STUDY MATERIAL

PHOTOGRAPHY

MODULE-3

Media & Entertainment Skills Council

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Advisory, Editorial & Creative Inputs

 Smt. Nidhi Chhibber (IAS), Chairperson, Central Board of

Secondary Education, Delhi

Guidance and Support:

 Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director (Skill Education), Central Board

of Secondary Education, Delhi

 Dr. Joseph Emmanuel, Director (Academics), Central

Board of Secondary Education, Delhi

 Shri. R. P. Singh, Joint Secretary (Skill Education), Central

Board of Secondary Education, Delhi

Coordinator:

 Smt. Niti Shanker Sharma, Deputy Secretary (Skill

Education), Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi

Content and Design:

 Mr. Gaurav Birla, Head - Standards & QA, Media &

Entertainment Skills Council, Delhi.

 Mrs. Palak Golchha, Chief Creator, Creative Junction,

India

Cover Design:

 Mr. Ritik Kumar, Chief Designer, Ridosk Studios, India

5 Introduction to Photography
 INTRODUCTION TO
PHOTOGRAPHY

Course Content
UNIT 1: Introduction to Photography and
digital Imaging..........................................09
UNIT 2: Understanding Camera & Equipment....31
UNIT 3: Art of Photography...................................61
UNIT 4: Practical Photography:
Projects and Assignments......................81

COURSE
DURATION

15
HOURS

MARKS DISTRIBUTION: Total 50 marks

(Theory : 15 | Practical : 35)

7 Introduction to Photography
 UNIT- 1
Introduction to Photography
and Digital Imaging

Topics Covered
1.1 Explain Digital image and its
components
1.2 Describe Image Formats
1.3 Explain working of a DSLR to create
an electronic image
1.4 Introduction to RAW Image
1.5 Things to Remember
1.6 Practical

To collect photographs is to collect the world. Today we

are living in the digital era where from reading news to
listening stories have become digital. The process of taking
pictures have become much easier and faster. In ancient
times when photography was discovered, it took around
eight to ten hours to record a single image or scene. With
the advancement in photography techniques, various types
of equipment are also used to make photography easier.
The pictures taken by DSLRs give a professional and an
eye-pleasing look.

9 Introduction to Photography
 1.1 Explain Digital Image and its
Components

What is a digital image?

Digital images are everywhere. We see them on our
phones, computers, and even on billboards. But what is
a digital image? A digital image is a representation of a
picture or scene that is captured by a digital camera or
created on a computer. Instead of being captured on film
like traditional photographs, digital images are made up of
tiny dots called pixels, which when put together create a
complete image. The more pixels an image has, the higher
the resolution, and the more detailed the image will be.

Introduction to Photography 10
Digital images also have metadata, which is information that
is embedded in the image file. This can include information
such as the date and time the photo was taken, the camera's
settings, and the location where the photo was taken. This
information is not visible when you look at the image, but it
can be accessed using photo editing software or a special
program called a metadata viewer.

Difference between a Photograph and a

Digital Image
A photograph is a physical representation of an image,
typically printed or developed. The idea is captured by the
camera's lens and is then recorded on a light-sensitive
surface such as film or a digital image sensor. The finished
product is a physical object i.e. a print or a negative.

One of the major differences between photographs and

digital images is that photographs are physical objects

11 Introduction to Photography
 that can be held and viewed, while digital images exist
only in the digital realm and must be viewed on a screen
or printed to be seen physically. Additionally, photographs
are typically one-of-a-kind and cannot be easily duplicated
or manipulated, while digital images can be easily copied,
edited, and shared.

Components of Digital Image

A digital image has four basic components: matrix, pixels,
voxels, and bit depth. Let us discuss each one of them.

Matrix: A matrix is a 2D array of numbers which is used in

the formation of a digital image. A matrix contains numbers,
symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns.
The larger the image, the larger is the matrix and more time
it takes to process the image and more storage space is
required.

Figure 1.1: A 2D matrix to form a digital image

Introduction to Photography 12
Pixels: Digital images are becoming an increasingly
important part of our lives. They are used in many different
contexts, from marketing materials to medical imaging. But
what exactly is a digital image and how is it composed?

Figure 1.2: Pixelation on zooming a low quality vs high quality image.

When you look at a digital image, you are looking at millions

of these tiny pixels, each one adding to the overall picture.
Pixel is the smallest unit of digital graphic which is used in
the formation of an image. They are two-dimensional and
have an absolute position in 2D-space. The more pixels an
image has, the higher the resolution, and the more detailed
the image will be. Have you ever zoomed in on a photo and
noticed that it becomes blurry or pixelated? That's because
when you zoom in on an image, you are essentially looking
at the individual pixels that make it up, and the more pixels
an image has, the less blurry it will be when zoomed in.
Figure 1.2 shows the images of flower with the one having
less pixels looks blurry on zooming and the one having
more pixels gives a clear image.

13 Introduction to Photography
 Fact:
A pixel is represented by a square or a dot on any display
screen like a mobile, TV, or computer monitor.

Voxels: Voxel is a pixel

with volume often called as
‘Volumetric Pixel’. It has a
value on a grid in a three-
dimensional space. Unlike
pixels, voxels does not have
absolute position, rather
they are defined by relative
positions of the neighbouring
voxels.

Bit Depth: It the number of bits or binary number used

to define each pixel. A more number of bits represents a
wide range of tones (gray scale or color). A black and white
image is represented by 1 bit i.e., 0 for black and 1 for white.
The number of bits in a grayscale image ranges from 2 to
8 bits and bit-depth of a color image usually ranges from 8
to 24 bits.

Fact:
A binary number is made up of only two digits 0 and
1. A one bit binary number has only one bit i.e., either
0 or 1. A two bit binary number has a combination of
2 bits i.e., 00,01,10,11 and similarly three bits have 8
combinations and so on. The series works on the power
of 2.

Introduction to Photography 14
 Fill in the blanks:

1. Digital images are made up of tiny dots called

__________

2. __________ images can be easily copied, edited,

and shared.

3. A matrix contains ________ , _________ or

____________arranged in rows and columns.

4. __________ is the smallest unit of digital graphic

which is used in the formation of an image.

5. _________ is a pixel with volume

Notes:

__________________________________________

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15 Introduction to Photography
 1.2 Describe Image formats
Digital images come in many different formats, each with
its unique features and uses. Before heading towards the
formats of image, lets us first understand what are raster
and vector images.

Raster Image
A raster image is built from pixels. The more the number
of pixels it has, the greater is the quality of the image. The
resolution of a raster file is measured in DPI (dots per inch)
or PPI (pixels per inch). On zooming the size of a raster
image, we can see the individual pixels of an image. And
the image may look blurry if it has a lower value of DPI
or PPI. Digital photographs are usually raster files. Some
of the image formats of raster files are JPEG, PNG, GIF,
BMP, TIFF etc.

Vector Image
A Vector image is scalable to any size without any loss in
its quality. This is because it uses mathematical equations,
lines, and curves with fixed points on a grid to produce
an image. There are no pixels in a vector file. since the
mathematical formulas can be transformed to any size, you
can scale a vector image to any size without hampering its
quality. Digital illustrations, complex graphics, and logos
are made in vector formats to maintain the resolution and
quality of the image. Some of the vector file formats are
SVG, EPS, PDF etc.

