Biochem Lec 7

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 41

Biochemistry

Lecture 7: Cellular respiration


Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration – process of breaking down food to produce
energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

• ATP – energy currency of the cell


Cellular Respiration
ATP – Energy for
- Active transport
- Reproduction
- Movement
- Muscle contraction
- Protein synthesis
Cellular Respiration

Hydrolysis of phosphate bond in


ATP releases energy
Cellular Respiration
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
Condition With O2 Without O2
Stages - Glycolysis - Glycolysis
- (Link Reaction: - Fermentation
Pyruvate oxidation and)
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Oxidation of glucose Complete Incomplete
ATP yield 36-38 ATP 2 ATP
Products CO2 Yeast: CO2
H2 O Ethanol
Animals: Lactic acid
AEROBIC
GLYCOLYSIS

PYRUVATE OXIDATION

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

PRODUCE DIRECTLY ATP:


- GLYCOLYSIS
- CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (GREATEST)
Phosphorylation
SUBSTRATE LEVEL OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION

- Direct transfer of phosphate - ATP formation via electron


group transport chain with O2
- GLYCOLYSIS and CITRIC (oxygen) as the final electron
ACID CYCLE acceptor

DEPHOSPHORYLATION : to release energy from ATP >>


Cytosol and Mitochondria
CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA – membrane bound


CYTOSOL – intracellular fluid within the organelle whose function is to
cell generate energy
AEROBIC
GLYCOLYSIS

- sequence of catabolic reactions


converting glucose [6 carbon] (or
glycogen) molecule to pyruvic
acid [3 carbon] using several
enzymes.
- Occurs in the CYTOSOL
- a glucose molecule is catalyzed to
yield 2 molecules of pyruvic
acids, 2 molecules of NADH, and
2 molecules of ATP.
AEROBIC
GLYCOLYSIS

What you need to know:


- 10 step process that uses many enzymes
- Has energy investment phase
- decompose (6 carbon) glucose to
(3 carbon) pyruvate 2
- Products: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
2 NADH
AEROBIC
PYRUVATE OXIDATION

- Oxidation of pyruvate [3
carbon] into Acetyl CoA [2
carbon] so it can enter the
citric acid cycle

Products: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 ,


2 NADH since 2 pyruvate molecules
are made from glycolysis
AEROBIC
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
- sequence of reactions where
Acetyl – CoA is oxidized to
CO2 and H2O inside the
mitochondrial matrix generating
energy in the form of ATP and
reduced coenzymes NADH and
FADH2.
- Occurs in the
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
- Also called Kreb’s cycle or
Tricarboxylic Acid cycle
AEROBIC
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
What you need to know:
- Continuous process
- 1st step is combination of oxaloacetate
- With Acetyl CoA
- Products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH , 2 FADH2 4 CO2
since 2 Acetyl CoA are present
AEROBIC
ADP + P + energy ATP
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

- “Oxidative” - use of oxygen


- “Phosphorylation” – addition
of phosphate = TO MAKE
ATP

- Occurs in the inner


membrane and
intermembrane space

- Composed of two steps


1) Electron Transport Chain
2) Chemiosmosis
AEROBIC
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 1) Electron Transport Chain

!NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers and are


used in the electron transport chain
AEROBIC
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 1) Electron Transport Chain

- NADH and FADH2 transfer


electrons to complex I, II, III, IV

- Transfer of electrons facilitates


movement of H+ from the
matrix to the intermembrane
AEROBIC
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 1) Electron Transport Chain 2) Chemiosmosis

- Gradient forms due to large


influx of H+ into the
intermembrane space

- Electrons are transferred to


oxygen as final electron
acceptor

- Complex V / ATP synthetase is


activated to form ATP

-32-34 ATP!
PROCESS LOCATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS NET ATP
GLYCOLYSIS Cytosol 1 Glucose (6 carbon) 2 Pyruvates 4 – 2 = 2 ATP
2 ATP (*Energy 2 Water (substrate level
Investment) 4 ATP phosphorylation)
2 NAD+
PYRUVATE Mitochondrial 2 Pyruvates 2 Acetyl CoA None
OXIDATION Matrix 2 Coenzyme A 2 CO2
(Acetyl Coa 2 NAD+ 2 NADH
Formation)
CITRIC ACID CYCLE Mitochondrial 2 Acetyl CoA 2 ATP 2 ATP
(Kreb’s or TCA Matrix 6 NAD+ 4 CO2 (substrate level
cycle) 2 FAD 6 NADH phosphorylation)
2 FADH2
OXIDATIVE Inner membrane 10 NADH 32-34 ATP 32-34 ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION and intermembrane 2 FADH2 H2 O
(ETC and
chemiosmosis)
space 6 O2
36-38 TOTAL ATP

