1.

Numerical Problems on Lasers

➢ Formulas at a glance

−ℎ𝑐
−∆𝐸 −(𝐸2 −𝐸1 ) −ℎ𝜈
𝑁2 = 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇 =𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
➢ 𝑁1
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 =𝑒 𝑘𝑇

𝐴 1
➢ 𝑈𝜈 = 𝐵
[ ℎ𝜈 ]
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 − 1
➢ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐵12 𝑁1 𝑈𝜈
➢ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴21 𝑁2
➢ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐵21 𝑁2 𝑈𝜈
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 𝑬 𝒑𝒕 𝒑𝒕𝝀
➢ 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 = 𝑬𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏
= ∆𝑬
= 𝒉𝒄 = 𝒉𝒄
𝝀
𝜆
➢ 𝐿 = 𝑚 (2 )

01 A laser medium at thermal equilibrium temperature 300K has two energy level with a
wavelength separation of 1µm. Find the ratio of population densities of the upper and lower
levels. ℎ𝑐
𝑁2 −
Sol : = 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑇 = 300𝐾 𝑁1
λ = 10-6m
(6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
𝑁2 𝑁2 − = 𝑒 −48.04
=? (10−6 𝑋 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300)
𝑁1 =𝑒
𝑁1
𝑁2
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏
𝑁1

02 The ratio of population of two energy levels is 1.059 x 10-30. Find the wavelength of light emitted
at 300K.
Sol : ℎ𝑐
𝑁2 −
λ=? =𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁2 𝑁1
= 1.059 𝑋 10−30
𝑁1 𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
𝑇 = 300𝐾 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
𝑙𝑛 =− 𝑙𝑛 𝑒
𝑁1 𝜆𝑘𝑇
ℎ𝑐(6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
𝜆=− = = 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝒏𝒎
𝑁2 1.38 𝑋 10 −23 𝑋 300𝑋 ln(1.059 𝑋 10−30 )
𝑘𝑇𝑙𝑛
𝑁1
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

03 The ratio of population between the upper and lower levels of an atomic system is 10 -6. If the
radiation emitted by a transition between these levels is 1500nm then what must be the
temperature of an atoms.
Sol : ℎ𝑐
𝑁2
λ = 1500nm = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2
= 10−6
𝑁1 𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
𝑇 =? 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
𝑙𝑛 =− 𝑙𝑛 𝑒
𝑁1 𝜆𝑘𝑇
ℎ𝑐 (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
𝑇=− = = 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝑲
𝑁2 1.38 𝑋 10 −23 𝑋 1500 𝑋 10−9 ln(10−6 )
𝑘𝜆𝑙𝑛
𝑁1

04 Atomic transitions between two specific levels give rise to light of wavelength 550nm. What is the
ratio of Einstein’s coefficients for spontaneous and stimulated emissions.
Sol : 𝐴21 8𝜋ℎ𝜗3 8𝜋ℎ 𝐶 3 8𝜋ℎ (8 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 6.625 𝑋 10−34 )
λ = 550nm = = ( 𝜆3 ) = =
𝐵21 𝐶3 𝐶3 𝜆3 (550 𝑋 10−9 )3
𝐴21
=? 𝐴21
𝐵21
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑
𝐵21

05 Show that the ratio of rate of spontaneous emission and absorption is given by [1 – e-hγ/KT].
Sol : ℎ𝛄 1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴21 𝑁2 𝐴 −𝑘𝑇
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝐵 = 𝐵21 𝑒
12 𝑁1 𝑈𝜈 12
𝐴21 1
[ ]
𝐵12 ℎ𝛄
𝑒𝑘𝑇 −1

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

ℎ𝛄
−𝑘𝑇 ℎ𝛄 − ℎ𝛄
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝑒 [𝑒𝑘𝑇 − 1] = [1 − 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ]

06 Show that the ratio of rate of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission is given by [ehγ/KT-1].
Sol :
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴21 𝑁2 𝐴21 1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
=𝐵 =𝐵
21 𝑁2 𝑈𝜈 21
𝐴21 1
[ ]
𝐵12 ℎ𝛄
𝑒𝑘𝑇 −1