Here are a few of the most popular formats and what you
might use them for:

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) :

This is one of the most common image formats you will

Introduction to Photography 16
come across. It is great for photographs because it can
handle a wide range of colors and shades, making them
look realistic and lifelike. The downside is that it does use
"lossy" compression, which means that when you save a
file in JPEG format, some of the original image data is lost.
The files can be saved by using the extension as .(dot)
jpeg. For example, filename.jpeg contains an image file.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics):

This format is often used for graphics and images with

transparent backgrounds. It uses "lossless" compression,
which means that none of the original image data is lost
when you save a file in PNG format. PNGs are also great for
images with sharp lines and text, as they tend to maintain
the integrity of these elements better than JPEGs.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) :

GIFs are great for short animations and simple graphics.

They can only display a limited number of colors, so they
are not ideal for photographs, but they're perfect for creating
simple animations and graphics with a small file size.

BMP (Bitmap) :

This is one of the oldest image formats and it's not commonly
used today. The biggest advantage of BMPs is that they
can handle a wide range of colors, but the downside is that
they have a large file size.

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):

TIFFs are great for high-quality printing and professional

photography. They can handle a wide range of colors and

17 Introduction to Photography
 shades, and use "lossless" compression, which means that
none of the original image data is lost when you save a file
in TIFF format.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG):

SVG is a vector file format which stores images via

mathematical formulas based on points and lines on a grid.
The images saved in this format can be significantly resized
without losing any of their quality, which makes them ideal
for logos and complex online graphics.

Encapsulated PostScript (EPS):

An EPS file is a vector file format used for graphic designing.

It is commonly used in print and digital media. It consists of
both vector and raster images. The raster images are used
to display the image on the screen, which is of low quality
whereas vector images are used for high-quality printing
purposes.

Portable Document Format (PDF):

PDF is a type of document created by Adobe in the 1990s.

They are mostly in vector format unless saved by raster
software such as photoshop. This file format is used as
a standard for the representation of documents which is
independent of application software, hardware and Operating
Systems. The PDF file format contains information like text,
images, hyperlinks, digital signatures etc.

All these formats have their pros and cons, so it is important

to choose the right one for the job. If you are working with
photographs, JPEGs are a great choice. If you're working
with graphics and images with transparent backgrounds,

Introduction to Photography 18
 PNGs are a better choice. And if you're working with
simple animations and graphics, GIFs are a great option.
SVGs are good for website icons, logos, Infographics, and
illustrations. EPS file formats are best for billboards and
other large-scale marketing collateral. The files can be
saved in different formats by using the extension as .(dot)
type of format. For example, a file to be saved in JPEG
format can be saved as filename.jpeg.

What is meant by image saved with transparency?

Images saved with transparency look good on colored

background whereas images without transparency will
have a white background which will be visible on a colored
background.

Notes:

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19 Introduction to Photography
 Fill in the blanks:

1. A raster image is built from __________.

2. __________ image uses mathematical equations,

lines, and curves.

3. ______ are great for short animations

4. SVG stands for ____________ ___________

___________.

5. The ________ file format contain informations

like text, images, hyperlinks, digital signatures

etc.

Notes:

__________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________

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20
 1.3 Working of DSLR and creation of
an electronic image

What is a DSLR camera?

A DSLR, or digital single-lens reflex camera, is a type of

digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms
of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor.
DSLRs use a mirror and pentaprism system to reflect
light from the lens up into the viewfinder, allowing the
photographer to see exactly what the camera will capture.

Figure 1.3: Line diagram of working of a DSLR

Photography is a perfect blend of art and science. To click

a desired picture, you are viewing from the viewfinder, you
need to press the shutter button.

21 Introduction to Photography
 As soon as you press the shutter button, there are thousands
of tiny little components in the camera and in the lens that
works together to create the image.

The working of a camera is broken down into three simple

components:
1. Aperture
2. Shutter
3. Digital Film/Sensor

Figure 1.4: Process of creation of image on digital sensor

As you are already familiar with all these components in

module-1 of Introduction to Photography, let us look at how
these components contribute to the creation of a digital/
electronic image.

The lens is the device through which a camera sees. An

aperture is an opening in a lens which allows light to pass
from it. It is adjustable in size i.e.; we can increase and
decrease the amount of light it lets in.
When light strikes the image sensor inside the camera it

Introduction to Photography 22
starts to burn the sensor. The longer the light falls on it, the
more it burns the film creating bright spots. However, this
flow of light can be controlled by the shutter.

When you press the shutter button, the shutter opens

and closes at a speed faster than the blink of an eye. The
functionality of the shutter is such that it cuts down the right
amount of light rays to hit the image/digital sensor to create
a perfect picture of the captured image.

Now let us look into the detailed steps that occur inside the
DSLR camera while capturing an image:

1. When you look through a DSLR viewfinder/eyepiece

present at the back of the camera, the scene you see
is passed through the lens attached to the camera. This
means that the scene you are viewing from a viewfinder
is exactly what is going to be captured.

2. The light from the scene you are willing to capture

passes through the lens into a reflex mirror that sits at a
45-degree angle inside the camera chamber.

3. It forwards the light vertically to an optical element called

a “pentaprism”.

4. The pentaprism then converts the vertical light to

horizontal by redirecting the light through two separate
mirrors and directing the light towards the viewfinder.

5. When you take a picture, the reflex mirror swings upwards,

blocking the vertical pathway and letting the light rays
move forward in the same direction towards the image
sensor.
6. The light rays reach the shutter and the shutter opens up

23 Introduction to Photography
 for the light to reach the image sensor. The duration for
which the shutter remains open depends on the desired
shutter speed.

7. As long as the shutter remains open, the image sensor

records the image i.e., the image is electronically created
on the image sensor.

8. Once the shutter is closed, the light rays are blocked to

reach the image sensor and the reflex mirror drops back
to the 45-degree angle to continue redirecting the light
into the viewfinder.

9. Now next step is to process the image. The camera

processor takes the information from the image sensor
and converts it into an appropriate format and stored in
a memory card.

The whole process of capturing an image takes very little

time nearly about a fraction of a second. The image can
then be edited and manipulated using photo editing software
such as photoshop, adobe illustrator etc.

Benefits of a DSLR camera

DSLRs are popular among professional and semi-

professional photographers, as well as enthusiasts, because
of their manual controls and ability to change lenses. They
offer a wide range of features and capabilities, from basic
models that are suitable for beginners to advanced models
with advanced autofocus systems, high-speed continuous
shooting, and high-resolution sensors.

DSLRs offer a lot of flexibility, you can use different lenses

with different focal lengths, aperture and image stabilization,

Introduction to Photography 24
 this allows you to achieve a wide range of creative effects
and achieve different results in different lighting conditions
or situations.

Additionally, DSLR cameras have larger image sensor which

captures more light and produce high-quality images, also
have the ability to shoot in different color spaces.

Notes:

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25 Introduction to Photography
 1.4 Introduction to RAW image
A RAW image is a type of image file that captures all of
the data from a camera's image sensor in its original form
without any processing or compression. Unlike JPEG
images, which are processed and compressed by the
camera before they are saved, RAW images are meant to
be edited on a computer using specialized software.

In simple terms, when you take a picture with your camera,

the camera captures a lot of information about the scene
you are photographing, such as the color, brightness
and details of the image. When you save your image in
JPEG format, the camera processes and compresses that
information, discarding some of the data and making the
final file smaller. But when you save your image in RAW
format, the camera saves all of that original data without
processing or compression.

Figure 1.5: Raw vs JPEG image

Figure 1.5 show the difference between a raw and jpeg

image. It can be seen that the jpeg image is edited in some
software as the colors, white balance, brightness, contrast
etc are adjusted to get a clear image. The raw image gives
the capability to adjust these factors and convert it into a
format that looks clear.

Introduction to Photography 26
 Why RAW image?

The main benefit of shooting in RAW is that it allows you

more control over your final image. Since all of the original
data is preserved in a RAW file, you can make adjustments
to things like exposure, white balance, and color tone without
losing image quality. Additionally, since RAW images are
not compressed, there is less chance of image degradation.

