DBMSpractical5 (A BC)

Practical No.
5 (A, B & C)
(A)Date Functions:
Table: employees
CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR(50),
hire_date DATE,
birth_date DATE,
last_promotion_date DATE
);
Insert Values into a Table:
Emp_name, hire_date, birth_date, last_promotion_date)
VALUES
(1, ‘Alice’, ‘2021-03-15’, ‘1990-06-25’, ‘2023-01-10’),
(2, ‘Bob’, ‘2019-08-01’, ‘1985-12-10’, ‘2022-05-12’),
(3, ‘Charlie’, ‘2020-11-22’, ‘1992-03-08’, ‘2023-06-19’),
(4, ‘Diana’, ‘2022-02-10’, ‘1988-09-19’, ‘2023-02-28’),
(5, ‘Edward’, ‘2023-05-25’, ‘1995-07-14’, NULL);
Examples of Date Functions SQL Commands on this Table:
1. CURRENT_DATE / CURDATE(): Returns the current date.
Query:
SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
-- or
SELECT CURDATE();
2. CURRENT_TIME / CURTIME(): Returns the current time.
Query:
SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
-- or
SELECT CURTIME();
3. NOW(): Returns the current date and time.
Query:
SELECT NOW();
4. DATE(): Extracts the date part from a datetime expression.
Query:
SELECT DATE(NOW());
5. YEAR(), MONTH(), DAY(): Extracts the year, month, or day from a date.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, YEAR(birth_date) AS birth_year, MONTH(birth_date) AS

birth_month, DAY(birth_date) AS birth_day
FROM employees;
6. HOUR(), MINUTE(), SECOND(): Extracts the hour, minute, or second from a time or
datetime.
Query:
SELECT HOUR(NOW()) AS current_hour, MINUTE(NOW()) AS current_minute,
SECOND(NOW()) AS current_second;
7. DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference in days between two dates.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, hire_date, DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE, hire_date) AS

days_since_hired
FROM employees;
(B) String Functions
Sample Table: employees1
Creating the employees Table in SQL
Query:
CREATE TABLE employees1 (
Emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
Emp_name VARCHAR(50),
Position VARCHAR(50),
Department VARCHAR(50),
Email VARCHAR(100)
);
Query:
INSERT INTO employees1 (emp_id, emp_name, position, department, email)
VALUES
(1, ‘Alice Johnson’, ‘Manager’, ‘HR’, ‘[email protected]’),
(2, ‘Bob Smith’, ‘Developer’, ‘IT’, ‘[email protected]’),
(3, ‘Charlie Davis’, ‘Designer’, ‘Design’, ‘[email protected]’),
(4, ‘Diana Adams’, ‘Analyst’, ‘Finance’, ‘[email protected]’),

(5, ‘Edward Collins’, ‘Intern’, ‘IT’, ‘[email protected]’);
1. UPPER() and LOWER(): Converts the string to uppercase or lowercase.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, UPPER(position) AS position_upper, LOWER(department) AS

department_lower
FROM employees1;
2. LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, LENGTH(emp_name) AS name_length
FROM employees1;
3. CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, CONCAT(emp_name, ‘ – ‘, position) AS full_title
FROM employees1;
4. SUBSTRING() / SUBSTR(): Extracts a substring from a string.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, SUBSTRING(emp_name, 1, 5) AS emp_name_part
FROM employees1;
5. REPLACE(): Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, REPLACE(email, ‘company.com’, ‘example.com’) AS

updated_email
FROM employees1;
6. REVERSE(): Reverses a string.
Query:
SELECT emp_name, REVERSE(emp_name) AS reversed_name from epmloyees1;
(C) Math Functions
Sample Table: sales
Creating the sales Table in SQL
Query:
CREATE TABLE sales (
sale_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
item VARCHAR(50),
quantity INT,
price_per_unit DECIMAL(10, 2),
discount DECIMAL(3, 2),
sale_date DATE
);
INSERT INTO sales (sale_id, item, quantity, price_per_unit, discount, sale_date)

VALUES
(1, ‘Laptop’, 2, 750, 0.1, ‘2024-01-15’),
(2, ‘Phone’, 5, 200, 0.05, ‘2024-02-20’),
(3, ‘Tablet’, 3, 300, 0.15, ‘2024-03-05’),
(4, ‘Monitor’, 4, 150, 0.2, ‘2024-04-12’),
(5, ‘Headphones’, 10, 50, 0.3, ‘2024-05-18’);
1. ABS(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, ABS(-quantity) AS absolute_quantity
FROM sales;
2. CEIL() / CEILING() and FLOOR(): CEIL() rounds up to the nearest integer, while
FLOOR() rounds down.
Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, price_per_unit, CEIL(price_per_unit) AS ceil_price,