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers


and are used in the electron transport
chain
ANAEROBIC
ANAEROBIC

- is a process of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of


oxygen.
- allows cells to generate energy from organic molecules, such
as glucose, without the need for oxygen as the final electron
acceptor.
- less efficient than aerobic respiration
ANAEROBIC

• Both processes start with glycolysis, the initial stage of cellular


respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the
breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
ANAEROBIC
Alcoholic Fermentation
Steps:
1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two molecules of
pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
2. Decarboxylation: Each pyruvate is decarboxylated, releasing
carbon dioxide.
3. Conversion to Ethanol: The remaining acetaldehyde is reduced to
ethanol, regenerating NAD+ in the process.
Example:
Commonly observed in yeast cells during processes like the
production of alcoholic beverages and bread.
ANAEROBIC
Lactic acid Fermentation
• Steps:
1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into two molecules of
pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
2. Reduction to Lactic Acid: Pyruvate is directly reduced to
lactic acid, regenerating NAD+ in the process.
• Example:
• Muscle cells often undergo lactic acid fermentation during
strenuous exercise when oxygen supply is temporarily limited.
ANAEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
Key Points regarding anaerobic respiration:
ATP Production:
- small amount of ATP through glycolysis
- does not involve the citric acid cycle or oxidative phosphorylation

Final Electron Acceptor:


- uses alternative molecules such as pyruvate (unlike in aerobic wherein oxygen is used)

Byproducts:
- Alcoholic fermentation produces: ethanol and carbon dioxide
- Lactic acid fermentation produces: lactic acid

Other characteristics:
- temporary solution only for cells when oxygen is unlimited and until aerobic conditions are
restored
- less efficient than aerobic respiration
• Acetyl CoA can also come from lipid and protein metabolism which also enter the CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
• Conversely, Acetyl CoA can also be converted to other molecules
Other sources of energy
1. Fatty acids
2. Proteins
PROTEIN

Some amino acids can


enter through the Kreb’s
cycle as certain
substrates.

e.g. Leucine can directly become


acetyl coa
FATTY ACID

- Fats are primarily stored in adipocytes (fat cells) in the form of


triacylglycerol/ triglycerides (TGs).
- These TGs are broken down further into long chain fatty acids in
order to enter the metabolic pathways
Fatty acid
FATTY ACID
1. Fatty acids are converted into
Acyl CoA via Acyl Coa
synthetase and enters the
intermembrane space (IMS)
2. Acyl Coa gets acted upon by CPT
I to form acyl carnitine (so it can
pass through the inner
membrane into the matrix via
the carnitine acylcarnitine
translocase transporter )
3. Upon entry into the matrix, acyl
carnitine gets acted upon by
CPT II to convert back to acyl
coa, and to regenerate the
carnitine for usage
FATTY ACID
*2ND part is referred to as B(beta)-
oxidation, which is the principal part
of energy production for FA
4. Acyl Coa dehydrogenation by
acyl CoA dehydrogenase
5. Trans enoyl CoA gets is hydrated
by Enoyl CoA hydratase.
6. 3-L –hydoxyacyl-CoA gets
dehydrogenated again by
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase
7. B-Ketoacyl-CoA undergoes
thiolysis via B-ketoacyl-CoA
thiolase to form an shortened
Acyl-CoA and acetyl Coa
FATTY ACID

B-oxidation gets repeated


multiple to obtain acetyl CoA and
other products with the following
steps
1. Dehydrogenation
2. Hydration
3. Dehydrogenation
4. Thiolysis
FATTY ACID
FATTY ACID
- B-oxidation of a 16 carbon
fatty acid (palmitate) –
produces 7 FADH and 7 NADH
which can enter the electron
transport chain
FATTY ACID

If there is already excess


acetyl CoA some are
converted to fatty acids and
stored inside fat cells
END

You might also like