However, one downside to shooting in RAW is that it requires

specialized software to open and edit the files, and the file
sizes are much larger than JPEGs, which can take up more
space on memory cards and hard drives.

How to set up a camera Tripod?

In photography, a tripod is a portable device used to

support, stabilize and elevate a camera and a flash unit. All
photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head
to couple with a camera.

Here are the few steps to set up a camera's tripod.

Get a frame: Before setting up the tripod, you should decide

the frame of your scene or the subject.

Arrange and Extend the legs: Arrange the three legs of

the tripod as per your convinience and then extend them.

Finding Level: Make sure the center post of the tripod is

perpendicular to the ground.

Balance your camera: Hold the center of the tripod in hand

and use its three legs as weighted stabilizers. And mount

27 Introduction to Photography
 the center of the camera’s weight as close as possible to
the center of the tripod.

True or False:

1. To click a desired picture, you are viewing from

the viewfinder, you need to press the shutter

button. ( )

2. The reflex mirror sits at a 90-degree angle

inside the camera chamber. ( )

3. The pentaprism converts the vertical light into

horizontal. ( )

4. Shooting in RAW is that it allows you more

control over your final image. ( )

5. All photographic tripods have four legs. ( )

Notes:
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Introduction to Photography 28
 1.5 Things to Remember

Things to
Remember

1. A digital image is a representation of a picture or

scene that is captured by a digital camera
2. Digital images have metadata which contains
information such as the date and time the
photo was taken, the camera's settings, and the
location where the photo was taken.
3. The different formats of digital image are JPEG,
PNG, SVG, BMP, TIFF.
4. Working of DSLR starts with pressing the
shutter button.
5. Raw images are of larger size as they contain
each and every information of an image.

Notes:
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29 Introduction to Photography
 1.6 Practical

Activity 1: Demonstrate RAW image

capturing

Tips: Raw image is the original image

without any editing.

Activity 2: Demonstrate the use of tripod to

stabilize camera

Tips: Capture pictures from camera by

using tripods to get a stable image.

Introduction to Photography 30
 UNIT- 2
Understanding camera and
equipment

Topics Covered
2.1 Explain advanced feature of DSLR
camera
2.2 List and describe commonly used
photography equipment
2.3 Explain exposure in detail
2.4 Explain the usage and functioning
of Flash and Lights for photography
2.5 Describe lens types and usage
2.6 Things to Remember
2.7 Practical

Good photography comes with practice. To master

photography the first step is to understand it, its rules, and
its techniques. You have learned about various composition
rules, laws of design, exposure triangle and different camera
angles in the previous modules. Now to actually perform
photography you need to know the features, components
and equipments of the camera. Let us head towards these
topics in this unit.

31 Understanding camera & Equipment

 2.1 Explain advanced features of DSLR
Camera
A DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) camera offers a wide
range of advanced features that are designed to give
professional and experienced photographers more control
and flexibility over their images. Some of the most notable
advanced features of DSLR cameras include:

Manual Control: Manual control of aperture, shutter

speed, and ISO: Aperture controls the amount of light that
enters the camera through the lens by adjusting the size of
the aperture, or opening in the lens. Shutter speed controls
the amount of time the camera's sensor is exposed to
light, and ISO controls the camera's sensitivity to light. By
adjusting these settings, you can achieve a desired effect
such as a shallow depth of field, freezing or blurring motion,
or capturing images in low-light conditions. The "M" in figure
2.1 shows that you are in manual mode.

Figure 2.1: Manual Mode settings

Introduction to Photography 32
Raw image capture: A RAW image is the unprocessed
data captured by the camera's sensor. These images are
larger in file size and retain more information than JPEG
images. This allows for more flexibility in post-processing,
such as adjusting exposure, color balance, and white
balance without losing image quality.

Interchangeable lenses: DSLR cameras have a

removable lens mount, which allows you to use different
lenses for different shooting situations. For example, a wide-
angle lens is great for landscapes, while a telephoto lens
is perfect for sports or wildlife photography. Additionally,
lenses can have different apertures and focal lengths,
providing more options for controlling depth of field and
focal length for specific compositions.

33 Understanding camera & Equipment

 White balance: White balance is used to ensure that
colors in an image appear natural and accurate in different
lighting conditions. DSLR cameras have various white
balance settings such as 'daylight', 'cloudy', 'tungsten'
etc. These settings adjust the camera's color temperature
to match the lighting conditions, preventing colors from
appearing too warm or too cool in the final image.

Autofocus: Autofocus allows the camera to quickly and

accurately focus on a subject. DSLR cameras typically have
multiple autofocus points which can be selected to focus
on a specific area of the scene. Some cameras also offer
continuous autofocus which can track a moving subject
or single-shot autofocus which locks focus on the subject
once it's in focus.

Multiple Exposure: Some DSLRs have the ability to

capture multiple exposures in a single frame, which can be
used to create unique, layered images. This feature allows
you to take multiple shots of the same scene and combine
them in-camera to create a single image with an increased
dynamic range or a creative effect.

Introduction to Photography 34
 Image stabilization: Image stabilization helps to
reduce camera shake and produce sharp images even
when shooting in low light or at slow shutter speeds. This
is achieved through the use of mechanical or electronic
stabilization in the camera or lens.

Time-Lapse: DSLRs have the ability to create time-lapse

videos, which condense a long period of time into a short
video. This feature allows you to capture the slow changes
in a scene, such as the movement of clouds or the blooming
of flowers.

Notes:

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35 Understanding camera & Equipment

 Match the following:

A B
1. The Manual Control (a) Image appear neutral

2. White Balance (b) Captures slow

changes in a scene
3. Autofocus (c) Represent by letter
"M"
4. Time-Lapse (d) Focuses on a subject

Answer: 1 : ____ 2 : ____

3 : ____ 4 : ____

Notes:
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Introduction to Photography 36
 2.2 List and describe commonly used
photography equipment
To start with photography one must have the following
equipments:

Camera: This is the main device used to capture and store

photographs. It can be a digital or film camera and can range
from a simple point-and-shoot to a complex professional-
grade DSLR. Camera containns of all the controls and
buttons that enables to capture a photograph.

Lens: A lens is a device

that focuses light onto the
camera's sensor or film. In
DSLR's there is a place to
mount the lens where you
can place different sizes lens
according to your purpose.
These different lenses can
be used to achieve different
effects, such as wide-angle,
telephoto, or macro.

37 Understanding camera & Equipment

 Tripod:
A tripod is a three
legged stand
used to hold the
camera steady,
allowing for
sharper images
in low light or
when using long
exposures. It is
recommended to
use tripod to get a stable shot.

Flash:
A flash unit is a device that
provides additional light to
a scene, allowing for well-lit
photographs in low light or at
night. In most of the DSLR's
there is a small inbuilt flash
and there is also a slot
provided to mount a bigger
external flash.

Reflector: A reflector is a
device used to reflect light
onto a subject, allowing for
better-lit photographs.

Introduction to Photography 38
Filters:
Filters are placed in front of the lens to change the look
of the photograph. They are used to reduce the glare and
reflections and the
amount of light
coming into the
camera lens. A filter
placed infront of
the lens, protects
the lens, enhances
the color of the
scene, and corrects
its exposure. The
Common filters Figure 2.2: Filter
include UV and
skylight filters, polarizing filters, neutral density filters, and
colored filters. Figure 2.2 shows the image of a filter, which
is placed infront of the lens and figure 2.3 displays the output
of the image before applying the filter and after applying it.
The second image in the below figure is captured with a
filter that shows the color enhancement.