FLOOR(price_per_unit) AS floor_price
FROM sales;
3. ROUND(): Rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places.
Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, ROUND(price_per_unit * (1 – discount), 2) AS discounted_price
FROM sales;
4. POWER(): Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another.
Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, POWER(quantity, 2) AS quantity_squared
FROM sales;
5. SQRT(): Returns the square root of a number.
Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, SQRT(price_per_unit) AS price_sqrt
FROM sales;
6. GREATEST() and LEAST()
Query:
Returns the greatest or least value from a list of expressions.
SELECT sale_id, item, GREATEST(price_per_unit, 200, 500) AS max_value,

LEAST(price_per_unit, 200, 500) AS min_value
FROM sales;

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Practical No.

CREATE TABLE employees (

emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

Insert Values into a Table:

Emp_name, hire_date, birth_date, last_promotion_date)

(1, ‘Alice’, ‘2021-03-15’, ‘1990-06-25’, ‘2023-01-10’),

(2, ‘Bob’, ‘2019-08-01’, ‘1985-12-10’, ‘2022-05-12’),

(3, ‘Charlie’, ‘2020-11-22’, ‘1992-03-08’, ‘2023-06-19’),

(4, ‘Diana’, ‘2022-02-10’, ‘1988-09-19’, ‘2023-02-28’),

(5, ‘Edward’, ‘2023-05-25’, ‘1995-07-14’, NULL);

Examples of Date Functions SQL Commands on this Table:

1. CURRENT_DATE / CURDATE(): Returns the current date.

2. CURRENT_TIME / CURTIME(): Returns the current time.

3. NOW(): Returns the current date and time.

4. DATE(): Extracts the date part from a datetime expression.

SELECT emp_name, YEAR(birth_date) AS birth_year, MONTH(birth_date) AS

7. DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference in days between two dates.

SELECT emp_name, hire_date, DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE, hire_date) AS

(B) String Functions

Sample Table: employees1

Creating the employees Table in SQL

CREATE TABLE employees1 (

Emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

INSERT INTO employees1 (emp_id, emp_name, position, department, email)

(1, ‘Alice Johnson’, ‘Manager’, ‘HR’, ‘[email protected]’),

(2, ‘Bob Smith’, ‘Developer’, ‘IT’, ‘[email protected]’),

(3, ‘Charlie Davis’, ‘Designer’, ‘Design’, ‘[email protected]’),

(4, ‘Diana Adams’, ‘Analyst’, ‘Finance’, ‘[email protected]’),

1. UPPER() and LOWER(): Converts the string to uppercase or lowercase.

SELECT emp_name, UPPER(position) AS position_upper, LOWER(department) AS

2. LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.

SELECT emp_name, LENGTH(emp_name) AS name_length

3. CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.

SELECT emp_name, CONCAT(emp_name, ‘ – ‘, position) AS full_title

4. SUBSTRING() / SUBSTR(): Extracts a substring from a string.

SELECT emp_name, SUBSTRING(emp_name, 1, 5) AS emp_name_part

SELECT emp_name, REPLACE(email, ‘company.com’, ‘example.com’) AS

6. REVERSE(): Reverses a string.

SELECT emp_name, REVERSE(emp_name) AS reversed_name from epmloyees1;

(C) Math Functions

Sample Table: sales

Creating the sales Table in SQL

CREATE TABLE sales (

sale_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

price_per_unit DECIMAL(10, 2),

discount DECIMAL(3, 2),

INSERT INTO sales (sale_id, item, quantity, price_per_unit, discount, sale_date)

(1, ‘Laptop’, 2, 750, 0.1, ‘2024-01-15’),

(2, ‘Phone’, 5, 200, 0.05, ‘2024-02-20’),

(3, ‘Tablet’, 3, 300, 0.15, ‘2024-03-05’),

(4, ‘Monitor’, 4, 150, 0.2, ‘2024-04-12’),

(5, ‘Headphones’, 10, 50, 0.3, ‘2024-05-18’);

1. ABS(): Returns the absolute value of a number.

SELECT sale_id, item, ABS(-quantity) AS absolute_quantity

SELECT sale_id, item, price_per_unit, CEIL(price_per_unit) AS ceil_price,

3. ROUND(): Rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places.

SELECT sale_id, item, ROUND(price_per_unit * (1 – discount), 2) AS discounted_price

4. POWER(): Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another.

5. SQRT(): Returns the square root of a number.