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

ℎ𝛄
= [𝑒𝑘𝑇 − 1]
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

07 A pulsed laser emits photons of wavelength 780nm with 20mW average power per pulse.
Calculate the number of photons contains in each pulse. If the pulse duration is 10ns.
Sol : 𝐸 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡𝜆 (20 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 780 𝑋 10−9 )
λ = 780nm 𝑁 = = ℎ𝑐 = = (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
∆𝐸 ( ) ℎ𝑐
P=20mW 𝜆
N=?
t = 10ns 𝑁 = 7.86 X 𝟏𝟎𝟖 /𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆
08 A pulse from laser with 1mW lasts for 10ns. If the number of photons emitted per second is 3.491
x 107. Calculate the wavelength of laser.
Sol : 𝐸 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡𝜆 (20 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 780 𝑋 10−9 )
λ=? 𝑁= = ℎ𝑐 = = (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
∆𝐸 (𝜆) ℎ𝑐
P=1mW
N =3.491 X 107 ℎ𝑐𝑁 (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 𝑋 3.491 X 107 )
t = 10ns 𝜆= 𝑃𝑡
= (1 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−9 )
=694.4nm

09 A He-Ne laser is emitting a laser beam with an average power of 45mW. Find the number of
photons emitted per second by the laser. The wavelength of emitted radiation is 6328Å.
Sol : 𝐸 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡𝜆 (45 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 1𝑋 6328 𝑋 10−10 )
λ = 6328Å 𝑁= = ℎ𝑐 = = (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
∆𝐸 (𝜆) ℎ𝑐
P=45mW
N =?
t = 1s 𝑁 = 1.43 X1017 /second
10 The transition to the ground state from the upper and lower energy state in a Ruby laser results
in emission of photons of wavelength 6298Å and 6943Å respectively. Estimate the energy values
of the two energy levels in eV and also their ratio of populations.
Sol : ℎ𝑐 (6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
𝐸1 = = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱
𝜆1 = 6943Å 𝜆1 6943 𝑋 10−10

𝜆2 = 6298Å 𝐸2 =
ℎ𝑐
=
(6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 )
= 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱
𝑁2 𝜆2 6943 𝑋 10−10
=?
𝑁1 −(2.87 𝑋 10 −2.864 𝑋 10 −19 −19 )
𝑁2 −∆𝐸 −(𝐸2 −𝐸1 ) =𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟕
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑒 1.38 𝑋 10−23 𝑋 300
𝑁1
11 Find the number of modes of standing waves and their frequency separation in the resonant
cavity of 1m of He-Ne operating at a wavelength of 632.8nm.
Sol : 𝜆 2𝐿 2𝑋1
𝐿 = ( )𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚 = = = 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟔
𝜆 = 632.8nm 2 𝜆 632.8 𝑋 10−10
L=1m 𝜆 2𝐿 𝐶 2𝐿 𝑚𝐶 (𝑚 − 1)𝐶
𝐿 = ( )𝑚 ⇒ 𝜆 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝜗𝑚 = & 𝜗𝑚−1 =
M=? 2 𝑚 𝜗 𝑚 2𝐿 2𝐿
𝜗𝑚 − 𝜗𝑚−1 =? 𝐶 3 𝑋 108
𝜗𝑚 − 𝜗𝑚−1 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑯𝒛
2𝐿 2𝑋1
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

12 A laser operating at 632.8nm emits 3.182 x 1016 photons per second. Calculate the output power
of the laser if the input power is 100W. Also find the percentage power converted into coherent
light energy.
Sol : 𝐸 = 𝑁 𝑋 ∆𝐸 ⇒ 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑁 𝑋 ∆𝐸
𝜆 = 632.8nm ℎ𝑐 3.182 𝑋 1016 𝑋6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
N=3.182 X 1016/s ⇒𝑃=𝑁𝑋 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝑾
𝜆 632.8 𝑋 10−9
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =? 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 0.01
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑊 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑋100 = 𝑋100 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝑃𝑖𝑛 100
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =?

