WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS

V Shankar, PGT-CS, KV ONGC Sivasagar

 Large programs are often difficult to manage; thus
large programs are divided into smaller units known as
functions.
 It is simply a group of statements under any name i.e.
function name and can be invoked (call) from other part
of program.
 Take an example of School Management Software, now
this software will contain various tasks like Registering
student, Fee collection, Library book issue, TC
generation, Result Declaration etc. In this case we have
to create different functions for each task to manage
the software development.
Introduction
 Set of functions is stored in a file called MODULE.
And this approach is known as MODULARIZATION,
makes program easier to understand, test and
maintain.
 Commonly used modules that contain source code
for generic need are called LIBRARIES.
 Modules contains set of functions. Functions is of
mainly two types:
 Built-in Functions
 User-Defined Functions
Advantages of Function
 PROGRAM HANDLING EASIER: only small part of the
program is dealt with at a time.
 REDUCED LoC: as with function the common set of code
is written only once and can be called from any part of
program, so it reduces Line of Code
 EASY UPDATING: if function is not used then set of code
is to be repeated everywhere it is required. Hence if
we want to change in any formula/expression then we
have to make changes to every place, if forgotten then
output will be not the desired output. With function we
have to make changes to only one location.
 User Defined Functions
 A function is a set of statements that performs a specific
task; a common structuring elements that allows you to
use a piece of code repeatedly in different part of
program. Functions are also known as sub-routine,
methods, procedure or subprogram.
 Syntax to create USER DEFINED FUNCTION
def function_name ([comma separated list of parameters]):
statements….
statements….
KEYWORD FUNCTION DEFINITION
Points to remember…
 Keyword def marks the start of function header
 Function name must be unique and follows naming rules
same as for identifiers
 Function can take arguments. It is optional
 A colon (:) to mark the end of function header
 Function can contain one or more statement to perform
specific task
 An optional return statement to return a value from the
function.
 Function must be called/invoked to execute its code
User Defined function can be….
1. Function with no arguments and no return
2. Function with arguments but no return value
3. Function with arguments and return value
4. Function with no argument but return value

Let us understand each of the function type with

example….
Function with no argument and no return

 This type of function is also known as void function

FUNCTION NAME NO PARAMETER, HENCE VOID
Return keyword not used

FUNCTION CALLING, IT WILL INVOKE welcome() TO PERFORM ITS ACTION

Function with parameters but no return value

 Parameters are given in the parenthesis separated

by comma.
 Values are passed for the parameter at the time of
function calling.
Function with parameters but no return value
Function with parameter and return
 We can return values from function using return
keyword.
 The return value must be used at the calling place
by –
 Either store it any variable
 Use with print()
 Use in any expression
Function with return
Function with return

NOTE: the rETURN statement ends

a FUNCTION exECUTion even if it is
in the middle of FUNCTIOn.
Anything written below
RETURN statement will
become UNREACHAble code.

def max(x,y):
if x>y:
return x
else:
return y
print(“Iam not reachable”)
Function not returning value
 Function may or may not return a value. Non returning function
is also known as VOID function. It may or may not contain
return. If it contains return statement, then it will be in the form
of:
 return [no value after return]
Parameters and Arguments in Function
 Parameters are the value(s) provided in the parenthesis
when we write function header. These are the values
required by function to work
 If there are more than one parameter, it must be separated
by comma (,)
 An Argument is a value that is passed to the function when it
is called. In other words, arguments are the value(s)
provided in function call/invoke statement
 Parameter is also known as FORMAL
ARGUMENTS/PARAMETERS
 Arguments is also known as ACTUAL
ARGUMENTS/PARAMETER
 Note: Function can alter only MUTABLE TYPE values.
Example of Formal/Actual Arguments

FORMAL ARGUMENT

ACTUAL ARGUMENT
Types of Arguments
 There are 4 types of Actual Arguments allowed in
Python:
1. Positional arguments
2. Default arguments
3. Keyword arguments
4. Variable length arguments
Positional arguments
 Are arguments passed to a function in correct
positional order?

