ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

(Chapter 4 )

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

Yunus A. Çengel & Michael A. Boles

Edited from original by

Azeman Mustafa, PhD and Mohd Nazri Mohd Sokri

School of Chemical and Energy Engineering
 Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work.
• Introduce the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and
mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of
the conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass)
systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes in
their internal energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems
that involve heat and work interactions for general pure
substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances. 2
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Frictionless piston-cylinder device

Wpiston
P  Patm 
A piston
Thus, the pressure inside the cylinder is
always constant depending on the atmospheric
pressure and the piston weight.

3
Moving boundary work (P dV work): The expansion and compression
work in a piston-cylinder device.
Quasi-equilibrium process:
A process during which the system remains
nearly in equilibrium at all times.

Wb is positive  for expansion

Wb is negative  for compression

The work associated

with a moving
boundary is called
boundary work.

A gas does a differential amount of work Wb as it

forces the piston to move by a differential amount
ds. 4
 The boundary
work done
during a process
depends on the
path followed as
well as the end
states.

The area under the process

curve on a P-V diagram
represents the boundary work. The net work done
during a cycle is the
difference between
the work done by
the system and the
work done on the
system.
5
Boundary Work for a Constant-Volume
(Rigid) Process

6
Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure
Process

7
Boundary Work for Isothermal
compression process of an ideal gas

8
Boundary Work for Polytropic Process of gases

Polytropic process: C,
n (polytropic exponent)
constants

When n = 1
(isothermal process)
9
 Working session 01
1. A mass of 5 kg of saturated water vapor at 200 kPa is heated at constant
pressure until the temperature reaches 300°C. Calculate the work (kJ) done
by the steam during this process. Draw the process on P-v and -Tv
diagrams relative to saturation curves.
2. A frictionless piston—cylinder device initially contains 200 L of saturated
liquid refrigerant-134a. The piston is free to move, and its mass is such that
it maintains a pressure 800 kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now
heat until its temperature rises to 70°C. Calculate the boundary work done
(kJ) during this process. Draw the process on P-v and T-v diagrams relative
to saturation curves.
3. Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m3 is compressed
slowly in an isothermal process to a final pressure of 800 kPa. Determine
the work done (kJ) during this process. Draw the process on Pv and Tv
diagrams relative to saturation curves. (-50.2 kJ) 10
Energy Balance of a System

• Q, W and E represent the ‘amount‘ of energy, thus positive quantities

• Subscripts “in” and “out” denote the direction of energy transfer

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process

0 0

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per

unit mass basis

Energy
balance in
differential
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form
Alternatively, closed system energy balance can be written as

Qin  Qout   Wout W in   ΔEsystem

Energy balance when sign convention is used (i.e., heat input and work output
are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

When Q > 0, net heat transfer in the system

Q < 0, net heat transfer out the system
When W > 0, net work done by the system
W < 0, net work done on the system
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Energy balance for a cycle

Closed system

Open system

For a cycle E = 0,
thus Q = W.

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Various forms of the first-law relation for closed systems when sign
convention is used.

Q (-)
W (+)

System
(control
volume)

boundary

Q (+) W (-)

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 Energy balance closed system (fixed
boundary)
General analysis for a closed system undergoing a quasi-equilibrium
constant-pressure process. Q is to the system and W is from the system.

Wb = 0
Wother ~ e.g. electrical, mechanical

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 Energy balance closed system (moving
boundary) for a constant-pressure expansion
or compression process
General analysis for a closed system undergoing a quasi-equilibrium
constant-pressure process. Q is to the system and W is from the system.

Wb ~ boundary (moving) work

Wother ~ e.g. electrical, mechanical

ΔU  ΔPV   ΔH
ΔU  PV  ΔH
ΔU  Wb  ΔH 24
 Working session 02
1. A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent
quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700
kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank and (b) the amount of heat
transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines.

2. 1 kg of steam initially at 100 kPa and 200°C is cooled at constant pressure in a

piston–cylinder device until the temperature reached 50°C. Calculate the heat
transfer and the work done during this process, in kJ.