13 A semiconductor laser has a peak emission radiation of wavelength of 1.24nm. What is its band
gap value in eV.
Sol : ℎ𝑐 6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
𝐸𝑔 = ℎ𝜗 = = = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝑱 = 𝟏𝑲𝒆𝑽
𝜆 = 1.24nm 𝜆 1.24 𝑋 10−9
𝐸𝑔 =?
14 Calculate the ration of (i) Einstein’s Coefficients and (ii) stimulated to spontaneous emissions, for
a system in thermal equilibrium at 300K in which radiation of wavelength 1.39µm are emitted.
Sol :
𝐴 3 3 −34
=? (8 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 6.625 𝑋 10 )
𝐵
𝐴21
= 8𝜋ℎ𝜗
3 = 8𝜋ℎ 𝐶
3 ( 3 ) = 8𝜋ℎ
3 =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝.𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵21 𝐶 𝐶 𝜆 𝜆 −6 3
=? (139 𝑋 10 )
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡.𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
T=300K 𝐴21
𝜆 = 139𝜇𝑚 = 𝟔. 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓
𝐵21

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵21 𝑁2 𝑈𝜈 𝐵 𝐴 1

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝐴21 𝑁2
= 𝐴21 𝐵21 [ ℎ𝛄 ]
21 12
𝑒𝑘𝑇−1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 1
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
= ℎ𝛄
= ℎ𝑐
=
[𝑒𝑘𝑇 −1] [𝑒𝜆𝑘𝑇 −1]

1
6.625 𝑋 10−34𝑋 3 𝑋 108
= 𝟗. 𝟕𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔
−6 −23
𝑒139 𝑋 10 𝑋1.38𝑋10 𝑋300 −1
[ ]

15 Calculate the wavelength of Laser emitted from an extrinsic semiconductor laser if the band gap
is 0.02eV. To which region of EM spectrum does it belong.
Sol : ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 6.625 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
𝐸𝑔 = ℎ𝜗 = ⇒𝜆= = = 6203𝑛𝑚
𝜆=? 𝜆 𝐸𝑔 0.02 𝑋 1.602 𝑋 10−19
𝐸𝑔 = 0.02𝑒𝑉
This EM Spectrum belongs to IR Region
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

2. Numerical Problems on Optical Fibers

➢ Formulas at a glance

𝒏
➢ 𝜽𝑪 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏𝟐 )
𝟏
√𝒏𝟏 𝟐 −𝒏𝟐 𝟐
➢ 𝑵𝑨 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎 = 𝒏𝟎
𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟐
➢ ∆= 𝒏𝟏
➢ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎 = 𝒏𝟏 √𝟐∆
𝝅𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑽𝟐
➢ 𝑽= √𝒏𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 |𝑰𝒇 𝑽 ≫ 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔 =
𝝀 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
➢ 𝜶=− 𝑳
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 [ 𝑷 ]
𝒊𝒏
➢ 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝒊𝒏𝒄 < 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎
01 Calculate the numerical aperture, angle of acceptance and fractional index change for an optical
fiber having refractive indices 1.563 and 1.498 for the core and cladding respectively.
Sol :
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = √(1.563)2 − (1.498)2 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟔
𝑛1 = 1.563
𝑛2 = 1.498 𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑁𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (0.446) = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟎
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 =?
𝑛1 − 𝑛2 1.563 − 1.498
𝜃0 =? ∆= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟔
𝛥 =? 𝑛1 1.563

02 An optical fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2 and a cladding refractive index of 1.59.
Determine the acceptance angle for the fiber in water which has a refractive index of 1.33. Find
refractive index of core
Sol : 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 0.2 ⇒ 𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (0.2) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟎
𝑛1 = 1.59
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 0.2 √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = ⇒ 𝑛0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2
𝑛0 = 1.33 𝑛0
𝑛2 =?
𝜃0 =? ⇒ 𝑛1 = [𝑛0 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃0 + 𝑛2 2 ]1/2 = [(1.33)2 𝑋(0.2)2 + (1.59)2 ]1/2 =1.602