Before After

Figure 2.3: Before and after mounting filter

Battery/Power source: This is the device that powers

39 Understanding camera & Equipment

 the camera. It can be a standard battery or a rechargeable
battery.

Memory card: A memory card is a small storage device

used to store digital photographs. They come in different
sizes and capacities.

Remote shutter release: This is a device that allows

you to take a picture without physically pressing the
camera's shutter button. The remote is extremely useful
when pressing the shutter button on the camera becomes
inconvenient. Using a remote to click the shutter button
removes the possibility of distortion while taking the image.

Introduction to Photography 40
Camera bag: A camera bag is a protective carrying case
used to transport and store photography equipment.

Post-Processing Software: These are the softwares

that are used to edit the captured photograph. Editing the
photograph enable us to correct all the mistakes done while
shooting like color correction, whitebalance, exposure etc.
The most common editing softwares are photoshop, Adobe
Illustrator, lightroom and affinity photo.

41 Understanding camera & Equipment

 True or False:

1. DSLRs do not have inbuilt flash. ( )

2. Filters are used to reduce the glare and

reflections and the amount of light coming into

the camera lens. ( )

3. A filter does not protect the lens. ( )

4. A memory card is a storage device used to store

images. ( )

5. We can use tripod for stable photography.

( )

Notes:
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Introduction to Photography 42
 2.3 Explain Exposure in detail
Exposure in photography refers to the amount of light that
reaches the camera's sensor or film. It is determined by
three main factors: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO.

Adjusting exposure is necessary for photography to ensure

that the image is correctly exposed, meaning that the correct
amount of light is captured by the camera sensor. This
helps to ensure that the image is not too dark or too bright
and that the colors and details in the image are accurate
and visible. Adjusting exposure can also be used to create
creative effects, such as making a scene appear darker or
brighter than it is.

Exposure in photography depends on several factors:

Aperture: Aperture refers to the opening in the lens that

allows light to pass through. A larger aperture allows more
light to enter the camera and results in a brighter image,
while a smaller aperture allows less light and results in a
darker image.

The aperture also controls the depth of field, which refers

to the portion of the image in focus.

43 Understanding camera & Equipment

 A larger aperture results in a shallower depth of field, which
makes the background blurrier, while a smaller aperture
results in a deeper depth of field, which keeps more of the
image in focus. For example refer figure 2.4 where larger
apertures, like f/2.8, result in less depth of field, while smaller
apertures, like f/20, result in greater depth of field. Using
the control wheel on the camera to adjust the aperture, we
can change the depth of field.

Figure 2.4: Aperture and Depth of field

Shallow Depth of Field

A shallow depth of field refers to a small area in
focus i.e., the subject in focus and background is
blurred.
Deep Depth of Field
A deep depth of field captures a larger area in
focus, often keeping everything in the image sharp
and clear.

Introduction to Photography 44
Shutter Speed: Shutter speed refers to the time the
camera's shutter is open. It is measured in seconds or
fractions of a second. A faster shutter speed allows less
light to enter the camera and results in a darker image,
while a slower shutter speed allows more light and results
in a brighter image.

Figure 2.5 shows how shutter speed affects the exposure of

an image keeping ISO and aperture fixed. A faster shutter
speed of 1/320 allows less light to enter through shutter
results in underexposed or dark image. And a slower shutter
speed of 1/80 allows more light to enter through it resulting
in a overexposed or bright image. Thus it is very important
to balance the exposure by setting correct shutter speed. In
figure 2.5, the image with shutter speed 1/150 is correctly
exposed.

Figure 2.5: Shutter speed and exposure

A faster shutter speed allows for better capture of fast-

moving subjects, while a slower shutter speed allows for
longer exposure times and can create creative effects
such as motion blur. In figure 2.6, a slow shutter speed of

45 Understanding camera & Equipment

 1/150 freezes the motion while a faster shutter speed of 1/8
creates motion blur.

Figure 2.6: Shutter speed and motion blur

ISO: ISO refers to the sensitivity of the camera's sensor or

film. It is measured in numbers, with a lower ISO indicating
less sensitivity and a higher ISO indicating more sensitivity.
A lower ISO results in a darker image, while a higher ISO
results in a brighter image.

Figure 2.7: ISO and noisy image

Introduction to Photography 46
However, increasing the ISO also increases the amount of
noise or grain in the image. Figure 2.7 shows how the two
images looks different on increasing the ISO value. The
ISO value is inceased to increase the brightness but it also
increases the grainy or noisiness in the image. Figure 2.8 is
the cheat sheet that very well explains all the three settings
of exposure. A small aperture gives a clear image whereas
a lager aperture makes the background blur as it focuses
only on a part of image. A lower shutter speed freezes the
movement whereas a faster shutter speed creates motion
blur. And finally a lower ISO creates no or less grainy image
whereas a high ISO increases brightness in an image
but creates grainy image. Thus, to balance all the above
settings, you must understand exposure triangle, in which
these three elements are balance in a way that gives a
perfectly exposed image. For a detailed study of exposure
triangle refer Module-2 of Introduction to Photography.

Figure 2.8: Cheat sheet of three elements of exposure triangle

47 Understanding camera & Equipment

 How we can adjust exposure?

The relationship between aperture, shutter speed, and

ISO is known as the exposure triangle. A photographer
can adjust these settings to achieve the desired level of
exposure in a photograph. For example, if a photographer
wants a brighter image, they can use a larger aperture,
slower shutter speed, or higher ISO. If they want a darker
image, they can use a smaller aperture, faster shutter
speed, or lower ISO.

Further advanced features of a camera that can

help us to control exposure:

1. Using the camera's light meter: Most cameras have

a built-in light meter that measures the amount of light in
a scene and suggests the appropriate exposure settings
There are specific types of photography where light
meters can be particularly useful, including landscape
and portrait photography. This can be a good starting
point, but it is not always accurate, especially in difficult
lighting conditions where the camera's lightmeter is
unable to determine correct amount of lights.

2. Using the exposure-compensation: Exposure

compensation allows the photographer to adjust the
exposure to be brighter or darker than what the camera's
light meter suggests. This can be useful in situations
where the camera's light meter is fooled by a scene that
is very bright or very dark.

3. Using the camera's histogram: The histogram is a

graph that shows the distribution of light in an image.

Introduction to Photography 48
 It can be used to check the exposure of an image and
make adjustments. If the histogram is skewed to the left,
the image is underexposed, and if it is skewed to the
right, the image is overexposed.

Long Exposure: In photography long exposure images are

captured by holding the shutter button for a longer time i.e.,
to capture an image by using the long exposure technique,
the shutter speed is kept very slow. A long exposure photo
can require an exposure time from a couple of seconds
upto half an hour and even more. You can use a tripod for
holding the camera.

This type of photography is mostly preferred to be done at

night. To get a perfectly exposed image at the night, the
shutter speed should be kept slow. A slow shutter speed
allows more light to enter the sensor resulting in a vibrant
and clear image. By using specially designed cameras, it
can be done at day time also.

The long-exposed photograph usually represents the effect

of passing time such as fireworks, light trails, Water with
texture etc. The below image of light trail shows a long-
exposed image.

49 Understanding camera & Equipment

 Identify the elements of Exposure:

_________________________

_________________________

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Introduction to Photography 50
 2.4 Explain the usage and functioning
of Flash and Lights for photography

What is a Flash?

A flash is a small, portable light source that is built into the

camera or can be attached to the camera's hot shoe (a
mount on the top of the camera).

Flash photography is a technique where a flash or strobe

light is used to illuminate a scene when the ambient light is
not sufficient. This can be done by using the built-in flash on
a camera or by attaching an external flash to the camera.