 Here x is passed to ‘a’ and y is passed to b i.e. in

the order of their position
If the NUmber of formal arGUment and ACTUAL differs then Python
will raise an error
Default arguments
 Sometimes we can provide default values for our
positional arguments. In this case if we are not
passing any value then default values will be
considered.
 Default argument must not followed by non-default
arguments.
def interest (principal, rate, time=15): VALID
def interest (principal, rate=8.5, time=15):
def interest (principal, rate=8.5, time): INVALID
Default arguments
Default arguments
Keyword(Named) Arguments
 The default keyword gives flexibility to specify
default value for a parameter so that it can be
skipped in the function call, if needed. However, still
we cannot change the order of arguments in
function call i.e. you have to remember the order of
the arguments and pass the value accordingly.
 To get control and flexibility over the values sent as
arguments, python offers KEYWORD ARGUMENTS.
 This allows to call function with arguments in any
order using name of the arguments.
Keyword(Named) Argument
Rules for combining all three type of arguments

 An argument list must first contain positional

arguments followed by keyword arguments
 Keyword arguments should be taken from the
required arguments
 You cannot specify a value for an argument more
than once
Example of legal/illegal function call

def Average (n1, n2, n3=100):

RETURn (n1+n2+n3)/3
FUNCTION CALL LEGAL/ REASON
ILLEGAL
Average(n1=20, n2=40,n3=80) LEGAL Non default values provided as
named arguments
Average(n3=10,n2=7,n1=100) LEGAL Keyword argument can be in any
order
Average(100,n2=10,n3=15) LEGAL Positional argument before the
keyword arguments
Average(n3=70,n1=90,100) ILLEGAL Keyword argument before the
positional arguments
Average(100,n1=23,n2=1) ILLEGAL Multiple values provided for n1
Average(200,num2=90,n3=11) ILLEGAL Undefined argument NUM2
Average(21,num3=900) ILLEGAL A required argument n2 is missing
Returning Multiple values
 Unlike other programming languages, python lets
you return more than one value from function.
 The multiple return value must be either stored in
TUPLE or we can UNPACK the received value by
specifying the same number of variables on the left
of assignment of function call.
 Let us see an example of both: -
Multiple return value stored in TUPLE
Multiple return value stored by
unpacking in multiple variables
Composition
 Refers to using an expression as a part of large
expression, or a statement as a part of large
statement.
 Examples
 Max((a+b),(c+a)) # Arithmetic
 Prize(Card or Cash) # Logical
 name="Vikram“

 print(name.replace("m","nt").upper()) #function
Scope of Variables
 SCOPE means in which part(s) of the program, a
particular piece of code or data is accessible or
known.
 In Python there are broadly 2 kinds of Scopes:
 Global Scope
 Local Scope
Global Scope
 A name declared in top level segment ( main ) of
a program is said to have global scope and can be
used in entire program.
 Variable defined outside all functions are global
variables.
Local Scope
 A name declare in a function body is said to have
local scope i.e. it can be used only within this
function and the other block inside the function.
 The formal parameters are also having local scope.
 Let us understand with example….
Example – Local and Global Scope
Example – Local and Global Scope

„a‟ is not accessible

here because it is
declared in function
area(), so scope is
local to area()
Example – Local and Global Scope

Variable ‘ar’ is accessible in

function showarea() because
it is having Global Scope
 This declaration “global count” is
necessary for using global
variables in function, other wise an
error “local variable 'count'
referenced before assignment”
will appear because local scope
will create variable “count” and it
will be found unassigned
Lifetime of Variable
 Is the time for which a variable lives in memory. For
Global variables the lifetime is entire program run
i.e. as long as program is executing. For Local
variables lifetime is their functions run i.e. as long
as function is executing.
Name Resolution (Scope Resolution)
 For every name used within program python follows name resolution rules
known as LEGB rule.
 (i) LOCAL: first check whether name is in local environment, if yes
Python uses its value otherwise moves to (ii)
 (ii) ENCLOSING ENVIRONMENT: if not in local, Python checks whether
name is in Enclosing Environment, if yes Python uses its value
otherwise moves to (iii)
 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT: if not in above scope Python checks it in
Global environment, if yes Python uses it otherwise moves to (iv)
 BUILT-IN ENVIRONMENT: if not in above scope, Python checks it in built-
in environment, if yes, Python uses its value otherwise Python would
report the error:
 name <variable> not defined
Predict the output

Program with
variable “value” in
both LOCAL and
GLOBAL SCOPE
Predict the output

Program with
variable “value” in
both LOCAL and
GLOBAL SCOPE
Predict the output

Using GLOBAL
variable “value” in
local scope
Predict the output

Using GLOBAL
variable “value” in
local scope
Predict the output

Variable “value”
neither in local nor
global scope
Predict the output

Variable “value”
neither in local nor
global scope
Predict the output

Variable in Global
not in Local
(input in variable at
global scope)
Predict the output

