digit.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
char ch;
int result;
cout << "Enter a character: ";
cin >> ch;
result = (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z');
cout << result;
return 0;
}

Bonus solution:

result = (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9');

3.2. Exercise 2

Write a program that reads two integers (x and y) from the keyboard and prints the result (z) of the
following expression:

z = x++ + --y + (x < y)

What will be the value of z for x = 1 and y = 2?

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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int main()
{
int x, y, z;
cout << "Enter values for x and y: ";
cin >> x >> y;
z = x++ + --y + (x < y);
cout << z;
return 0;
}

3.3. Exercise 3

a. Given:

r = (x < y || y < z++)

What will be the value of r for x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3? What will be the value of z?

b. Given:

r = (x > y && y < z++)

What will be the value of r for x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3? What will be the value of z?

Solution:

a. r = 1, z = 3

b. r = 0, z = 3

3.4. Exercise 4

Write a program that reads the price of a product from the keyboard and then prints its price with
added value-added tax (VAT).

Hint: VAT is 18% of the initial price.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

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int main()
{
float price;
cout << "Enter the product price: ";
cin >> price;
cout << "The total price of the product is " << price * 1.18;
return 0;
}

3.5. Exercise 5

Write a program that reads the price of a product, the number of installments, and the interest rate
(the interest rate is a number expressed as a percentage from 0 to 100). The program should print
the installment amount and the total amount to be paid for the product.

Hint: Calculate the total amount and then the installment.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float price, interestRate, installment, total;
int installments;
cout << "Enter the product price: " << endl;
cin >> price;
cout << "Enter the number of installments: ";
cin >> installments;
cout << "Enter the interest rate: ";
cin >> interestRate;
total = price * (1 + interestRate / 100);
installment = total / installments;
cout

<< "One installment will be: " << installment << endl;
cout << "The total amount paid will be: " << total;
return 0;
}

3.6. Exercise 6

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Write a program that reads a three-digit integer from the keyboard. The program should print the
most significant and least significant digits of the number.

Example: If you enter the number 795, the program will print: The most significant digit is 7, and
the least significant is 5.

Hint: Use integer division and the modulo operator.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter the number: ";
cin >> number;
cout << "The most significant digit is " << (number / 100);
cout << ", and the least significant digit is " << (number % 10);
return 0;
}

3.7. Exercise 7

Write a program that reads a date in the format (ddmmyyyy) from the keyboard. The program
should print the day and the month of the birthdate.

Example: If you enter the number 18091992, the program will print: 18.9

Hint: Use integer division and the modulo operator.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
long int date;
int day, month;
cout << "Enter your birthdate: ";
cin >> date;

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day = date / 1000000;

month = (date / 10000) % 100;
cout << "Your birthdate is " << day << "." << month;
return 0;
}

3.8. Exercise 8

Write a program that will print the maximum of two numbers whose values are read from the
keyboard.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int a, b;
cout << "Enter 2 numbers: " << endl;
cin >> a >> b;
if (a > b)
cout << "Maximum: " << a;
else
cout << "Maximum: " << b;
return 0;
}

Solution 2 (without if-else):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int a, b, max;
cout << "Enter 2 numbers: " << endl;
cin >> a >> b;
max = (a > b) ? a : b;
cout << "Maximum: " << max;
return 0;
}

3.9. Exercise 9

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Write a program that checks if a given year, read from the keyboard, is a leap year or not and
prints an appropriate message.

Examples of leap years: 1976, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012…

Hint: A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100, or if it is divisible by 400.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int year;
cout << "Enter a year: " << endl;
cin >> year;
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0)
cout << year << " is a leap year." << endl;
else
cout << year << " is not a leap year." << endl;
return 0;
}

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