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Lab Report Part 5

Bio As120

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158 views

Lab Report Part 5

Bio As120

Uploaded by

xgv2jtmk4j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 5

Topic 4 (joint legged animals)

Introduction
Arthropods are a lineage of life that developed skeletons on the outside which is their
hard shells, made of a material called “chitin” instead of on the inside for structural
support. Arthropods’ bodies also have other important differences from those of
vertebrates, their organ systems are simpler and less efficient, which limits the size
arthropods can attain. An ant the size of a human, for example, would not be able to
pump oxygen through its blood to feed all its tissues, since the arthropod circulatory
system is simpler and less efficient than a humans’. (2017)

Materials
- Living or preserved specimens of horseshoe crab, shrimp and grasshopper
- Prepared slide of a whole mount of grasshopper mouthparts
- Dissecting microscope
- Complete dissecting set
- Dissection pan

Procedure
 Class Chelicerata

Examine the external features of horseshoe crab:


1. A living horseshoe crab was obtained. The external features of horseshoe
crab which is dorsal and ventral view was located.

2. The external view of the specimen was drew and labelled the parts of the
body.

3. The parts of horseshoe’s body was examined.

 Class Crustacea

Examine the external features of shrimp:


1. A living or preserved specimen of shrimp was obtained. The external
features of shrimp were located.

2. The external view of the specimen was drew and labelled the parts of the
body.

3. The parts of shrimp’s body was examined.


 Class Insecta

Examine the external features of grasshopper:


1. A specimen of grasshopper was obtained and the external features were
located.

2. The external view of grasshopper was drew and labelled the parts of the
body.

3. The head was examine and simple eyes called ocelli as well as compound
eyes were found.

4. The labrum was removed and the remaining mouthparts were located.
The mouthparts and their functions were identified.

5. The wings of grasshopper were spread to show fore and hind wings.

Question
1. Complete the table below to compare the characteristics of some classes of
Arthropods.
Features Class Chelicerata Class Crustacea Class Insecta

Name of body regions - cephalothorax - cephalon - head


- abdomen - pereon - thorax
- pleon - abdomen
Number of legs 4 5 6

Arrangement of legs Four pairs of legs Five pairs of legs Six pairs of legs

Segmentation 2 body segments one pair of Three tagmata


appendages per
segment
Number of antennae No antennae Two pairs A pair

Name of major sensory Pedipalps - eyes Trachea


organs - a range of
chemical
- tactile receptors
Name of major mouthparts Chelicerae Paired mandibles - Labrum
with opposing - Mandibles
biting and - Maxillae
grinding surfaces - Labium
- Hypopharynx
2. Other classes of Arthropods are Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) and Class
Diplopoda (Millipedes). Explain the common habitat for each Class.
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes) are common predators in soil, litter, and cryptozoan
habitats. They are all elongate, flattened, active forms. Centipedes occur in
biomes ranging from forest to desert. Lithobiids are the common brown, flat
centipedes of litter in hardwood forests. The elongate, slim geophilomorph
centipedes are euedaphic in forest habitats, where they prey on earthworms,
enchytraeids, and Diptera larvae (Lock and Dekoninck, 2001).
Most millipedes live in the leaf litter that typically covers the ground in a forest or
just under the topsoil. Millipedes lack stingers or pinchers to fend off predators like
birds, toads, and small mammals.

3. With examples, describe the main characteristics of class Chilopoda and


Diplopoda.
The body of centipedes is elongated to worm-like and frequently flattened. A
distinct head, covered by a flat head shield, is followed by a multi-articulated trunk
with one pair of legs on each segment. The head bears a pair of frontal sensory
appendages (antennae) and three pairs of ventral mouth parts (mandibles, first
maxillae, and second maxillae). The trunk appendages of the first pair are
developed as strong, conspicuous, stinging fangs, used to poison the prey and for
defence. A pair of legs, which are specialised in shape and function, as either
handling or sensory appendages. The terminal part of the trunk bears a pair of
small appendages (gonopods), which are close to the genital opening and are
often involved in handling spermatophores.
Example for Class Chilopoda is Scolopendra.
Millipedes have two pairs of short legs on each body segment, a rounded body,
and a hard external skeleton. Their legs are tucked under the body and difficult to
see. The number of body segments varies with the species, but the number of
pairs of legs generally ranges between 40 and 400. The females of a nearly
extinct species of California millipede have up to 750 legs. Millipedes have short
antennae and move in slow waves, burrowing and eating their way through moist
leaf clutter, fungi, and decayed plant material on the ground. As they plow through
the soil, munching on dead plants and other vegetation, they aerate and enrich
the soil, much like earthworms.
Example for Class Diplopoda is Polydesmida.

4. Lists some of the importance of Arthropods in our life.


- Pollinating crops
- Producing honey
- Eating or parasitizing insect pests
- Decomposing waste
- Being food for a variety of birds, fish, and mammals.

References
Biologydictionary.net Editors. (2017, March 20). Arthropod. Retrieved from
https://biologydictionary.net/arthropod/
David C. Coleman, ... Paul F. Hendrix, in Fundamentals of Soil Ecology (Second
Edition), (2004). Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/
centipede#:~:text=Centipedes%20(Chilopoda)%20are%20common
%20predators,ranging%20from%20forest%20to%20desert.
CHILOBASE:. (n.d.). Chilobase.biologia.unipd.it. Retrieved July 5, 2022, from
https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/pages/about-chilopoda#:~:text=CHILOPODA%2C
%20or%20centipedes%2C%20are%20a
How are millipedes and centipedes alike and how do they differ? (n.d.). Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved July 5, 2022, from
https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/browse-all-questions/item/how-are-
millipedes-and-centipedes-alike-and-how-do-they-differ/
Beneficial Arthropods. (2017). DELTA FARMLAND & WILDLIFE TRUST.
https://deltafarmland.ca/resources/farmland-wildlife/beneficial-arthropods/
#:~:text=But%20arthropods%20are%20also%20responsible

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