First sem - 2024-2025

CHN Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

The Community Health Care Process

Assessment tools
a. Primary data – are those directly collected by
The Community Health Care Process the nurse
▪ Establishing a working relationship with the ▪ Observation
community
✓ maybe done through an ocular or windshield
▪ Community assessment or diagnosis survey
▪ Planning for community health
✓ gives the nurse the chance to observe people
▪ Nursing interventions, monitoring and
as well as take note of environmental conditions
supervision
and existing community facilities
▪ Evaluating community health interventions ▪ Survey
✓ Is made up of a series of questions for
A. Establishing a Working Relationship with
systematic collection of information from a
the Community
sample of individuals or families
▪ Vital to the success on the use of the health
✓ Maybe written or oral
care process is establishing rapport with the
▪ Informant interview
community before hoping to gain their
✓ are purposeful talks with either key
cooperation to help themselves.
informants or ordinary members of the
▪ The working relationship is made formal
community
through contract setting where the agreement
✓ Key informants – consist of formal and
is made on the:
informal community leaders or persons of
✓ Goals and objectives of working with them
position and influence such as leaders in local
✓ Duration and frequency of nurse-client
government, schools and business
community contact
✓ Expectation
​
Also, a CHN nurse should explore: the interview maybe:
▪ Attitude of the community of interest ​Structured interview – an interview in
▪ The need to identify rules or protocols that which the nurse directs the talk based on ​
need to be followed an interview guide
​
Unstructured interview – an interview in
which there is no specific set of ​
B. Community Assessment or Diagnosis
predetermined questions
▪ Conducting community assessment helps the nurse
- flow like an everyday conversation and ​
gain an understanding of community dynamics because
tend to be informal and open ended
health actions occur in the community.
▪ Assessment – the process of collecting and
processing data about the community
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▪ Community forum- a public meeting where

members of the community come together at a ​
central location to share their ideas, opinions and Health records and reports
concern ▪ Field Health Service Information
▪ Focus group - a small group discussion guided by System (FHSIS)- is the official recording
a trained leader and reporting system of the Department
of Health and is used by NSCB (National
b. Secondary data – are those collected by other Statistical Coordination Board) to
individuals, groups or agency generate health statistics
​ ✓ is an essential tool in monitoring the
Registry of Vital Events health status of the population at different
▪ Civil Registration Law (Act 3753) - established level
the civil registry system in the Phil. and requires ✓ is composed of recording and reporting
registration of vital events such as births, marriages tools
and deaths ▪ Records – are facility based
▪ Local Government Code (R.A. 7160) - assigned ✓ are kept at the Barangay Health Station
the functions of civil registration to local or at the Rural Health Unit (RHU) or health
government and mandated the appointment of Local center
Registrars ✓ contains a day to day account of the
▪ NSO – serves as the central repository of civil activities of health workers
registries and the NSO Administrator and the Civil ✓ services delivered to the client are the
Registrar of the Phil. basis of the data entered in the records
▪ In facility-based births – the administrator shall
be responsible for the registration of the event
▪ For births that occur outside a facility – the The FHSIS Manual of Operation list and
physician, nurse, midwife or anybody who attended describe the following recording tools:
the delivery has the responsibility for registering ​
​ a. Individual Treatment Record (ITR)– the
-either parent may also register the birth building block of the FHSIS
▪ the birth of a child should be registered within 30 ✓ contains the date, name, address of
days from birth at the Local Registry Office where patient, presenting symptoms or
the birth occurred complaint of patient on consultation, and
the diagnosis, treatment and date of
▪ Sanitation Code (PD 856) – requires a
treatment
death certificates before burial of the
✓ maintained at the facility on all patients
deceased
seen
✓ the physician who last attended the
deceased shall be responsible for
preparing the death certificate, certifying
the cause of death and forwarding the
death certificate to the health officer
within 48 hours
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Ncm 114 (Geriatric) Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