Why do we use flash?

Flash and lights can be used in a variety of ways to achieve

different effects in photography. Some common uses
include:

Fill Flash: When taking photos in bright sunlight, the

51 Understanding camera & Equipment

 background may be well-exposed while the subject is in
shadow. In such cases, using a flash can help to illuminate
the subject and reduce shadows, providing a more balanced
exposure. This is known as fill flash.

Low light Photography: Flash and lights can be used to

add light to a scene when the ambient light is not sufficient,
such as when taking photos in dimly lit rooms or at night.

Freeze Motion: When taking photos of fast-moving

subjects such as athletes or wildlife, a flash or strobe light
can be used to freeze the motion and capture a sharp image.

Creative Lighting: Flash and lights can be used to create

interesting lighting effects and add drama to a photo. For
example, using a flash or light from a specific angle can
create shadows and highlights that add depth and interest
to a photo.

Studio Photography: External lights can be used to

control the lighting in a studio setting, such as using a main

Introduction to Photography 52
 light, fill light, and hair light to achieve a specific look.

Special Effects: Flash and lights can be used to create

special effects such as light painting or long exposures.

Flash and lights are potent tools in photography. With the

correct technique, settings, and accessories, you can
achieve professional-looking photos even in challenging
lighting conditions.

Notes:

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53 Understanding camera & Equipment

 2.5 Types of lenses and their usage

A camera lens is an optical device that captures light and

focuses it onto the camera's image sensor. It is made up of
a series of glass elements, or lenses, which work together
to bend and focus the light. The lens aperture controls the
amount of light that enters the camera, and the shutter
controls the duration of the exposure.

There are several types of lenses used in photography, each

with its unique characteristics and uses. These include:

Standard Lenses: These lenses have a focal length of

around 50mm and are considered to be the most versatile
type of lens. They are often used for general photography,
such as portraits and landscapes, as they provide a field of
view that is similar to the human eye.

Telephoto Lenses: These

lenses have a longer focal
length than standard lenses,
typically between 85mm to
300mm. They are used for
capturing subjects that are
farther away, such as wildlife
and sports. They also have
a shallow depth of field,
which can be used to create
a strong sense of separation
between the subject and the
background.

Zoom Lenses:
These lenses allow the photographer to adjust the focal

Introduction to Photography 54
length of the lens, allowing them to change the field of view
without changing lenses. Zoom lenses are commonly used
for sports and wildlife photography.

Definition:

Field of View: Field of view is what you can see through

the camera's lens or its viewfinder. It is determined by
camera lens and sensor size.
Focal Length: It is the distance between the lens and
the image sensor. It is measured in millimeters and the
name of the lens is based on it. For example, an 8 mm
lens means the sensor is 8 mm away from the lens.

Wide-Angle Lenses: These lenses have a shorter focal

length than standard lenses, typically between 10mm and
35mm. They are used for capturing large landscapes and
architecture, as well as for creating a sense of depth and
drama in a scene.

Macro Lenses: These lenses are designed for close-

up photography and can focus on subjects as close as a
few centimeters away. They are commonly used for taking
detailed shots of small objects such as flowers and insects.

Fisheye Lenses: These lenses have a wide angle of

view and a concise focal length, typically between 8mm
and 16mm. They are used to create dramatic and unique
perspectives, often used in architecture, landscape, and
action photography.

55 Understanding camera & Equipment

 Mirror Lenses: These lenses use a mirror to reflect light
onto the camera's image sensor. They are compact and
lightweight, making them a popular choice for wildlife and
sports photography.

S. What it is used
Focal Length Type of lens
No. for?
1 4mm - 14mm Fisheye Abstract, creative
Landscape,
2 14mm - 35mm Wide angle
architecture
Street, travel,
3 35mm - 85mm Standard
portrait
Street
4 85mm - 135mm Short telephoto photography and
portraits
Medium Sports, wildlife,
5 135mm+
telephoto action
Sports from a
Super
6 300mm+ distance, nature
telephoto
and astronomy
7 35mm - 200mm Macro Close-up shots

Introduction to Photography 56
 True or False:

1. A flash is a non-portable light source. ( )

2. A flash or strobe light can be used to freeze the

motion ( )

3. The lens aperture controls the amount of light

that enters the camera.( )

4. Telephoto lens is good for close-up photography.

( )

5. Fish-eye lens is used in architecture, landscape,

and action photography. ( )

Notes:
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57 Understanding camera & Equipment

 2.6 Things to Remember

Things to
Remember

1. The advanced features of DSLR cameras are

Manual mode, raw image capture, interchangeable
lenses, White balance, autofocus, multiple
exposure, image stabilization and time-lapse.
2. Lens, flash, reflector, flash, filters, remote
shutter release are some of the basic
photography equipments
3. Adjustment of aperture results in shallow DOF
(small area in focus) and deeper DOF (large or
whole area in focus).
4. A faster shutter speed creates motion blur, if
the object is moving or shaking.
5. A higher ISO value can add brightness to an
image but it can make the image noisy.
6. Flash can be both inbuilt into the camera and
can also be mounted on the camera.

Introduction to Photography 58
 2.7 Practical

Activity 1: Demonstrate the use of White

balance

Tips: White balance is used to adjust the

color temperature and maintains
the originality of the image

Activity 2: Demonstrate long exposure

photography

Tips: To capture long exposures, lower

down the shutter speed of your
camera

59 Understanding camera & Equipment

 Activity 3: Demonstrate use of on-camera
flash

Tips: An on-camera flash is the built-in

flash on the camera

Activity 4: Demonstrate the use and

functionality of Telephoto lens.

Tips: Telephoto lenses are used for

capturing subjects that are far
away, such as wildlife and sports.

Activity 5: Demonstrate the use of lights in

product photography

Tips: Capture images of a product by

using various lights i.e., natural
and artificial lights.

Introduction to Photography 60
 UNIT- 3
Art of Photography

Topics Covered
3.1 Describe different types of lightning
equipment used in photography
3.2 Explain types of lightning setups
3.3 Explain the importance of posing and
guidelines for good posing
3.4 Explain the process of storytelling
through photography
3.5 Things to Remember
3.6 Practical

P hotography is an art, an application and a therapy to

create a world of images, memories and happiness.

61 Art of Photography
 3.1 Describe different types of
lighting equipment used in
photography
There are three basic types of lighting equipment used in
photography: strobe lights, continuous lights, and modifiers.
Continuous lights are always on and produce a soft light;
Strobes are used to create a short burst of light; and
modifiers change the direction, intensity and quality of
light. Let us discuss few of the basic lighting equipments.

Strobe Light:
A strobe light is a powerful
flash unit that is used in
a studio setting. They
are powered by an AC
power source and have a
much higher output than
speed lights. They can be
triggered by the camera
or by a remote trigger, and
they offer manual control
over the flash output,
allowing for precise lighting adjustments. Strobe lights are
ideal for large groups and commercial shoots, where high-
powered lighting is needed

Continuous Light:Continuous
Light: Continuous light is a constant
light source that is used in video
and still photography. It provides
continuous illumination during the
shot, allowing the photographer to
see exactly how the lighting will look in
the final image. Continuous lights are

Introduction to Photography 62
available in various types, including tungsten, fluorescent,
and LED. They are ideal for studio and video shoots, where
consistent lighting is needed.

Speed Light:
A Speed light is a compact and
lightweight flash unit that is
designed for use with a camera.
It can be mounted on the hot
shoe of the camera, allowing
for quick and easy access to
the flash. Speedlights typically
have a small battery pack and
are rechargeable, making them
portable and convenient for
location shoots. They can also be used off-camera with a
trigger, allowing for more creative lighting options. Some
Speedlights offer manual control over the flash output,
allowing for precise lighting adjustments.