3. A well-insulated rigid tank contains 2 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture of

water at 150 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. A
0.88-kW electric heater is placed in the tank to supply heat to the water.
Determine how long (minute) it will take to vaporize all the liquid in the tank.
Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
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4. A well insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at
a constant pressure of 100 kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a 5-
kW electrical heater is placed in the water. If the paddle-wheel work amounts
to 400 kJ and the heat is continuously supply by the heater is turned on for
40 minutes, determine the final temperature and state of water (estimate the
quality of the water, if vapor-liquid mixture) . Also, show the process on T-v &
P-v diagrams with respect to saturation lines. (T= 845oC, superheated vapor)

5. A piston-cylinder device with a stop initially contains 1 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa

and 300°C. The location of the stop corresponds to 60 percent of the initial
volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work and heat if
the final state is such that

i. the temperature of the steam is 250°C (-108.54 kJ)

ii. the piston just landed on the stop and the pressure remains 1 MPa (-
690.23 kJ)
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 SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the pressure is maintained constant.

Constant-
volume and
constant-
Specific heat is the energy pressure specific
required to raise the heats cv and cp
temperature of a unit mass (values are for
of a substance by one helium gas).
degree in a specified way. 27
• The equations in the figure are valid for any substance undergoing any
process.
• cv and cp are properties.
• cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in
enthalpy.
• A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg · °C or kJ/kg · K. Are these units
identical?

Formal definitions of cv and cp.

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature.

True or False?
cp is always greater than cv.
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

Joule showed
using this
experimental Internal energy and
apparatus that For ideal gases,
enthalpy change of
u=u(T) u, h, cv, and cp
an ideal gas
vary with
temperature only.
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• At low pressures, all real gases approach • u and h data for a number of
ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their gases have been tabulated.
specific heats depend on temperature only. • These tables are obtained by
• The specific heats of real gases at low choosing an arbitrary reference
pressures are called ideal-gas specific point and performing the
heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and integrations by treating state 1
are often denoted cp0 and cv0. as the reference state.

Ideal-gas
constant-
pressure
specific heats
for some
gases (see In the preparation of ideal-gas
Table A–2c tables, 0 K is chosen as the
for cp reference temperature.
equations). 30
Internal energy and enthalpy change when
specific heat is taken constant at an
average value

(kJ/kg)

For small temperature intervals, the

specific heats may be assumed to vary
linearly with temperature.

The relation  u = cv T
is valid for any kind of
process, constant-
volume or not.
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Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
(Tables A4-A6, A17-A25)This is the
easiest and most accurate way
when tables are readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats.
This is very simple and certainly very
convenient when property tables are
not available. The results obtained Three ways of calculating u.
are reasonably accurate if the
temperature interval is not very
large.

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 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

Specific
heat ratio

• The specific ratio varies with

temperature, but this variation is
very mild.
• For monatomic gases (helium,
argon, etc.), its value is essentially
constant at 1.667.
The cp of an ideal gas can be
determined from a knowledge of • Many diatomic gases, including air,
cv and R. have a specific heat ratio of about
1.4 at room temperature.
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 Working session 03
1. Determine the enthalpy change h of nitrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 600
to 1000 K, using (a) the empirical specific heat equation as a function of
temperature (Table A–2c), (b) the cp value at the average temperature (Table
A–2b), and (c) the cp value at room temperature (Table A–2a).

2. 1-kg of oxygen is heated from 25 to 300°C. Using the specific heat value at the
average temperature (Table A–2b), determine the amount of heat transfer (kJ)
required when this is done during a (a) constant-volume (isochoric) process and
(b) constant-pressure (isobaric) process

3. A 3-m3 rigid tank contains hydrogen at 250 kPa and 550 K. The gas is now
cooled until its temperature drops to 350 K. Determine (a) the final pressure in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transfer.

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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume
(or density) is constant. Solids and liquids are incompressible
substances.

The specific volumes of The cv and cp values of

incompressible substances incompressible substances are
remain constant during a identical and are denoted by c –
process. TABLE A-3a and A-3b.
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Internal Energy Changes

Enthalpy Changes

The enthalpy of a
compressed liquid
A more accurate relation than 37
 Working session 04
1. A 1 kg block of iron is heated from 25oC to 75oC. what is the change in the
iron’s total internal energy and enthalpy?

2. A 2-kW electric resistance heater submerged in 5 kg water is turned on and

kept on for 10 min. During the process, 300 kJ of heat is lost from the water.
Estimate the temperature rise of water.

3. 3 kg of liquid water initially at 12°C is to be heated at 95°C in a teapot equipped

with a 1200-W electric heating element inside. The specific heat of water can be
taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.°C, and the heat loss from the water during heating can
be neglected. Calculate the time it takes to heat water to the desired
temperature (Ans: 14.4 min)

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