​
b. Target Client Lists (TCL) – the second building
2. Quarterly Forms
block of FHSIS
• are usually prepared by the nurse.
​
• there should only be one Quarterly Form for
TCLs maintained in RHU and health centers:​
the municipality/city
✓ TCL for Prenatal Care
• are submitted to the Provincial Health Office
✓ TCL for Postpartum Care
​a. Program Report (QI)– contains the 3-month
✓ TCL for Under 1- Year Old Children
total of indicators categorized as maternal
✓ TCL for Family Planning
care, ​family planning, child care, dental health,
✓ TCL for Sick Children
and disease control
✓ National Tuberculosis Program TB Register
​
✓ National Leprosy Control Program Registration
b. Morbidity Report (Q2) – is a 3-month
Form
consolidation of Morbidity Report (M2)
​c. Summary Table- is a 12-column table in which
3. Annual Forms
columns corresponds to the 12 months ​of the year
​a. A-BHS – a report by the midwife that
✓ is accomplished by the midwife and is kept at
contains demographic, environmental and
the BHS
natality data
✓ has 2 components: Program Accomplishment
​b. Annual Form 1 (A-1) – is prepared by the
and Morbidity Diseases
nurse and is the report of the RHU or health
​d. Monthly Consolidation Table (MCT)- is
center
accomplished by the nurse based on the ​Summary
​
Table Reports - consists of summary data that are
contains demographic and environmental data,
transmitted or ​submitted monthly, quarterly and
and data on natality and mortality for the entire
annually to a higher level, that is from BHS to ​the
​year
RHU or health center to the PHO and finally to the
​
regional level
c. Annual Form 2 (A-2) – prepared by the nurse
​
Reports
Is the yearly morbidity by age and sex
✓ summarizes the services of the nurse or the agency
​
✓ can be compiled monthly, quarterly and annually
d. Annual Form 3 (A3) – also prepared by the
✓ are based on records and registries
nurse
​Is the yearly report of all deaths (mortality) by
Reporting Forms
age and sex
1. Monthly forms
• are regularly prepared by the midwife and submitted to 3. Disease Registries
the nurse who then uses the data to prepare the ▪ listing of persons diagnosed with a
quarterly forms specific type of disease in a defined
​ population
a. Program Report (M1) – contains indicators categorized
as maternal care, child care, family ​planning and disease
control. The midwife copies the data from the Summary
Table.
​
b. Morbidity Report (M2)– contains a list of all cases of
disease by age and sex
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Ncm 114 (Geriatric) Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

