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What are Input Devices?
-give examples
 What are Input Devices?
Input Devices:
-Input devices are peripherals used to provide data and control signals to a computer
system.
Examples:
-keyboard
-mouse
-touch screen
-cameras
-microphones
What are Output Devices?
Output Devices
-give examples
 Output Devices
-a device which receives information from a computer in order to present it.

Examples
-monitors
Printers
Speakers
Headphones
Projectors
GPS devices
What is Software?
Software
Software
Software is the programs that run on a computer
What is the relationship
between Hardware and
Software?
Hardware and Software
Hardware and Software
-Hardware is any element of a computer that's physical. This includes things like monitors, keyboards, and also the
insides of devices, like microchips and hard drives. Software is anything that tells hardware what to do and how to do it,
including computer programs and apps on your phone.

-software instructs hardware how to perform.

Explain the NOT Gate
NOT Gate
(Include the truth table)
NOT Gate

-reverses the input

Explain the AND Gate
AND Gate
(Include the truth table)
AND Gate
An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output, and if the inputs applied to it are all 1, then the output will be 1. An
AND gate is an electrical circuit that combines two signals so that the output is on if both signals are present.
Explain the OR Gate
OR Gate
(Include the truth table)
OR Gate

An OR Gate in computer science is a basic digital logic gate that outputs true or high
when at least one of its inputs is true or high.
Explain the XOR Gate
XOR Gate
(Include the truth table)
XOR Gate
XOR The XOR gate's full name is exclusively or and it outputs TRUEwhen strictly one of its inputs is TRUE
Give an example of a circuit
diagram
Circuit Diagrams
(Include the truth table)
Circuit Diagrams

-formula for how many inputs : 2 to the power of

‘n’
-if you have 1 input you have 2 possibilities for ‘A’
-if you have 2 input you have 4 possibilities for
‘A’
-if you have 3 input you have 8 possibilities for ‘A’
-if you have 4 input you have 16 possibilities for
‘A’
What is Application Software
Application Software
Application Software
An application program is a computer program designed to carry out a
specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself,
typically to be used by end-users. Word processors, media players, and
accounting software are examples.
What is System Software
System Software
System Software
- System software is software designed to provide a platform for other software. Examples of system software include operating systems.

What is of system software?

System software is a type of computer program that is
designed to run a computer's hardware and application
programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the
system software is the interface between the hardware and user
applications. The operating system is the best-known example of
system software.
Explain the Operating
system
Operating system
Operating system
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's
memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the
computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language.
 Explain how the Operating
system Manages the Processor
Processors
Processors

-It controls which process is being executed by the CPU at any point in time, and shares
access to the CPU between processes.

-In modern operating systems, processor management is handled by the operating system's scheduler. The scheduler is
responsible for determining which processes should be allowed to use the CPU and for how long. It also ensures that
the CPU is being used efficiently, by minimizing the amount of time that the CPU is idle.
Explain how the Operating
system Manages Memory
Memory
Memory
The operating system determines how much memory the program requires, and allocates
enough pages to hold it and its documents. When the program is closed, the allocated
pages are freed up for use by other programs.
Explain how the Operating
system Manages Input and
Output Devices
Input and Output Devices
Input and Output Devices

To achieve this, the operating system uses a program called a device driver close Device driverSoftware that controls
and communicates with peripherals. Device drivers contain instructions on how to control a device. Each connected
device has its own driver.
 Explain how the Operating
system Manages Applications
Applications
Applications
Applications management
Application programs and hardware can communicate through an interface provided by the operating system. This is
known as the application programs interface (API). The applications manager allocates memory space and determines
time needed by a processor for an application to run.
Explain how the Operating
system Manages Security
Security
Security
- Through things like
- -finger prints
- -pins
- -passwords
What are Utility Programs
Utility Programs
Utility Programs
Utility software is a program specifically designed to help manage and tune system or application
software. It is used to support the computer infrastructure - in contrast to application software, which
is aimed at directly performing tasks that benefit ordinary users.
What are High Level
Languages?
High Level Languages
High Level Languages
This is a computer programming language used to write programs.
High-level languages need to be translated into machine code through a
compiler, interpreter or assembler.. These languages are close to the
spoken and written language of the programmer. For example, Python.
What are Low Level
Languages?
Low Level Languages
Low Level Languages