Softbox: A softbox is a device that diffuses the light from

a flash or strobe, producing a soft, even light. It consists
of a box-shaped frame covered in a translucent material
that diffuses the light. Softboxes are ideal for portrait
photography, as they produce a soft, flattering light that
reduces shadows and eliminates harsh highlights. They
are available in various sizes, allowing for different lighting
effects.

Umbrella: An umbrella is a simple, circular device that is

used to diffuse light in a similar way to a softbox. It consists of
a metal frame and a translucent cover that diffuses the light.
Umbrellas are more compact and portable than softboxes,
making them ideal for location shoots. They are available

63 Art of Photography
 in various sizes and materials, allowing for different lighting
effects.

Ring Light: A ring light is a circular

light that attaches to the lens of the
camera, producing even, shadowless
illumination for portrait and macro
photography. It consists of an outer
ring of light that encircles the lens,
providing an even, uniform light that
minimizes shadows and enhances
the subject. Ring lights are available
in various sizes and materials,
and some models offer adjustable brightness and color
temperature.

Monolight: A monolight is a self-contained lighting unit

that includes both the flash and the power source, making
it easy to set up and use. It consists of a flash head and a
power pack, and it can be triggered by the camera or by
a remote trigger. Monolights offer manual control over the
flash output, allowing for precise lighting adjustments. They
are ideal for studio shoots, where a high-powered lighting
system is needed.

Modifiers: Modifiers go between the light source and your

subject, with the goal of changing the quality or intensity of
the light. A modifier might harden the light, it might soften
the light, it might reduce the light, or it might create unique
lighting patterns.

Reflector: A reflector is a device used to redirect light

from a light source, such as the sun, onto a subject. It
consists of a metal or plastic frame covered in a reflective
material, such as silver, gold, or white. Reflectors are used

Introduction to Photography 64
 to fill in shadows and control lighting, and they are available
in various sizes and shapes, allowing for different lighting
effects. Reflectors are ideal for outdoor shoots, where
natural light is the primary light source.

Notes:

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65 Art of Photography
 3.2 Types of lighting setups
T here are several types of lighting setups that are used by
photographers to achieve different effects in their images.
These include:

Key lighting: This is the primary source of illumination

in a scene and is used to define the subject and create
a sense of depth. The key light is usually placed at a
45-degree angle to the subject, facing downwards to create
shadows and depth. The strength and angle of the key light
can be adjusted to create different moods and emotions
in the image. For example, a softer key light produces a
more relaxed, intimate feeling, while a stronger key light
can produce a dramatic, powerful look.

Fill lighting: The purpose of fill lighting is to reduce the

shadows created by the key light and balance the overall
lighting in the scene. The fill light is typically placed on
the opposite side of the subject from the key light, and its
strength can be adjusted to control the amount of fill. A soft
fill light is often used to create a natural, even illumination,
while a stronger fill light can be used to produce a more
dramatic, high-contrast look.

Rim Lighting: This type of lighting is used to create a

halo-like effect around the subject, separating them from
the background and drawing attention to their edges. Rim
lighting is typically placed behind the subject and angled
towards the camera, creating a bright edge around the
subject. This lighting setup can be used to create a dramatic,
theatrical effect or to highlight a subject's shape and texture.

Back Lighting: Back lighting is a lighting setup where the

light source is placed behind the subject, illuminating them
from behind and creating a rim light effect. Backlighting

Introduction to Photography 66 Introduction to Photography

can be used to create a silhouette effect, where the subject
appears in a dark shape against a bright background, or
to add depth and separation to the scene. Backlighting
can also create a dreamy, ethereal effect, especially when
combined with a soft-focus lens.

Side Lighting: This type of lighting is used to add depth

and texture to a subject by illuminating it from the side.
Side lighting creates shadows and highlights that reveal the
subject's shape and texture, adding interest and dimension
to the image. Side lighting can be used to create a dramatic,
moody look or to emphasize the subject's form and texture.

Background Lighting: This lighting setup is used to

illuminate the background of a scene, adding depth and
texture to the environment. Background lighting can be
used to separate the subject from the background, making
it stand out and drawing the viewer's eye to the subject.
Background lighting can also be used to create a mood or

67 Art of Photography
 atmosphere in the image, such as a warm, golden glow or
a cool, blue hue.

High-key Lighting: This High-key lighting is a type of

lighting setup that uses multiple lights to create an overall
bright, even illumination in the scene. High-key images
have minimal shadows and a bright, cheerful look. This
lighting setup is often used in portrait photography, product
photography, and fashion photography, to create a bright,
clean look that showcases the subject.

Low-key Lighting: Low-key lighting is a type of lighting

setup that uses a single, intense light source to create deep,
dramatic shadows and a sense of mystery. Low-key lighting
is often used in portraiture, still life, and fine art photography,
to create a dramatic, moody look that emphasizes the
subject's form and texture. The strong contrast of light and
shadow in low-key lighting can create a sense of tension
and drama in the image.

What is Three Point Lighting?

Three Point Lighting is

the technique of lighting a
subject from three types
of light sources placed at
three distint positions. The
three types of lights are key
light, fill light, and backlight.
These light are placed
according to the scene
and the mood required in
the scene. It makes the
characters look more interesting and dynamic.

Introduction to Photography 68
 True or False:

1. Strobe lights are ideal for small groups.

( )

2. Continuous light is a constant light source that

is used in video and still photography. ( )

3. The purpose of fill lighting is to increase the

shadows.( )

4. In back lighting setup the light source is placed

behind the subject ( )

5. Low-key lighting uses multiple lights to create

brightness in the scene. ( )

Notes:
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69 Art of Photography
 3.3 Explain the importance of posing
and guidelines for good posing

Posing is an important aspect of photography as it can

greatly impact the visual impact and composition of an
image. A good pose can help to enhance the subject's
features, convey emotions, and create a sense of balance
and proportion in the frame. Here are some more detailed
guidelines for good posing:

Body Shape and Proportions: When it comes to posing

for photography, it's important to take into consideration the
individual's unique body shape and proportions. Everyone
has different physical attributes, and understanding how to
pose someone in a way that is both flattering and natural is
a skill that requires practice and attention to detail.

The positioning of the body, limbs, and head can all play a
role in creating a more balanced and aesthetically pleasing
image. Posing should be used as a tool to create a more
confident and positive image that showcases the person's
best features.

In addition to posing, by working together with the subject and

understanding their individual body shape and proportions,
a photographer can create a beautiful and memorable
photograph that captures their unique personality and
beauty.

Asymmetry: Asymmetry is an important aspect of posing

for photography that can be used to create more dynamic
and interesting compositions. While balance and symmetry
are often desirable, asymmetry can help to add visual

Introduction to Photography 70 Introduction to Photography

interest and emphasize individuality.

By intentionally positioning the body and limbs in an

asymmetric way, a photographer can create a sense of
movement and energy that draws the viewer's attention to
certain features of the subject.

Asymmetry can also be used to highlight the unique

characteristics and personality of the subject, making the
image more authentic and memorable. Whether it's tilting
the head slightly or positioning the arms in a different way,
the use of asymmetry can help to create a more natural and
spontaneous image that captures the subject's individuality
and personality.

However, it's important to use asymmetry thoughtfully and

intentionally, as too much can create a chaotic or disorienting
effect in the photograph.

Lines and Shapes: In photography, lines and shapes can

be used to create a more dynamic and visually interesting
image. By incorporating different shapes and lines into the
composition, a photographer can draw attention to certain
elements of the subject and create a sense of depth and
dimension in the photograph.