4. Census Data Community Diagnosis

the official and periodic enumeration of ▪ is a quantitative and qualitative description
population of the health of the citizens and the factors
a. De jure method- is done when people are which influence their health.(WHO)
assigned to the place they usually live in ▪ it is the process of determining the health
regardless of where they are at the time of the status of the community and the factors
census responsible for it
b. De facto method – is done when people are Types of Community Diagnosis
assigned to the place where they are physically 1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis – aims
present at the time of the census regardless of to obtain general information about the
their usual place of resident community
2. Problem Oriented Community Diagnosis –
Presenting Community Data respond to a particular need
Community data are presented to the health
team and the members of the community for the Schemes in stating Community Diagnosis
following purposes: ▪ NANDA (now NANDA International) nursing
1. To inform the health team and members of the diagnostic labels
community of existing health and health related ✓ The North American Nursing Diagnosis
conditions in the community in an easily Association (NANDA) defines nursing diagnosis
understandable manner. as a clinical judgment about individual,
2. To make members of the community community or family responses to community
appreciate the significance and relevance of to actual or potential health problems or life
health information to their lives processes.
3. To solicit broader support and participation in ✓ although focused more on an individual rather
the community health process than community responses to health
4. To validate findings conditions, have included diagnosis at the
5. To allow for a wider perspective in the analysis community level in more recent versions.
of data
Categories of Community Health Nursing
6. To provide a basis for better decision making
Problems
▪ Health Status Problems – They may be
described in terms of increased or
Methods to present data decreased morbidity, mortality, fertility or
a. Descriptive data reduced capability for wellness.
Presented in narrative form ▪ Health Resources Problems – They may
Examples: geographic data, history of a place, beliefs be described in terms of lack of or absence
regarding illness of manpower, money, materials or
b. Numerical data institutions necessary to solve health
✓ Presented in tables, graphs and charts problems.
✓ Tables and graphs are useful in showing key ▪ Health-Related Problems – They may be
information making it easier to show comparisons described in terms of existence of social,
including patterns and trends. economic, environmental and political
✓ The choice of graphs will depend on the type of data factors that aggravate the illness-including
being presented. situations in the community.
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Priority Setting
Prioritize which health problems can be attended to
▪ Nursing diagnosis proposed by Shuster and
considering the resources available at the moment
Goeppinger
Criteria use in priority setting
Three-part statement consists of:
a. Nature of the condition/problem presented – the
1. The health risk or specific problem to which the
problems are classified by the nurse as health
community is exposed
status, health resources or health -related
2. The specific aggregate or community with whom
problems.
the nurse will be working to deal with the risk or
b. Magnitude of the problem – this refers to the
problem
severity of the problem which can be measured in
3. Related factors that influence how the
terms of the proportion of the population affected
community will respond to the health risk or
by the problem.
problem
c. Modifiability of the problem – this refers to the
Example: Risk of maternal complications leading to
probability of reducing, controlling or eradicating
maternal mortality among pregnant women in
the problem
(community) related to cost and inaccessibility of
d. Preventive potential – this refers to the
skilled birth attendance.
probability of controlling or reducing the effects
OMAHA SYSTEM
posed by the problem.
✓ This is the oldest of the nursing classifications
e. Social concern – this refers to the perception of
and was developed in the 1970s by Karen Martin and
the population or the community as they are
colleagues for use in community health.
affected by the problem and their readiness to act
✓ It was designed for nurses in community and
on the problem.
public health services .
✓ It is a model for organizing, documenting, and
4 parts to a community diagnosis evaluating the outcomes of comprehensive,
1. A description of the problem, response, or state (risk, community-based, client-centered care.
concern, issue, potential or actual), ✓ It has three components which includes an
2. A statement of the aggregate, population, community, assessment component (Problem Classification
or focus (boundaries). Scheme), a care plan/services component
3. An identification of factors etiologically related to the (Intervention Scheme), and an evaluation
problem (factors), and component (Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes).
4. Those signs and symptoms (manifestations) that is
characteristic of the problem.
Domains and Problems of the Problem
Classification Scheme
Example: a risk of low birth rate among
pregnant adolescents in the downtown Environmental Domain
area related to inadequate income and Material resources and physical surroundings
use of tobacco as evidenced by insecure both inside and outside the living area,
housing, use of the food bank, neighborhood, and broader community.
unemployment rates, and smoking rates ❑ Income
among pregnant teens. ❑ Sanitation
❑ Residence
❑ Neighborhood/workplace safety
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First sem - 2024-2025
Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

Psychosocial Domain Health-related Behaviors Domain

Patterns of behavior, emotion, communication, Patterns of activity that maintain or promote
relationships, and development. wellness, promote recovery, and decrease the
• Communication with community resources risk of disease.
• Social contact • Nutrition
•Role change • Sleep and rest patterns
•Interpersonal relationship •Physical activity
• Spirituality • Personal care
•Grief •Substance use
• Mental health • Family planning
•Sexuality •Health care supervision
•Caretaking/parenting • Medication regimen
•Neglect
• Abuse Intervention Schemes
• Growth and development I. Health teaching
II. Treatments and Procedures
Physiological Domain III. Case Management
Functions and processes that maintain life: IV. Surveillance
❑ Hearing
❑ Vision Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
❑ Speech and language The Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
❑ Oral health • is a method to evaluate client progress
❑ Cognition throughout the period of service.
❑ Pain • It consists of three five-point, Likert-type
❑ Consciousness scales to measure the entire range of severity
❑ Skin for the concepts of Knowledge, Behavior, and
❑ Neuro-musculo-skeletal function Status.
❑ Respiration • Knowledge is defined as what the client knows.
❑ Circulation • Behavior as what the client does, and Status as
❑ Digestion-hydration the number and severity of the client’s signs and
❑ Bowel function symptoms or predicament.
❑ Urinary function • Each of the subscales is a continuum providing
❑ Reproductive function an evaluation framework for examining problem-
❑ Pregnancy specific client ratings at regular or predictable
❑ Postpartum times.
❑ Communicable/infectious condition • Using the Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes
with the Problem Classification Scheme and
Intervention Scheme creates a comprehensive
problem-solving model for practice, education,
and research.
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First sem - 2024-2025
Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