Low-level languages. This is a computer programming language which

closely represents machine language. Low-level languages are more
difficult to understand than high-level languages but they execute quicker.
What is the difference between
Machine code and Assembly
language?
Machine code and Assembly
Machine code and Assembly
Assembly languages use numbers, symbols, and abbreviations instead of
0s and 1s. For example: For addition, subtraction and multiplications it
uses symbols likes Add, sub and Mul, etc. Machine language is only
understand by the computers. Assembly language is only understand by
human beings not by the computers.
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of High level vs
Low Level languages?
High level vs Low Level languages
High level vs Low Level languages
High-level languages take more time for execution as compared to low-level languages because these require a
translation program. The translation speed of low-level languages is very high. High-level languages allow a higher
abstraction. Low-level languages allow very little abstraction or no abstraction at all.

OR
-High-level languages are those that are closer to the human language, the natural way of expressing logic and data. They are usually easier, more
readable, and more portable than low-level languages, but they also rely on more abstraction, interpretation, and translation from the computer.
What is an Interpreter
Interpreters
Interpreters
Interpreter. Each time the program is run, an interpreter translates the code into machine code, instruction
by instruction. The CPU executes each instruction before the interpreter moves on to translate the next
instruction.
What is an Compiler
Compilers
Compilers
Compiler. A compiler translates an entire program into machine code before execution. Discovering errors in
the code can be difficult compared to interpreted languages, as all bugs are reported in an error report after the
program has been compiled.
What is an Assembler
Assemblers
Assemblers
Assembler. An assembler translates assembly language into machine code.
Assembly language is a low-level language written in mnemonics that closely
reflects the operations of the CPU. For example, a common mnemonic is STA
(store data to memory).
What is Von Neumann
Architecture?
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann architecture. John von Neumann invented the processor architecture
which stores a program in memory as instructions and executes them sequentially
using the ALU, control unit and registers. This is known as the stored program
concept. is the design upon which many general purpose computers. are based.
Explain the Fetch-Execute
Cycle
Fetch-Execute Cycle
Fetch-Execute Cycle
During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program instruction from its
memory. It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that
instruction. The cycle of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction is continually
repeated by the CPU whilst the computer is turned on.
 What affects the
Performance of the CPU?
Performance of the CPU
Performance of the CPU
Processor performance can be affected by clock speed, cache size and the
number of cores the processor has.
What is RAM?
RAM
RAM
Random access memory (RAM) This is volatile memory that is constantly being written to and read from. It
does not retain its contents without a constant supply of power. When a computer is turned off, everything
stored in its RAM is lost. is volatile.
What is ROM?
ROM
ROM
Read only memory (ROM) is non-volatile primary storage. It keeps its contents when the computer is turned off
ROM can be read from but not written to.
ROM can be read from but not written to, hence the term read only. This makes ROM ideal for storing instructions and data
that are needed for the computer to run. These instructions and data are usually programmed by the computer's
manufacturer and cannot be overwritten.
What are the Key Differences
between RAM and ROM
RAM vs ROM
RAM vs ROM
What is the Purpose of
Secondary Storage?
Purpose of Secondary Storage
Purpose of Secondary Storage
Secondary storage is used to store programs and data that the computer is not
currently using. It is a long term storage and the data will not be lost when the
power is turned off.
What is Magnetic Storage?
Magnetic Storage
Magnetic Storage
Magnetic storage. This uses minute magnetic particles or 'domains' to store data. The
direction of these magnetic particles represent individual 1s and 0s, forming binary
data. They can be altered using a magnetic read/write head.
What is Solid State
Storage?
Solid State Storage
Solid State Storage
The technology is called solid state as it does not have any moving parts, unlike magnetic
and optical devices. Solid state devices are popular because they use low power, have
high access speed and are durable, making them portable. A USB flash drive is suitable
for moving small files from work to home.
What is Optical Storage?
Optical Storage
Optical Storage
An optical device writes data to them by shining a laser onto the disc. The laser burns pits to
represent '0's. The media can be written to only once, but can be read many times. Copies of
data are often made using these media.
What are the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Secondary
Storage?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary
Storage
Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary
Storage
What is Cloud Storage?
Cloud Storage
Cloud Storage
In computing there can be different data types, including integers, characters and
Boolean. Data is often acted on by instructions. at a remote location online is known
as cloud storage. When files and data are sent to the cloud, they are actually being
sent to a server that is connected to the internet.
What are Embedded
Systems
Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems

An embedded system is a small computer that forms part of a larger system, device
or machine. Its purpose is to control the device and to allow a user to interact with it.