03 A glass clad fiber is made with core glass refractive index 1.50 and cladding is doped to give a
fractional index difference of 0.0005. Determine (a) the cladding index, (b) the critical internal
reflection angle, (c) the external critical acceptance angle and (d) the NA.
Sol : 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2
∆= = − ⇒ 𝑛2 = (1 − ∆)𝑛1 = (1 − 0.0005) 𝑋 1.50 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟗
𝑛1 = 1.50 𝑛1 𝑛1 𝑛1
∆= 0.0005
𝑛0 = 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = √(1.50)2 − (1.499)2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒
𝑛2 =? 𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑁𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (0.0474) = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝜃𝐶 =?
𝜃0 =? 𝑛2 1.499
𝜃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟎
NA=? 𝑛1 1.50
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

04 An optical fiber of refractive index 1.45 is to be clad with another glass to ensure internal
reflections that will contain light travelling within 50 of the fiber axis. What maximum index of
refraction is allowed for the cladding.
Sol : Max. refractive index for the cladding (From Snell’s Law)
𝑛1 = 1.45
𝜃𝐶 = (90 − 𝜃1 ) 𝒏𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝑪 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝑿 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟖𝟓
𝜃𝐶 = (90 − 5) = 850 𝒏𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝑪 ≤ 𝒏𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 ⇒ 𝒏𝟐 ≥ =
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟗𝟎
𝑛2 =?
𝜃2 = 900 𝒏𝟐 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟓
05 The angle of acceptance of an optical fiber is 300 when kept in air. What will be the angle of
acceptance when the same is kept in a medium of R.I. 1.33.
Sol : 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒍′ 𝒔 𝑳𝒂𝒘,
𝑛0 = 1
𝜃0 = 300 𝑛0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 1 𝑋 𝑆𝑖𝑛 30
𝑛0 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = 𝑛1 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ⇒= 𝜃1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]= = 𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝑛1 = 1.33 𝑛1 1.33
𝜃1 =?
06 The numerical aperture of an optical fiber is 0.2 when surrounding by air. Determine the
refractive index of its core (ncladding = 1.59). Also find the acceptance angle when the fiber is kept
in water.
√𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2
Sol : 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑖𝑟, 𝑁𝐴 = ⇒ 𝑛0 𝑁𝐴 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2
𝑛0
NA=0.2
𝑛0 = 1 ⇒ 𝑛1 = [𝑛0 2 𝑁𝐴2 + 𝑛2 2 ]1/2 = [(1)2 𝑋(0.2)2 + (1.59)2 ]1/2 =1.6
𝑛1 =?
𝑛2 = 1.59 √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 √(1.6)2 − (1.59)2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝑛0 1.33
𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (0.01504) = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟓𝟎
07 Calculate the number of modes that can be propagated inside an optical fiber. Given; n core =
1.53, nclad = 1.50, core radius = 50µm and wavelength of radiation = 1µm.
Sol :
𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−6
𝑛0 = 1 𝑉= √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = √(1.53)2 − (1.50)2 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟕𝟐
𝜆 1 𝑋 10−6
𝑛1 = 1.53
𝑛2 = 1.50 𝑉 2 (94.72)2
𝑟 = 50𝜇𝑚 𝑉 ≫ 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 = = = 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟔
2 2
d=100μm
λ=1 μm, n=?
08 Consider a slab waveguide made of AlGaAs having RI for core is 3.6 and cladding is 3.55. Find
how many modes can propagate in this waveguide. If d=5λ.
Sol : 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑛0 = 1 𝑉= √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = 𝜋 𝑋 5 𝑋√(3.6)2 − (3.55)2 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟗
𝜆
𝑛1 = 3.6
𝑛2 = 3.55 𝑉 2 (9.39)2
𝑉 ≫ 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 = = = 𝟒𝟒
d=5λ, n=? 2 2
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