C. Planning Community Health Interventions

Implementing Community Health
​
Interventions
Priority Setting
1. Importance of Partnership and
​
Collaboration
The WHO has suggested the following criteria to decide on a
The nurse must plan to establish and maintain
community health concern for ​intervention:
valuable working relationship with people such
1. Significance of the problem
as people’s organization, health organization,
– is based on the number of people in the community affected
educational institution, the local government
by the problem or condition
units, financial institution, religious groups,
2. Community awareness
socio-civil organizations, sectorial groups and
– The level of awareness and the priority its members give to
the like.
the health concern
The aim of partnership and collaboration is to
3. Ability to reduce risk
get people to work together in order to
– is related to the availability of expertise among the health
address problems or concerns that affect
team and community itself
them.
4. Cost of reducing risk
-the nurse has to consider economic, social and ethical
2. Activities involved in Collaboration and
requisites and consequences of planned actions
Advocacy
5. Ability to identify the target population for intervention
​a. Networking
-is a matter of availability of data sources, such as FHSIS,
​- exchanging information about each other’s
census, survey reports, case findings or screening tools
goals and objectives, services or facilities
6. Availability of resources
​- Organizations become aware of each other’s
-entails technological, financial and other material resources
worth and capabilities and how each can ​
of the community, the nurse and the health agency.
contribute to the accomplishment of the
network’s goals and objectives.
Shuster and Goeppinger suggested a flexible process using
​b. Coordination
the nominal group technique wherein each group member has
​- is where organizations modify their activities
an equal voice in decision making, thereby avoiding control of
in order to provide better service to the target ​
the process by the more dominant member of the group.
beneficiary
▪ This technique is appropriate for brainstorming and ranking
​c. Cooperation
ideas, and when consensus- building is desired over making a
​- is where organizations share ​information and
choice based on the opinion of the majority.
resources to make adjustments in one’s own ​
Formulating Goals and Objectives
agenda to accommodate the other
​
organization’s agenda.
Goals – the desired outcomes at the end of interventions
​d. Collaboration
​
​- is where organizations help each other
Objectives – are the short-term changes in the community that
enhance their capabilities in performing their
are observed as the health team ​and the community work
tasks as ​well as in the provision of services
towards the attainment of goals

Characteristics of a good objective:

​
Specific - clear about what, where, when, and how the
situation will be changed
​
Measurable - able to quantify the targets and benefits
​
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​
e. Coalition or Multi-sector Collaboration
​ 3. Social responsibility
- is where organizations and citizens form a - Is premised on the belief that people as social
partnership beings must not limit themselves to their own
​ concerns but should reach out to and move jointly
f. Advocacy with others in meeting common needs and
​The nurse helps the people attain optimal degree problems
of independence in decision-​making in ​asserting Core Principles in Community Organizing
their rights to a safe and better community 1. Community organizing is people-centered
​ - As an advocate, the nurse is responsible for 2. Community organizing is participative
providing mechanisms for people to participate in ​ 3. Community organizing is democratic
activities that aim to ​improve the conditions of the ​ 4. Community organizing is developmental
community. 5. Community organizing is process-oriented
​
- Advocacy work involves: Goals of Community Organizing
​ 1. People’s empowerment
a. Informing the people about the rightness of the 2. Building relatively permanent structures and
cause people’s organization
​ 3. Improved quality of life
b. Thoroughly discussing with the people the nature
of the alternatives, their content ​and possible Phases of Community Organizing
consequences 1. Preparatory Phase
​ 2. Organizational Phase
c. Suppo 3. Education and Training Phase
rting people’s right to make a ​choice and to act on 4. Inter-sectoral Collaboration Phase
their choice 5. Phase out
​
d. Influencing public opinion Community Organizing Participatory Action
3. Community Organizing and Social Mobilization Research
Community organizing – is a process whereby the ▪ The strategy used by the Health Resource
community members develop the capability to development Program (HRDP) III in implementing
assess their health needs and problems, plan and primary health care delivery in depressed and
implement actions to solve the problems, put up underserved communities for them to become self-
and sustain organizational structures reliant.
Basic values in community organizing ▪ It is a collective, participatory transformative,
1. Human rights liberate, sustained and systematic process of
- Are universally held principles anchored mainly on building people’s organizations by mobilizing and
the belief in the worth and dignity of people enhancing the capabilities and resources of the
- Includes the right to life, self-determination and people for the resolution of their issues and
development as people and as a person concerns towards effecting change in their existing
2. Social justice oppressive and exploitative conditions (1994
- means accessible access to opportunities for national Rural Conference)
satisfying people’s basic needs and dignity
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Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

▪ A social development approach that aims to COPAR is group-oriented not leader-

transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless oriented
poor into dynamic, participatory and politically ▪ Leaders are identified, emerge and are
responsive community. tested through action
▪ A process by which a community identifies its ▪ Rather than appointed or selected by
needs and objectives, develops confidence to take some external force or entity.
action in respect to them and in doing so, extends and
develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
practices in the community (Ross 1967) ▪ Continuous and sustained process of
educating the people to let them
Importance understand and develop their critical
▪ COPAR is an important tool for community awareness of the existing conditions
development and people empowerment as this helps Objectives
the community workers to generate community ▪ To make the people aware of social
participation in development activities. realities towards the development of local
▪ COPAR prepares people/ clients to eventually take initiative, optimal use of human, technical
over the management of a development program/s in and material resources
the future. ▪ To form structures that uphold the
▪ COPAR maximizes community participation and people’s basic interests as oppressed and
involvement; community resources are mobilized for deprived sections of the community and
community services. Your paragraph textas people bound by the interest to serve
the people
Principles ▪ To initiate responsible actions intended
▪ People, especially the most oppressed, exploited to address holistically the various
and deprived sectors are open to change, have the community health and social problems
capacity to change and are able to bring about change.
▪ COPAR should be based on the interest of the Emphasis
poorest sector of the community Members of the community work to solve
▪ COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and their own problems
society. Direction is internal rather than external
Development of the capacity to establish a
Process/ Methods used in COPAR project is more important than the project
▪ There is consciousness- raising with
Progressive Cycle of Action Reflection Action regard to the situation of health care
▪ Begins with small, local and concrete issues delivery within the total structure of
identified by the people and the evaluation and society
reflection of and on the action taken by them
Consciousness Raising Participatory Action Research (PAR)
▪ Emphasis on learning that emerges from concrete - is an approach to research that aims at
action and which enriches succeeding action promoting change among the participants
COPAR is participatory and mass-based - members of the group being studied
▪ Primarily towards and biased in favor of the poor, participate in all phases of the research
the powerless and the oppressed
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First sem - 2024-2025
Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

