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Friction Part 1

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Ryzener Ryzener
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17 views

Friction Part 1

Uploaded by

Ryzener Ryzener
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FRICTION

Introduction
• In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact
were either frictionless (surfaces could move freely with respect to
each other) or rough (tangential forces prevent relative motion
between surfaces).
• Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces
in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if
one attempts to move one relative to the other.
• However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not
prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.

• The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a


matter of degree.

• There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid
friction. Fluid friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The
present discussion is limited to dry friction between non lubricated
surfaces.
The Laws of Dry Friction.
Coefficients of Friction
• Block of weight W placed on horizontal
surface. Forces acting on block are its weight
and reaction of surface N.
• Small horizontal force P applied to block. For
block to remain stationary, in equilibrium, a
horizontal component F of the surface reaction
is required. F is a static-friction force.

• As P increases, the static-friction force F


increases as well until it reaches a maximum
value Fm.
Fm   s N
• Further increase in P causes the block to begin
to move as F drops to a smaller kinetic-friction
force Fk.
Fk   k N
The Laws of Dry Friction.
Coefficients of Friction
• Maximum static-friction force:
Fm   s N

• Kinetic-friction force:
Fk   k N
 k  0.75 s

• Maximum static-friction force and


kinetic-friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area
The Laws of Dry Friction.
Coefficients of Friction
• Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact
with a horizontal surface:

• No friction, • No motion, • Motion impending, • Motion,


(Px = 0) (Px < Fm) (Px = Fm) (Px > Fm)
Angles of Friction
• It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force N and friction force F
by their resultant R:

• No friction • No motion • Motion impending • Motion


Fm  s N Fk  k N
tan  s   tan  k  
N N N N
tan  s   s tan  k   k
If ϕ<θ the maximum available friction force F is less than Wx thus, the
block will slide down the plane.

If ϕ=θ the friction force F will just equate to Wx thus, the block is in
impending motion down the plane.

If ϕ>θ the maximum available frictional resistance F is greater


than Wx thus, the block is stationary.

We can therefore conclude that the maximum angle θ that a plane may be
inclined without causing the body to slide down is equal to the angle of
friction ϕ.
Angles of Friction
• Consider block of weight W resting on board with
variable inclination angle Ѳ.

• No friction • No motion • Motion • Motion


impending
Problems Involving Dry Friction

• All applied forces known • All applied forces known • Coefficient of static
friction is known
• Coefficient of static friction • Motion is impending
is known • Motion is impending
• Determine value of coefficient
• Determine whether body of static friction. • Determine magnitude or
will remain at rest or slide direction of one of the
applied forces
Problem # 1. A 400 kN block is resting on a F =μN = 0.4 (400 kN) = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍
rough horizontal surface which the
coefficient of friction is 0.40. Determine the 𝐏 = 𝐅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍
force P required to cause motion to impend
if applied to the block.
b. Downward at 30° with the horizontal
a.Horizontally.
400 kN
b.Downward at 30° with the horizontal P
30°

SOLUTION:
a. Horizontally. F
400 kN
N
ΣFv = 0 +
P −400 kN + N −P sin 30 = 0
N = 400 kN+P sin 30 Eq. 1
F

N ΣFh = 0 +
P cos 30 −F = 0
μ = 0.40
P cos 30= 0.4( 400 kN +P sin 30)
N = W = 400 kN
𝐏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍

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