This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation:E2422–05 Designation: E2422 – 11

Standard Digital Reference Images for

Inspection of Aluminum Castings1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2422; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope*
1.1 These digital reference images illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy
castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1⁄4 in. [6.35 mm] and 3⁄4 in. [19.1mm]. in. (6.35 mm) and 3⁄4 in. (19.1mm).
1.2 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or
specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the
contract.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy
castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Reference
Radiographs E155.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. iTeh Standards
1.6 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User
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license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.
NOTE 1—The set of digital reference images consists of 13 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading

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process. The 13 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity and contain an image of a step wedge and two line pair gauges. Available from ASTM
International Headquarters, Order No: RRE02422. Refer to Practice E2002 for line pair gauge details.
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. [25 mm](25 mm) in thickness are contained in
Reference Radiographs E505.
ASTM E2422-11
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination ASTM Standards:2
E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings
E505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in Radiology Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in
Radiology
E2446 Practice for Classification of Computed Radiology Systems
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector Arrays
2.2 SMPTE Practice:3
RP133 SMPTE Recommended Practice Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and
Hard-Copy Recording Cameras
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:

1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on Reference
Radiological Images.
Current edition approved October 1, 2005. Published November 2005. DOI: 10.1520/E2422-05.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2422 - 05. DOI:
10.1520/E2422-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 3 Barker Avenue White Plains, NY 10601; or http://www.smpte.org/smpte_store/

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E2422 – 11
Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Aluminum Castings4

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard may be found in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 The terms relating to discontinuities used in these digital reference images are described based upon radiographic
appearance.
3.2.2 aliasing—artifacts that appear in an image when the spatial frequency of the input is higher than the output is capable of
reproducing. This will often appear as jagged or stepped sections in a line or as moiré patterns.
3.2.3 contrast normalization—the adjustment of contrast between the production image and the reference image that makes the
change in digital driving level versus change in thickness equal for both images.
3.2.4 DDL—digital driving level also known as monitor pixel value.
3.2.5 foreign materials—appear as isolated, irregular, or elongated variations in brightness, not corresponding to variations in
thickness of material, nor to cavities. They may be due to the presence of sand, slag, oxide or dross, or metal of different density.
3.2.6 gas holes—appear as round or elongated, smooth-edged dark spots in a negative image, occurring individually, in clusters,
or distributed throughout the casting.
3.2.7 gas porosity—represented by round or elongated dark spots in a negative image corresponding to minute voids usually
distributed through the entire casting.
3.2.8 measured resolution—the characteristic resolution of a digital radiographic system as measured in accordance with 8.5.
3.2.9 shrinkage cavity—appears as a dendritic, filamentary, or jagged darkened area in a negative image.
3.2.10 shrinkage porosity or sponge (nonferrous alloys)—a localized lacy or honeycombed darkened area in a negative image.
3.2.11 system resolution—the detector-measured resolution divided by the geometric magnification.

4. Significance and Use 5

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4.1 These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are so designed that acceptance standards, which may
be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital
images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities. The images of the 1⁄4-in.
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[6.35-mm](6.35-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1⁄2-in. [12.7 mm].(12.7 mm). The
images of the 3⁄4-in. [19.1-mm](19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1⁄2 in., up to and including
2 in. [51 mm]. (51 mm).
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4.2 Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For
example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files or drivers may affect their appearance. The ASTM
E2002 line pair gauges located in the lower right hand corner of each digital reference can be used as an aid to detect image
deterioration by comparing the measured resolution usingASTM E2422-11
the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do
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not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the
images could be influenced.
4.3 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the
supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.

5. Basis for Application

5.1 The digital reference images may be applied as acceptance standards tailored to the end use of the product. Application of
these digital reference images as acceptance standards should be based on the intended use of the product and the following
considerations (see Note 3).
5.1.1 An area of like size to that of the digital reference image shall be the unit areas by which the production digital image
is evaluated, and any such area shall meet the requirements as defined for acceptability.
5.1.2 Any combination or subset of these digital reference images may be used as is relevant to the particular application.
Different grades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discontinuity type. Furthermore, different grades may be specified
for different regions or zones of a component.
5.1.3 Special considerations may be required where more than one discontinuity type is present in the same area. Any
modifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of multiple discontinuity types must be specified.
5.1.4 Production digital images containing porosity, gas or inclusions may be rated by the overall condition with regard to size,
number, and distribution. These factors should be considered in balance.
5.1.5 As a minimum, the acceptance criteria should contain information addressing: zoning of the part (if applicable), the
acceptance severity level for each discontinuity type, and the specified area to which the digital reference images are to be applied.