Community Organizing Participatory Action

Research (COPAR) o COPAR is participatory and mass-based
- is a community development approach that because it is primarily directed towards and
allows the community (participatory) to biased in favor of the poor, the powerless and
systematically analyze the situation (research), oppressed.
plan a solution and implement projects/programs o COPAR is group-centered and not leader-
(action) utilizing the process of community oriented. Leaders are identified, emerge and
organizing are tested through action rather than
appointed or selected by some external force
Importance of COPAR or entity.
o COPAR is an important tool for community Phases of COPAR
development and people empowerment as this
helps the community workers to generate 1. Pre-entry Phase
community participation in development activities. − Is the initial phase of the organizing process
o COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually take where the community/organizer looks for
over the management of a development programs communities to serve/help.
in the future. − It is considered the simplest phase in terms
o COPAR maximizes community participation and of actual outputs, activities and strategies
involvement; community resources are mobilized and time spent for it
for community services. − Done before going to the community
Principles of COPAR Activities include:
o People, especially the most oppressed, exploited o Community consultations/ dialogues
and deprived sectors are open to change, have the o Designing a plan for community
capacity to change and are able to bring about development including all its activities and
change. strategies for care development.
o COPAR should be based on the interest of the o Setting of issues/ considerations related to
poorest sectors of society site selection
o COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community o Designing criteria for the selection of site
and society. o Actual selecting the site for community
care
COPAR Process • Development of criteria for site selection
o A progressive cycle of action-reflection action ✓ Socio-economically depressed and
which begins with small, local and concrete issues underserved community with majority of the
identified by the people and the evaluation and the population belonging to the poor sector
reflection of and on the action taken by them. ✓ Health services are inaccessible
o Consciousness through experimental learning ✓ Community is in poor health status
central to the COPAR process because it places ✓ The area must have relative peace and
emphasis on learning that emerges from concrete order
action and which enriches succeeding action. ✓ Acceptance of the program by the
community
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Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

▪ Site selection Deepening Social Investigation/

▪ Preliminary Social Investigation (PSI) community study
✓ Use of secondary data from various ✓ Verification and enrichment of data from
government offices, particularly the PHO and/or initial survey
RHU ✓ Conduct baseline survey by students,
✓ Use of secondary data from other community- results relayed through community
basedhealth programs assembly
✓ Coordination with extension workers from GO ▪ Information dissemination
and NGO ▪ Core Group formation (CG)
✓ Conduct ocular observations, noting the Development of criteria for the selection of
accessibility, geography, terrain, settlement CG members
patterns and available physical resources ✓ Respected member of the community
✓ Belongs to the poor sector of society
▪ Networking with local government units ✓ Must be responsible, committed and
(LGUs), NGO, and another department willing to work for social change and social
transformation
2. Entry Phase ✓ Must be willing to learn
− Sometimes called the social preparation phase ✓ Must be able to communicate, can express
as to the activities done here includes the oneself in a group
sensitization of the people on the critical events ▪ Defining the roles/ functions/ tasks of
in their life, innovating them to share their the CG
dreams and ideas on how to manage their ▪ Delivery of Basic Health Services
concerns and eventually mobilizing them to take ▪ Coordination/ dialogue/ consultation with
collective action on these. other community organizations
− This phase signals the actual entry of the ▪ Self-Awareness and Leadership Training
community worker/organizer into the community. (SALT)
She must be guided by the following guidelines: ✓ This will help each one discovers his/her
o Recognizes the role of local authorities by paying potentials and talents and discover
them visits to inform them of their presence and opportunities for growth and development
activities. of the entire community
o The appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle 3. Organization Building Phase
should be in keeping with those of the community − Entails the formation of more formal
residents without disregard of their being role structures and the inclusion of more formal
models. procedures of planning, implementation,
o Avoid raising the consciousness of the and evaluating community-wide activities. It
community residents; adopt a low-key profile. is at this phase where the organized leaders
▪ Integration with Community Residents: or groups are being given trainings (formal,
establishing rapport with the people in continuing informal, OJT) to develop their skills and in
effort to imbibe community life managing their own concerns/programs.
✓ Living with the community ▪ Community meetings
✓ Seek out to converse with people where they ▪ Election and induction of CHO officers
usually congregate ▪ Development of management systems
✓ Lend a hand in household chores and procedures
✓ Avoid gambling and drinking ▪ Team Building Activities Action-
Reflection- Action Session (ARAS)
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4. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase 6. Role Play

