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    Chemical Bonding

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    fareeha

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    Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    fareeha
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    CHEMICAL BONDING

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    3 views6 pages

    Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    fareeha

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    SUBMITTED BY: SAMMIA SALEEM

    ID: 22003140003
    PROGRAM: MS CHEM
    COUSRE: MATERIAL CHEMISTRY
    AFFILITATION: UMT SIALKOT
    ASSIGNMENT: 2
    Chemical Bondings
    Several types of chemical bonds are found in biological molecules that
    are responsible for stability and the required conformation that
    determine the behavior of these molecule. A bond is any force which
    holds two atoms together. Carbon is linked to H,O,N,S and p by
    covalent bonds which are formed when two atoms share a pair of
    electrons. We describe the bonds involved in biological molecules.

    Covalent Bonds
    Covalent bond is formed by electron pair distributed over two or more
    atoms ,i.e, it is a shared electron pair. These are stable bonds which
    hold the adjacent atoms together. The energy needed to break such
    bonds ranges from 50 to 100 kcal mole-1. In the following example
    each pair shared electrons is covalent bond:

    H: N :H

    . .

    Dipoles
    Any molecule with positive and negative ends is a dipole. The forces of
    attraction between two dipoles are responsible for the orientation of
    molecules with respect to each other, which helps in arrangement of
    the molecules. A dipole may also induce a dipole in a nonpolar
    molecule. Two nonpolar molecules are also able to have mutual
    attraction because of mutually induced dipoles.

    lonic Bonding
    This is due to the attraction between atoms or groups of opposite
    charge (+ and -). The bonding occurs in crystals and salts that are
    ionized into ions when dissolved in water. For example, NaCl is salt
    composed of Na+ (cation and Cl¯ (anion)

    Hydrogen Bond
    Hydrogen bonds are weak as compared to covalent bonds the energy
    required to break them ranges between 0.5 to 12 kcal mole-1 .The
    attractions of a hydrogen in dipole for a negative atom in another
    dipole is called a hydrogen bond.
    The
    hydrogen bonds in biological molecules have assumed greater
    significance since they are primarily required for the specificity of
    interaction and conformations of macromolecules.

    Dipole –Dipole Bond

    This refers to the attraction between the positive end of one dipole and
    the negative end of another dipole .one of the example of dipole-dipole
    bonds is the hydrogen bond. Ordinary hydrogen has a valence of one
    and it can share an electron pair in forming a bonafide covalent bond or
    it can gain an electron to form the hydride ion H+ . Hydrogen atom
    carries a relatively high partial charge when covalently bonded to an
    electronegative element, such as oxygen and nitrogen. Because it has
    an extremely small proton it can approach a second atom with partial
    negative charge. This closeness allows the formation of a dipole-dipole
    bond, sufficiently strong but weaker than a normal covalent bond.

    Non-polar Groups (Hydrogen Bonds)

    Non-polar groups are also called hydrophobic groups and all


    hydrocarbons have them. The hydrophobic groups are clustered
    together through hydrophobic bonding that takes place in water. In the
    molecule shown below, the hydrogen covalently bonded to carbon in
    non- polar and does not bear any charge due to equal electron sharing.
    It is therefore a non- polar group and does not form hydrogen bonds.

    Polar Groups

    The polar groups have a high attraction for water and form hydrogen
    bonds with it. These polar groups increase the solubility of a compound
    in water.

    The polar groups is shown in a circle.

    Bond Energies

    atoms contain more energy compared to molecules composed of


    atoms.The atoms are held together by forces which can be estimated .
    Bond energies or the heat of formation of bonds represent the energy
    lost by the molecular system when bonds are formed between atoms.
    In order to break these bonds the same amount of energy is required.
    Thus the total energy of the molecule is the sum of bond energies and
    dissociation energy and is measured in terms of kilocalories needed to
    form a bond.

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