09 A single mode step index optical fiber used in communication has a ncore = 1.45, refractive index
change of 5 x 10-3, dcore of 6µm and wavelength is 1.2µm. Find the V-parameter for the cable.
Sol : 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−6
𝑉= 𝜆
√𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = 𝜆
𝑛1 √2∆= 1.2 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 1.45 √2 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 or
𝑛1 = 1.45
𝛥 = 5 𝑋 10−3 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑑 = 6𝜇𝑚 ∆= = − ⇒ 𝑛2 = (1 − ∆)𝑛1 = (1 − 0.005) 𝑋 1.45 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟓
𝑛1 𝑛1 𝑛1
λ=1.2μm, V=?
𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−6
𝑉= √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 == 𝑋 √(1.45)2 − (1.44275)2 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖
𝜆 1 2 𝑋 10−6
10 A step index multimode fiber of diameter 100µm operates at a wavelength of 135nm. If the
number of modes supported by the fiber is 1623 then calculate the ncore (nclad=1.49).
Sol : 2
𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 2 − 𝑛 2]
𝑛1 =? 𝑉 2
𝜆 [√𝑛1 2 (𝜋)2 𝑑2 2𝑛𝜆2
2 2)
𝑛2 = 1.49 𝑛= = ⇒𝑛= (𝑛1 − 𝑛 2 ⇒ 𝑛1 = + 𝑛2 2
𝑛 = 1623
2 2 2𝜆2 𝜋2 𝑑2
𝑑 = 100𝜇𝑚 2 𝑋 1623 𝑋 𝜋2 𝑋 (135 𝑋 10−9 )
2

λ=135nm, V=? 𝑛1 = [ 2 ] + (1.492 ) = 1.4902

𝜋 2 𝑋 (100 𝑋 10−6 )

11 A graded index fiber allows 1000 modes to propagate. If the refractive index of core and
cladding are 1.51 and 1.49 respectively, then what is the ratio of the diameter of core to the
wavelength.
2
Sol : 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 2 − 𝑛 2]
𝑉 2
𝜆 [√𝑛1 2 (𝜋)2 𝑑2
n=1000
𝑛= = ⇒𝑛= (𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 )
𝑛1 = 1.51 2 2 2𝜆2
𝑛2 = 1.49 1/2 1/2
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑛 1 2 𝑋 1000 1
=? ⇒ =[ 2( 2 )] =[ 2 ( )] = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟒
𝜆 𝜆 𝜋 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 2 𝜋 1.512 − 1.492

12 Find the attenuation in an optical fiber of length 500m, when the light signal of power 100mW
emerges out of the fiber with 90mW.
Sol : 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 90
𝜶=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ]=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎
L=0.5Km 𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 0.5 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑚𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 90𝑚𝑊
𝛼 =?
13 An optical fiber lost 85% of its power after traversing 500m in an optical fiber. Calculate the
attenuation coefficient of the fiber.
Sol :
10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 15
L=0.5Km 𝜶=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ]=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 100% 𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 0.5 100
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 15%
𝛼 =?
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

14 Given a fused silica glass with an attenuation of 0.2dB/Km. How for can a signal travel along it
before the power level drops by half.
Sol : 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜶 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] ⇒ 𝐿 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ]
𝛼 = 0.2𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝜶 𝑃𝑖𝑛
L=?
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 1
= 1/2 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟓 𝑲𝒎
𝑃𝑖𝑛 0.2 2

15 Calculate the input power of an optical fiber with an attenuation coefficient of 0.01dB/Km. if the
output power has to be 100mW.
Sol : 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜶𝑳 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜶𝑳
𝛼 = 0.01𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 𝜶=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ]=− ⇒ = 10− 10
𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛 10 𝑃𝑖𝑛
L=1Km
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100𝑚𝑊 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 100 𝑋 10−3
𝑃𝑖𝑛 =? ⇒ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝜶𝑳 = 0.01 𝑋 1 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝒎𝑾
− −
10 10 10 10