Variable in Global
not in Local
(input in variable at
global scope)
Mutability/Immutability of
Arguments/Parameters and function call
Mutability/Immutability of
Arguments/Parameters and function call
Mutability/Immutability of
Arguments/Parameters and function call
 From the previous example we can recall the
concept learned in class XI that Python variables
are not storage containers, rather Python variables
are like memory references, they refer to memory
address where the value is stored, thus any change
in immutable type data will also change the
memory address. So any change to formal
argument will not reflect back to its
corresponding actual argument and in case of
mutable type, any change in mutable type will
not change the memory address of variable.
 Mutability/Immutability of
Arguments/Parameters and function call

Because List if Mutable type, hence any change in formal

argument myList will not change the memory address, so
changes done to myList will be reflected back to List1.
However, if we formal argument is assigned to some other variable or data
type then link will break and changes will not reflect back to actual argument
For example (if inside function updateData() we assign myList as:
myList = 20 OR myList = temp
Passing String to function
 Function can accept string as a parameter
 As per Python, string is immutable type, so function
can access the value of string but cannot alter the
string
 To modify string, the trick is to take another string
and concatenate the modified value of parameter
string in the newly created string.
 Let us see few examples of passing string to
function…
Passing string to function and count how
many vowels in it
Program to count how many times any
character is present in string
Program to Jumble the given string by passing
it to function using temporary string
Passing List to function
 We can also pass List to any function as parameter
 Due to the mutable nature of List, function can alter
the list of values in place.
 It is mostly used in data structure like sorting, stack,
queue etc.
 Let us see how to pass List to function by few
examples:
Passing list to function, and just
double each value
Passing list to function to double the
odd values and half the even values
Passing nested list to function and print all those values
which are at diagonal position in the form of matrix
Passing list to function to calculate sum and average of
all numbers and return it in the form of tuple
Passing list to function to calculate sum and average of
all numbers and return it in the form of tuple
Passing tuples to function
 We can also pass tuples to function as parameter
 Due to its immutability nature, function can only
access the values of tuples but cannot modify it.
 Let us see how to pass tuples in function by few
example…
Input n numbers in tuple and pass it function to count
how many even and odd numbers are entered.
Input n numbers in tuple and pass it function to count
how many even and odd numbers are entered.
Creating a login program with the help of
passing tuple to function
Creating a login program with the help of
passing tuple to function

OUTPUT OF PREVIOUS PROGRAM

Passing Dictionary to function
 Python also allows us to pass dictionaries to function
 Due to its mutability nature, function can alter the
keys or values of dictionary in place
 Let us see few examples of how to pass dictionary
to functions.
Passing dictionary to function with list and stores the
value of list as key and its frequency or no. of
occurrence as value
Passing dictionary to function with key and value,
and update value at that key in dictionary
Passing dictionary to function with key and value,
and update value at that key in dictionary
Understanding of main() function in Python

 By default, every program starts their execution

from main () function. In Python including a main ()
function is not mandatory. It can structure our Python
programs in a logical way that puts the most
important components of the program in one
function.
 We can get the name of current module executing
by using built-in variable name (2 underscore
before and after of name)
Understanding of main () function in
Python

We can observe, by default the name of module will be main

Most non-python
programmers are having the
habit of writing main()
function where the important
and starter code of programs
are written. In Python we can
also create main() and call it
by checking name to
main and then call any
function, in this case main()
Recursion
 It is one of the most powerful tool in programming
language. It is a process where function calls itself
again and again.
 Recursion basically divides the big problem into small
problems up to the point where it can be solved easily,
for example if we have to calculate factorial of a 5, we
will divide factorial of 5 as 5*factorial (4), then
4*factorial (3), then 3*factorial (2), then 2*factorial (1)
and now factorial of 1 can be easily solved without any
calculation, now each pending function will be executed
in reverse order.
Condition for Implementing Recursion
 It must contain BASE CONDITION i.e. at which point recursion will end
otherwise it will become infinite.
 BASE CONDITION is specified using „if‟ to specify the termination
condition
 Execution in Recursion is in reverse order using STACK. It first divide the
large problem into smaller units and then starts solving from bottom to
top.
 It takes more memory as compare to LOOP statement because with
every recursion call memory space is allocated for local variables.
 The computer may run out of memory if recursion becomes infinite or
termination condition not specified.
 It is less efficient in terms of speed and execution time
 Suitable for complex data structure problems like TREE, GRAPH etc
Example - Recursion
Example - Recursion
Questions based on functions
 WAP to create function Lsearch() which takes List
and number to search and return the position of
number in list using Linear Searching method

 WAP to create function Bsearch() which takes List

and number to search and return the position of
number in list using Binary Searching method
 What is the difference between Local and Global
variables? Also give suitable Python code to
illustrate both