4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radiograph No. RRE2422.
5
A study was performed that compared film to digital modalities for the classification of aluminum casting discontinuities. Results of this study are available from ASTM
as RR:E07-1004.

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 E2422 – 11
NOTE 3—Caution should be exercised in specifying the acceptance criteria to be met in a casting. Casting design coupled with foundry practice should
be considered. It is advisable to consult with the manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure the desired quality level can
be achieved.

6. Procedure for Evaluation

6.1 Select the appropriate Digital Reference Image.
6.2Perform the contrast normalization (window width normalization) between the production image and the reference image.
6.3Once contrast normalization has been performed, contrast (window width) shall not be altered in either image without
re-performing contrast normalization prior to product evaluation.
6.2 Apply contrast adjustments to the reference image by either method described in 9.5.
6.3 Evaluation shall be performed against the adjusted reference image.
7. Description
7.1 The digital reference images listed in Table 1 illustrate each type of discontinuity in eight grades. Although eight grades of
each discontinuity are shown, a numerically smaller graded set of discontinuities based on these digital reference images could be
used for acceptance standards. The radiographic technique used is in agreement with Guide E94.
7.2 The alloys used to reproduce the various discontinuities are as listed in Table 2.
7.3 The step wedges shown in the digital reference images are made of 6061 Aluminum with the thickness of the steps listed
in Table 3.
NOTE 4—Misruns, core shift, cold shut, and surface irregularities are not illustrated, as they are readily identifiable by surface inspection or by other
means of nondestructive testing.

8. Digital Image Installation Procedure

8.1 Follow the instructions provided with the digital reference images to load the reference image software.
8.2 The software files will be saved to a default location during installation unless instructed otherwise during the load process.
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8.3 The software will require the user to specify either a positive or negative image. Select the option to match the viewing
format (positive or negative image) of the systems viewing software.

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8.4 The software load process will require the digital reference image resolution to be specified to the nearest 10-micron
increment. Select the resolution that will most closely match the system resolution. System resolution is the detector resolution
divided by the geometric magnification to be used during inspection.
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8.5 Determine the detector resolution as follows:
8.5.1Use the ASTM E2002 unsharpness gauge to determine the measured spatial resolution.
8.5.2Measurements shall be taken approximately five degrees from the vertical orientation and approximately five degrees from
the horizontal orientation. ASTM E2422-11
8.5.3Position the gauge directly on the detector.
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8.5.4Use a focal spot size and focal detector distance typical of production conditions.
8.5.5Using the line profile tool, take line profile statistics perpendicular to the wire pairs.
8.5.6Select the first wire pair that displays a dip between the wires of less than 20%.
8.5.7Select the wire pair results with the highest unsharpness value.
8.5.8Determine the measured resolution. The measured resolution is one-half of the measured unsharpness. Refer to Practice
E2002 to determine wire pair corresponding unsharpness values.
8.5.9Compare the measured resolution to the theoretical resolution determined by pixel size. If the measured resolution differs
by no more than 30% from the theoretical resolution use the theoretical resolution as the detector resolution.
8.5.10If the measured resolution differs from the theoretical resolution by more than 30% adjust the process parameters and
measure the resolution again. For computed radiography, a suggested parameter to change is the scan index. Determine the detector
TABLE 1 Digital Reference Images for Aluminum Castings
Discontinuity Casting Applicable Casting
Thickness in.A Thickness in.A
Gas holes ⁄
14 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Gas holes ⁄
34 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
Gas porosity (round) 1⁄ 4 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Gas porosity (round) 3⁄ 4 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
Gas porosity (elongated) 1⁄ 4 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Gas porosity (elongated) 3⁄ 4 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
Shrinkage cavity 1⁄ 4 All thicknesses
Shrinkage (sponge) 1⁄ 4 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Shrinkage (sponge) 3⁄ 4 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
Foreign material (less dense) 1⁄ 4 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Foreign material (less dense) 3⁄ 4 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
Foreign material (more dense) 1⁄ 4 up to 1⁄2 , incl
Foreign material (more dense) 3⁄ 4 over 1⁄2 to 2, incl
A
1 in. = 25.4 mm.