16 The attenuation of an optical fiber is 3.6dB/Km. What is the fraction of light intensity that
remains after 1km.
Sol : 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜶𝑳 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝜶𝑳
𝛼 = 3.6𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 𝜶=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] ⇒ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ]=− ⇒ = 10− 10
𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛 10 𝑃𝑖𝑛
L=1Km
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝟑.𝟔 𝑿 𝟏
=? = 10− 10 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔%
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛

17 An optical fiber of length 2km has an attenuation coefficient of 2dB/km. How many such fibers
need to be connected end to end so that the output intensity is 1% of input intensity.
Sol :
𝛼 = 2𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚
L=2Km 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10
𝛼=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] ⇒ 𝑛 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] == − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [0.01] = 𝟓
n=? 𝑛𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝛼𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 2𝑋2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0.01
𝑃𝑖𝑛

18 If the sum of the refractive indices of core and cladding is 3.015 and their difference is 0.015.
What is the angle of acceptance of the fiber if it is kept in air. Also calculate the numerical
aperture if the fiber is immersed in alcohol of refractive index = 1.361.
Sol : √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 √(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )(𝑛1 − 𝑛2 )
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 = 3.015 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = ⇒ 𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑛0 𝑛0 𝑛0
𝑛1 − 𝑛2 = 0.015
𝑛0 = 1 √3.015 𝑋0.015
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝜃0 =? 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 =?
𝑛0 = 1.361 √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 √3.015 𝑋0.015
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒐𝒍
𝑛0 1.361
 MODULE - 1 Physics of Photonic Devices

19 A signal with input power 200mW loses 10% of its power after travelling 3km. Find the
attenuation coefficient of the fiber.
Sol :
L=3Km 10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 180
𝜶=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [ ] = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝑩/𝑲𝒎
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 200𝑚𝑊 𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 3 200
90
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 200 𝑋
100
= 180𝑚𝑊
𝛼 =?
20 An optical fiber has core refractive index 1.5 and refractive index of cladding is 3% less than the
core index. Calculate the numerical aperture, angle of acceptance and internal critical
acceptance angle.
Sol : 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = √(1.50)2 − (1.455)2 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟓
𝑛1 = 1.5
𝑛2 = (1.5 − 3% 𝑜𝑓 1.5) 𝜃0 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑁𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 (0.365) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟎
= 1.455 𝑛2 1.455
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 =? 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟎
𝑛1 1.50
𝜃0 =?
𝜃𝐶 =?
21 Calculate the Numerical Aperture, V-number and number of modes in an optical fiber of core
diameter 50μm, refractive indices are 1.41 and 1.40 respectively for core and cladding at a
wavelength of 820nm.
Sol : 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 = √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = √(1.41)2 − (1.40)2 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟔
𝑛1 = 1.41 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑋 50 𝑋 10−6
𝑛2 = 1.40 𝑉= √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = 𝑋√(1.41)2 − (1.40)2 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟓
𝜆 820 𝑋 10−9
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃0 =?
𝑉 =? 𝑛 =? 𝑉 2 (308.45)2
𝑉 ≫ 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 = = = 𝟓𝟏𝟓
𝜆 = 820𝑛𝑚 2 2
d=50μm
}}}
22 Calculate the V-number for a fiber of core diameter 40μm and the refractive indices of 1.55 and
1.50 respectivelyfor core and cladding. When the wavelength of the propagating wave is 1400nm.
Also calculate the number of modes that the fiber can support for propagation. Assume that
fiber is in air.
Sol : 𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑋 40 𝑋 10−6
𝑛1 = 1.55 𝑉= √𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 = 𝑋√(1.55)2 − (1.50)2 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟑
𝜆 1400 𝑋 10−9
𝑛2 = 1.50
𝑑𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 40μm 𝑉 2 (308.45)2
𝑉 ≫ 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 = = = 𝟔𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟓
𝑉 =? 𝑛 =? 2 2
𝜆 = 1400𝑛𝑚
𝑛0 = 1