− Occurs when the community organization has ▪ This is a means of acting out the meeting of
already been established and the community the activity that will take place between the
members are already actively participating in people and the group targeted by the mobilization
community-wide undertakings. At this point, the
different community’s setup in the organization 7. Social Mobilization
building phase are already expected to be ▪ This refers to the activities undertaken by the
functioning by way of planning, implementing and community through the people’s organization to
evaluating their own programs with the overall solve problems confronting the community
guidance from the community-wide organization
10 CRITICAL ACTIVITIES IN COPAR 8. Evaluation
▪ The process of discovering by the people the
1. Integration way something has been accomplished, what has
▪ Establishing rapport with the people in a been left out and what remains to be done
continuing effort to imbibe community life and
undergoing the same experiences as the people and 9. Reflection
sharing their hopes, aspirations and hardships ▪ Analyzing the finished mass action, its good
towards building mutual trust and cooperation and weak points identified
▪ Best done right after the activity while the
2. Social Investigation people’s minds are still fresh
▪ Process of systematically learning and analyzing
Your paragraph text
the various structures and forces in the community 10. Organization
Objectives ▪ This facilitates wider participation and
collective action on community problems
3. Planning
▪ Process of formulating specific activities to attain Basic Qualities of a Community Organizer
the goals of meeting community needs and solving • Has exemplary professional and moral qualities.
community problems • Possesses good communication/ facilitation
skills to be able to call and lead small group
4. Ground Working discussions/ trainings and community meetings.
▪ Also termed as agitation • Has the ability to set good leadership examples
▪ This entails going around and motivating people for the community to emulate.
on a one-to-one basis to do something about • Displays a charismatic personality that draws
community issues people towards organizing work and community
activities.
5. Community Meeting • Adopts and enjoys working with and living with
▪ Ratification of what has been already decided all types of communities/ people.
▪ The meeting gives a sense of collective power and • Can empathize with the people or community he
confidence is working with.
• Believes in the vision of change, empowerment,
and development.
• Has a personal conviction consistent with the
values and principles being advocated.
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Saira Jade Ng BSN 3-E

Comparison of traditional research approach and Documentation and Reporting

COPAR Health records- refers to the forms on which
Monitoring and Evaluating Community Health Programs information about an individual or family is
Implemented recorded
Ongoing evaluation or monitoring is done during
implementation to provide feedback on compliance to Reports - these are account or statement
the plan as well as on need for changes in the plan to describing in detail an event, situation, or like,
improve the process and outcome of interventions. usually as the result of observation, inquiry,
etc.
Evaluation approaches - A formal or official presentation of facts.
• Structure evaluation – involves looking into
manpower and physical resources of the agency Family Health Records
responsible for community health interventions • The basic unit of service is the family. All
• Process evaluation – is examining the manner by records, which relates to members of family
which assessment, diagnosis, planning, should be placed in a single-family folder. This
implementation and evaluation were undertaken gives the picture of the total services and
• Outcome evaluation – is determining the degree of helps to give effective, economic service to
attainment of goals and objectives the family as a whole.
Standards of Evaluation • Separate record forms may be needed for
1. Utility – is the value of the evaluation in terms of different types of service such as TB,
usefulness of results maternity, etc. All individual records which
2. Feasibility – answers the questions of whether the relate to members of one family should be
plan for evaluation is doable or not, considering placed in a single family folder.
available resources
3. Propriety – involves ethical and legal matters Community Profile
4. Accuracy – the validity and reliability of the results is a data sheet that records information on a
of evaluation broad range of factors (such as
environmental/natural features and
Types of Evaluation management, sociodemographic
1. Formative evaluation characteristics, political and economic
− evaluates the program while program-activities are in structures, local institutions, economic
progress activities and livelihoods, basic household and
− conducted during any phase of the process community facilities.
1. Summative evaluation IMPORTANCE OF RECORDS AND REPORTS
− performed after completion of the program • Assess health level of community
• Helps in collecting data
Steps in Evaluation • Assessment and evaluation of work
• Deciding what to evaluate • Basis for formulating plans
• Identify appropriate indicators • Tool or medium for health education
• Gather and analyze data • Determine needs of resources
• Making decisions • Legal documentation
• Reporting and giving feedbacks • Means of communication
• Provide information of good nursing
• Conduct training and research work