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20 views2 pages

Sheet2 - Introduction To University Mathematics

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Introduction to University Mathematics University of Oxford

Problem sheet 2
1. Define f : R → R by f (x) = sin x for all real numbers x.
(i) What are f ([0, π]), f ([0, 2π]), f ([0, 3π])?
(ii) What are f −1 ({0}), f −1 ({1}), f −1 ({2})?
(iii) Let A = [0, π] and B = [2π, 3π]. Show that f (A ∩ B) 6= f (A) ∩ f (B).
(iv) Let A = [0, π]. Find f −1 (f (A)) and f (f −1 (A)).

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.


(i) How many f : A → B are there?
(ii) How many f : B → A are there?
(iii) How many injective f : A → B are there?
(iv) How many injective f : B → A are there?
(v) How many surjective f : A → B are there?
(vi) How many surjective f : B → A are there?

3. Which of the following statements about natural numbers are true, which false?
(i) 2 is prime or 2 is odd.
(ii) 2 is prime or 2 is even.
(iii) If 2 is odd then 2 is prime.
(iv) If 2 is even then 2 is prime.
(v) For all n ∈ N, if n is a square number then n is not prime.
(vi) For all n ∈ N, n is not prime if and only if n is a square number.
(vii) For all even primes p > 2, p2 = 2021.

4. Organise the following assertions about a function f : R → R into pairs such that one
member of the pair is true if and only if the other is false. Re-write each statement using
symbols (∈, ∀, ∃, etc.)
(1) for all real numbers x, y there exists a real number z > x such that f (z) > y;
(2) for every real number x there exists a real number y such that for all real z either
z ≤ y or f (z) 6= x;
(3) there exist real numbers x, y such that for every real number z if z ≤ y then
f (z) = x;
(4) there is a real number x such that for every real number y there is a real number
z > y for which f (z) = x;
(5) for all real x and y there is a real number z such that z ≤ y and f (z) 6= x;
(6) there exist real numbers x and y such that for every real number z either z ≤ x or
f (z) ≤ y.

5. Each card in a pack has a number on one side and a letter on the other. Four cards are
placed on the table:
2 3 A B
You are permitted to turn just two cards over in order to test the following hypothesis:
a card that has an even number on one side has a vowel on the other. Which two cards
should you turn? Or is it impossible?
Introduction to University Mathematics University of Oxford

6. Let X, Y and Z be sets, and let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be functions. Which of


the following statements are true, which false? In each case either carefully prove the
statement or give a specific counter-example.
(i) if f and g are surjective then g ◦ f is surjective.
(ii) if g is surjective then g ◦ f is surjective.
(iii) if g ◦ f is surjective then g is surjective.

7. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer, let S be the set of n × n matrices with real coefficients, and
define f : S → R by
 
n a 11 . . . a 1n
aii for A =  ... . . . ...  .
X
f (A) =
 
i=1
an1 . . . ann

Prove or disprove each of the following statements:


(i) f (A + B) = f (A) + f (B) for all A, B ∈ S;
(ii) f (AB) = f (A)f (B) for all A, B ∈ S;
(iii) f (AB) = f (BA) for all A, B ∈ S;
(iv) f (A) = 0 if and only if A is not invertible.

8. [A bit harder] Let f : R → R. Translate the following statement into English:

∀ε > 0 ∀a ∈ R ∃δ > 0 ∀x ∈ R |x − a| < δ ⇒ |f (x) − f (a)| < ε.

Express the following statement using the symbols ∀, ∃ and ⇒:

for every positive real number ε there exists a positive real number δ such that
for all real numbers a and x, |f (x) − f (a)| < ε whenever |x − a| < δ.

Do these statements say the same thing? Can you prove whether or not they hold for
the case f (x) = x2 ?

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