For example, using the lines of a staircase or a wall can

create a leading line that draws the viewer's attention
towards the subject, while the use of geometric shapes
such as triangles or circles can add a sense of balance and
harmony to the image.

Additionally, the use of diagonal lines can create a sense of

movement and energy in the photograph, while the use of
curved lines can add a sense of softness and flow.

71 Art of Photography
 By understanding the role of lines and shapes in photography,
a photographer can use posing to create a more aesthetically
pleasing and dynamic image that captures the viewer's
attention and imagination.

Hands and Feet: Hands and feet can easily look awkward
or distracting if not positioned correctly. Paying attention
to these details can help to create a more polished and
professional-looking image.

Environment: The background and surrounding elements

can greatly impact the overall image, so it's important
to consider how the subject's pose interacts with the
environment. For example, having a subject face away from
a distracting background can help to create a more visually
pleasing image.

Communication: Good posing often requires

collaboration between the photographer and the subject, so
it's important to communicate with the subject and provide
clear instructions and feedback. Encouraging the subject
to relax and be themselves can help to create natural and
authentic poses.

Experimentation and Fun: Don't be afraid to try new

poses and angles, and encourage the subject to have fun
and express themselves in their pose. This can lead to
more creative and interesting images and a more enjoyable
photo shoot experience for both the photographer and the
subject.

By following these guidelines, photographers can create well-

posed images that convey emotion, enhance the subject's
features, and create a visually pleasing composition.

Introduction to Photography 72
3.4 Explain the process of storytelling
through photographs
S torytelling through photography involves using images
to convey a narrative or message. This can be achieved
through the use of visual elements such as composition,
lighting, and color to create meaning and evoke emotions
in the viewer. Photographers often start by defining the
story they want to tell, then selecting and capturing images
that best illustrate that story. The final step is to edit and
curate the images in a way that effectively conveys the
story and connects with the audience. The best storytelling
photography draws the viewer into the story, elicits an
emotional response, and leaves a lasting impression.

Certainly, here is a more in-depth explanation of the process

of storytelling through photography:

Conceptualization: The first step in storytelling through

photography is to conceptualize the story you want to tell.
This involves deciding on the theme, message, or idea that
you want to convey. You might start by thinking about your
personal experiences, relationships, or observations that
you would like to share with others.

Research and Planning: After you have a clear idea

of what you want to tell, research and planning can help
you to refine your vision. This could involve researching
your subject matter to gain a deeper understanding of it, as
well as scouting locations and thinking about the lighting,
angles, and shots you would like to capture.

Capturing Images: Once you have a clear plan, you can

start capturing images. This is where your technical skills
as a photographer come into play. You'll need to consider

73 Art of Photography
 factors such as lighting, composition, and exposure to
create images that effectively tell your story. It's important
to be mindful of your shots and try to capture the essence
of your story in each image.

Editing and Curating: After you have captured your

images, it's time to edit and curate them. This is where
you'll select the best images that illustrate your story and
present them in a way that makes sense. You might choose
to use a certain sequence of images to create a narrative
flow or edit your images to enhance the visual elements
that contribute to your story.

Sharing Your Story: The final step is to share your story

with others. You might choose to display your images in
a gallery, publish them in a book, or share them online.
Regardless of the medium, it's important to consider the
audience and how you can best connect with them and
convey your message.

Let us understand this with an example.

Here are the few photographs that depicts a story as follows:

Introduction to Photography 74
These photos show a mother sitting with a book in her hand.
She has her child, a little girl, sitting in her lap.

The mother is pointing at the book and explaining it to her

daughter, who is listening intently. The little girl then points
to something in that book with great excitement. Her father
has a big smile on his face as he listens to her explainations
what she has learned. They are all smiling and looking at
each other, clearly happy and proud.

It's clear that this book has brought them closer together as
a family, and that they will cherish the memories of reading
it for years to come.

This photo story is about the importance of education and

family bonding. The mother's efforts in teaching her child
not only helped the child learn something new but also
brought the family together.

The child's enthusiasm in showing her father what she

learned shows that children thrive on the love and support
of their parents. By the end of the photo story, it is clear
that the family is happy and proud of their collective effort
in learning. Therefore, the message is that education can
be a fun and fulfilling activity for families to do together, and
it can strengthen the bond between parents and children.

75 Art of Photography
 True or False:

1. A good pose can help to enhance the subject's

features. ( )

2. Lines and shapes can be used to create a more

dynamic and visually interesting image.

( )

3. The background and surrounding elements have

no impact in the overall image. ( )

4. The first step in storytelling through

photography is to conceptualize the story.

( )

Notes:
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Introduction to Photography 76
 3.5 Things to Remember

Things to
Remember

1. The different types of lighting equipment used in

photography are strobe lights, continuous lights,
and modifiers.
2. Types of lightning setups in photography are Key
lighting, Fill lighting, Rim Lighting, Back Lighting,
Side Lighting, Background Lighting, High-key
lighting and low-key lighting.
3. Three Point Lighting is the technique of lighting
a subject from three types of light sources
placed at three distinct positions.
4. A good pose can help to enhance the subject's
features, convey emotions, and create a sense
of balance and proportion in the frame.
5. Storytelling is a process to display a story or
convey a message by capturing or collecting
photographs and displaying them in the form of
a story.

77 Art of Photography
 3.6 Practical

Activity 1: Demonstrate 3 Point light setup

Tips: It is a technique of lightning a

subject from 3 lights present at 3
different positions.

Activity 2: Demonstrate creation of High-Key

and Low-Key images using Flash
and lights

Tips: High-key uses multiple lights

whereas low-key uses single light
source.

Introduction to Photography 78
78
Activity 3: Demonstrate portrait photography
making use of posing guidelines

Tips: Use posing guidelines to capture

portrait photography.

Activity 4: Demonstrate creation of a photo

story

Tips: Capture images and make a story

out of it.

79
79 Art of Photography
 Summary

In this module, you have learned about digital

image, its components, various image formats,
raw image and working of a DSLR camera. You
have been introduced to the various photography
equipments, types of flash and lenses. You have
learned the types of lighting euipments and
setups. Importance of posing and its guidelines
are learned. You are also able to create your own
photo story by collecting multiple photographs.

Notes:

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Introduction to Photography 80
 UNIT- 4
Practical Photography:
Projects and Assignments

Topic Covered

4.1 Explain the process and setup for

product photoshoot
4.2 Explain the setup required for portrait
photography
4.3 Assignment and Projects

4.1 Explain the process and setup for

product photoshoot
P roduct photography is a type of commercial photography
that focuses on showcasing products in a way that makes
them look appealing and attractive to potential customers.

The goal of product photography is to capture the essence

of the product and highlight its unique features and benefits.

A product photoshoot involves setting up a controlled

environment, typically in a studio, and photographing the
product from different angles and with different lighting

81 Practical Photography
 setups. The photographer may use a variety of techniques
to make the product stand out and look its best, such as
adjusting the focus, depth of field, and exposure.

Product photography is often used in e-commerce,

advertising, and marketing campaigns to help businesses
promote their products and increase sales.

High-quality product photos can help build trust with

customers and convey important information about the
product, such as its size, color, and texture.

When planning a product photoshoot, it's important to

consider factors such as the product's intended use, target
audience, and brand identity. The photographer should
also work closely with the client to ensure that the final
images meet their expectations and effectively showcase
the product's unique features and benefits.

Let us check how to set up and execute a successful product

photo shoot:

Introduction to Photography 82
Identify the purpose and target audience:
Before starting the photoshoot, it is important to understand
the purpose of the photoshoot and who the target audience
is. This will help determine the style, composition, and
lighting of the photos. For example, if the product is a
high-end luxury item, the photos should be elegant and
sophisticated. If the target audience is young and trendy,
the photos should be more modern and edgy.

