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DBMSpractical5 (A BC)

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15 views7 pages

DBMSpractical5 (A BC)

Uploaded by

shizaqazi1622
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practical No.

5 (A, B & C)

(A)Date Functions:

Table: employees

CREATE TABLE employees (

emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

emp_name VARCHAR(50),

hire_date DATE,

birth_date DATE,

last_promotion_date DATE

);

Insert Values into a Table:

Emp_name, hire_date, birth_date, last_promotion_date)

VALUES

(1, ‘Alice’, ‘2021-03-15’, ‘1990-06-25’, ‘2023-01-10’),

(2, ‘Bob’, ‘2019-08-01’, ‘1985-12-10’, ‘2022-05-12’),

(3, ‘Charlie’, ‘2020-11-22’, ‘1992-03-08’, ‘2023-06-19’),

(4, ‘Diana’, ‘2022-02-10’, ‘1988-09-19’, ‘2023-02-28’),

(5, ‘Edward’, ‘2023-05-25’, ‘1995-07-14’, NULL);

Examples of Date Functions SQL Commands on this Table:

1. CURRENT_DATE / CURDATE(): Returns the current date.

Query:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE;

-- or
SELECT CURDATE();

2. CURRENT_TIME / CURTIME(): Returns the current time.

Query:

SELECT CURRENT_TIME;

-- or

SELECT CURTIME();

3. NOW(): Returns the current date and time.

Query:

SELECT NOW();

4. DATE(): Extracts the date part from a datetime expression.

Query:

SELECT DATE(NOW());

5. YEAR(), MONTH(), DAY(): Extracts the year, month, or day from a date.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, YEAR(birth_date) AS birth_year, MONTH(birth_date) AS


birth_month, DAY(birth_date) AS birth_day

FROM employees;

6. HOUR(), MINUTE(), SECOND(): Extracts the hour, minute, or second from a time or
datetime.

Query:
SELECT HOUR(NOW()) AS current_hour, MINUTE(NOW()) AS current_minute,
SECOND(NOW()) AS current_second;

7. DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference in days between two dates.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, hire_date, DATEDIFF(CURRENT_DATE, hire_date) AS


days_since_hired

FROM employees;

(B) String Functions

Sample Table: employees1

Creating the employees Table in SQL

Query:

CREATE TABLE employees1 (

Emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

Emp_name VARCHAR(50),

Position VARCHAR(50),

Department VARCHAR(50),

Email VARCHAR(100)

);

Query:

INSERT INTO employees1 (emp_id, emp_name, position, department, email)

VALUES

(1, ‘Alice Johnson’, ‘Manager’, ‘HR’, ‘[email protected]’),

(2, ‘Bob Smith’, ‘Developer’, ‘IT’, ‘[email protected]’),

(3, ‘Charlie Davis’, ‘Designer’, ‘Design’, ‘[email protected]’),

(4, ‘Diana Adams’, ‘Analyst’, ‘Finance’, ‘[email protected]’),


(5, ‘Edward Collins’, ‘Intern’, ‘IT’, ‘[email protected]’);

1. UPPER() and LOWER(): Converts the string to uppercase or lowercase.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, UPPER(position) AS position_upper, LOWER(department) AS


department_lower

FROM employees1;

2. LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, LENGTH(emp_name) AS name_length

FROM employees1;

3. CONCAT(): Concatenates two or more strings.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, CONCAT(emp_name, ‘ – ‘, position) AS full_title

FROM employees1;

4. SUBSTRING() / SUBSTR(): Extracts a substring from a string.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, SUBSTRING(emp_name, 1, 5) AS emp_name_part

FROM employees1;
5. REPLACE(): Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, REPLACE(email, ‘company.com’, ‘example.com’) AS


updated_email

FROM employees1;

6. REVERSE(): Reverses a string.

Query:

SELECT emp_name, REVERSE(emp_name) AS reversed_name from epmloyees1;

(C) Math Functions

Sample Table: sales

Creating the sales Table in SQL

Query:

CREATE TABLE sales (

sale_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

item VARCHAR(50),

quantity INT,

price_per_unit DECIMAL(10, 2),

discount DECIMAL(3, 2),

sale_date DATE

);

INSERT INTO sales (sale_id, item, quantity, price_per_unit, discount, sale_date)


VALUES

(1, ‘Laptop’, 2, 750, 0.1, ‘2024-01-15’),

(2, ‘Phone’, 5, 200, 0.05, ‘2024-02-20’),

(3, ‘Tablet’, 3, 300, 0.15, ‘2024-03-05’),

(4, ‘Monitor’, 4, 150, 0.2, ‘2024-04-12’),

(5, ‘Headphones’, 10, 50, 0.3, ‘2024-05-18’);

1. ABS(): Returns the absolute value of a number.

Query:

SELECT sale_id, item, ABS(-quantity) AS absolute_quantity

FROM sales;

2. CEIL() / CEILING() and FLOOR(): CEIL() rounds up to the nearest integer, while
FLOOR() rounds down.

Query:

SELECT sale_id, item, price_per_unit, CEIL(price_per_unit) AS ceil_price,


FLOOR(price_per_unit) AS floor_price

FROM sales;

3. ROUND(): Rounds a number to the specified number of decimal places.

Query:

SELECT sale_id, item, ROUND(price_per_unit * (1 – discount), 2) AS discounted_price

FROM sales;

4. POWER(): Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another.

Query:
SELECT sale_id, item, POWER(quantity, 2) AS quantity_squared

FROM sales;

5. SQRT(): Returns the square root of a number.

Query:

SELECT sale_id, item, SQRT(price_per_unit) AS price_sqrt

FROM sales;

6. GREATEST() and LEAST()

Query:

Returns the greatest or least value from a list of expressions.

SELECT sale_id, item, GREATEST(price_per_unit, 200, 500) AS max_value,


LEAST(price_per_unit, 200, 500) AS min_value

FROM sales;

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