Gather the necessary equipment:

To execute a professional product photoshoot, you'll need
the right equipment. This includes a camera, tripod, lighting
equipment, props, and a backdrop. The camera should be
capable of taking high-quality images, and a tripod will help
keep the camera steady. Lighting equipment will ensure that
the product is well-lit and appears in its best form. Props
and backdrops are used to enhance the product and create
a visually appealing composition.

Choose the location:

The location of the photoshoot will depend on the type of
product being photographed and the desired aesthetic. If
the product is small and can be easily transported, a studio
is a good choice. For larger products or outdoor shoots,
a location outside or in a spacious indoor area can be
selected. The location should also provide ample space to
accommodate the equipment and any necessary props.

Set up the backdrop and lighting:

The backdrop should be chosen based on the product being
photographed. A plain backdrop works well for simple and
elegant products, while a textured or patterned backdrop
can enhance the product's appeal. Lighting equipment
should be positioned to eliminate shadows and highlight
the product's key features. A combination of natural and

83 Practical Photography
 artificial light can be used to achieve the desired effect.

Figure 4.1: Studio arrangement for product photography

Style and prepare the product:

Before starting the photoshoot,
it's important to style and prepare
the product. This includes
cleaning it and removing any
dust or scratches. Any props or
accessories that will enhance
the product's appearance should
be arranged. The product should
be positioned in a way that
showcases its unique features
and highlights its benefits.

Position the camera and take test shots:

Once the product is ready, position the camera on the
tripod and take test shots. This is important to ensure the
lighting and composition are correct. Adjust the camera
angle, zoom, and focus until the desired result is achieved.
Check the test shots on a computer screen to see if any

Introduction to Photography 84
adjustments are required.

Take the final shots: Once the test shots are satisfactory,
take the final shots. It's important to take multiple photos
from different angles and distances to give yourself plenty
of options to choose from. Take some shots of the product
with and without props to provide a variety of images.

Edit and retouch the photos: After the photoshoot,

it's time to edit and retouch the photos. This can include
adjusting the color balance, contrast, and brightness, as well
as removing any blemishes or imperfections. It's important
to keep the editing minimal and ensure that the photos still
look natural and appealing.

Deliver the final photos: Once the photos are edited

and retouched, they should be delivered to the client or
uploaded to the desired platform. It's important to provide
the photos in the required format and size, which will vary
based on the client's needs.

85 Practical Photography
 4.2 Explain the setup required for
portrait photography

Portrait photography is a beautiful and engaging art form

that captures the personality, essence, and emotions of
a person through photographs. To create a successful
portrait, a photographer must consider several elements that
contribute to the overall setup of the shoot. The elements
include the location, lighting, camera, lenses, props, and
wardrobe.

Location: The location of the portrait photography shoot

is one of the most important elements that a photographer
must consider. The location should be chosen based on
the subject's personality, the style of the shoot, and the
photographer's vision. A few common locations for portrait
photography include a studio, a natural outdoor setting, or
a client's home or workplace.

Studio Setup: When photographing in a studio, the

photographer has complete control over the lighting and

Introduction to Photography 86
background. A studio setup typically includes the following
elements:

Background: The background of a portrait can be a solid

color, a pattern, or a texture. Some photographers prefer
a neutral background to avoid distracting from the subject,
while others may choose a bold background to add visual
interest.

Lighting: Lighting is a crucial element of portrait

photography. The photographer can use a variety of lighting
setups, including a single light source, multiple lights, or
natural light. The lighting should be positioned to highlight
the subject's features and create the desired mood.

Camera and lenses: The photographer can use any

camera and lens combination that is appropriate for portrait
photography. A common choice is a full-frame DSLR camera
with a portrait lens such as a 50mm or 85mm prime lens.

Figure 4.2: A model Posing for a Photoshoot

87 Practical Photography
 Outdoor Setup: When photographing outdoors, the
photographer has to work with the available natural light.
The following elements are important to consider for an
outdoor setup:

Location: The location of an outdoor shoot should be chosen

based on the subject's personality and the photographer's
vision. Consider factors such as the time of day, weather
conditions, and the overall look and feel of the location.

Natural Light: Natural light can create a beautiful and

flattering effect on the subject. Photographers can use the
available light to create different moods and effects, such
as backlighting or soft light.

Reflectors: Reflectors can be used to bounce light onto

the subject and create a more even lighting effect. They
can be used to fill in shadows and highlight specific areas
of the subject's face or body.

Introduction to Photography 88
Camera and lenses: The camera and lens used for
portrait photography are important factors in achieving the
desired effect.

A full-frame DSLR camera is often the preferred choice, but

mirrorless cameras and even smartphones can be used.
The lens choice can affect the overall look and feel of the
portrait. A prime lens with a wide aperture, such as a 50mm
or 85mm, is a popular choice for portraits as it creates a
shallow depth of field and a pleasing bokeh effect.

Lighting: Lighting in any kind of photography plays an

important role. Without lights, photography can be very
difficult. Light source can be natural light like sunlight,
moonlight, thundering etc, or artificial lights such as flash,
strobe lights, studio lights and continuous lights.

Props and Wardrobe: Props and wardrobe can be used

to add interest and personality to the portrait. The choice of
props and wardrobe will depend on the subject's personality,
the style of the shoot, and the photographer's vision. Some
popular props and wardrobe choices include:

Clothing: The subject's clothing should be chosen based

on the style of the shoot and the desired effect. For example,
formal clothing may be appropriate for a business portrait,
while casual clothing may be more appropriate for a lifestyle
portrait.

Accessories: Accessories can add visual interest and

personality to the portrait. This may include jewellery, hats,
scarves, or glasses.

Background: The background can also be used as a

prop. For example, a bookshelf or a piece of artwork in the

89 Practical Photography
 background can add visual interest and personality to the
portrait.

Poses: The subject's pose can also contribute to the overall

setup of the portrait. The photographer can direct the
subject to pose in a way that highlights their best features
and creates the desired mood.

Post-Processing: Post-processing is an important aspect

of portrait photography. This includes editing the images to
adjust the exposure, color, contrast, and other elements.
Some popular editing software includes Adobe Lightroom
and Photoshop. It is important to note that excessive editing
can detract from the natural look of the portrait.

By paying attention to these elements, the photographer

can create a beautiful and engaging portrait that captures
the subject's personality and essence.

Notes:

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Introduction to Photography 90
 4.3 Assignments and Projects

Activity 1: Portrait Photography

1. Participant should take 5 photographs of

human subjects
2. Each of the photographs should use a
different Lighting technique
3. Participant must use 3-point light setup
in at least 1 photograph

Activity 2: Product Photography

1. Participant should take 5 photographs

2. Each of the photographs should focus
on one physical product.
3. Participant must use at least 2 different
products

91 Practical Photography
 Activity 3: Photo story

1. Participant should take 10-15

photographs
2. These photographs must collectively
tell a story in detail, which can be
actual or scripted.
3. The story can be an experience or a
situation.

Introduction to Photography 92
 References and Books

References:

1. Photopils
2. Capturetheatlas.com
3. Photography life
4. Expert Photography

Books:

1. Understanding Exposure by Bryan Peterson

2. Collins Complete Photography Course by John Garrett
3. The Art of Photography: An Approach to Personal Ex-
pression by Bruce Barnbaum

PDF's:

1. An introduction to photography by Karl Taylor

2. Mastering the Photography Basics by Dan Zafra -
Capture the Atlas

Introduction to Photography 93 Introduction to Photography