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Cell Theory

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46 views34 pages

Cell Theory

Uploaded by

irishninamadayag
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELL THEORY

Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of


biology.

MATTHIAS JAKOB SCHLEIDEN THEODOR SCHWANN RUDOLF CARL VIRCHOW

All organisms are Cells are the smallest Cells arise only from
composed of one or and basic unit of previously existing
more cells. structure and function cells.
in organisms.
• The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He
examined (under a coarse, compound microscope)
very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny
pores that he remarked looked like the walled
compartments of a honeycomb.

• The first man to witness a live cell under a


microscope was Antony van Leeuwenhoek (although
the first man to make a compound microscope was
Zacharias Janssen), who in 1674 described the algae
Spirogyra and named the moving organisms
animalcules, meaning "little animals".
MODERN VERSION
OF CELL THEORY

Heredity
Energy flow information All cells have
occurs within (DNA) is the same basic
cells. passed on chemical
from cell to composition.
cell.
Exceptions

1. Viruses are considered alive by some, yet they are not


made up of cells. Viruses have many features of life, but by
definition of the cell theory, they are not alive.
2. The first cell did not originate from a pre-existing cell. There
was no exact first cell since the definition of cell is
imprecise.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic
material, and reproduce independently from the rest of the
cell.
General Biology 1

Cell
Structure
and
Functions
NUCLEUS

MITOCHONDRIA

CYTOPLASM ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
CYTOSKELETON

CENTROSOME

GOLGI APPARATUS

CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS CELL MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM


MITOCHONDRIA
CENTRAL VACUOLE
GOLGI APPARATUS
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

CHLOROPLAST
PLASMA CELL WALL CYTOPLASM
MEMBRANE
A thin barrier
that forms a A rigid layer The space
boundary, that gives between the
separating an support, nucleus and
individual cell protection the cell
from the and shape membrane.
external to the cell.
environment.
Genetic Control Organelle
The nucleus is the
storehouse of genetic
information in the form
of DNA inside the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
MANUFACTURING,
STORAGE,
DISTRIBUTION, Golgi Apparatus
AND BREAKDOWN
ORGANELLES
Vesicles

Vacuoles

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes
In vertebrates, for example, cells of the ovaries and testes synthesize the steroid
sex hormones. These cells are rich in smooth ER, a structural feature that fits their
function by providing ample machinery for steroid synthesis.
1.One side of a Golgi stack
serves as a receiving dock
for transport vesicles
produced by the ER.
2.A vesicle fuses with a
Golgi sac, adding its
membrane and contents
to the “receiving” side.
3.Products of the ER are
modified as they progress
through the stack.
4.The “shipping” side of the
Golgi functions as a
depot, dispatching its
products in vesicles that
bud off and travel to
other sites.
In plants and fungi, certain vacuoles
have a digestive function similar to that
of lysosomes in animal cells. Plant cell’s
large central vacuole helps the cell
grow in size by absorbing water and
enlarging. It also stockpiles vital
chemicals and may act as a trash can,
safely storing toxic waste products.
Vacuoles in animal cells tend to be smaller than those in plants and are more
commonly used to temporarily store materials or transport substances. Such
vacuoles are sometimes called storage vesicles.
A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive
enzymes. The enzymes and membranes of lysosomes
are made by rough ER and processed in the Golgi
apparatus. lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles and
digest the food. Lysosomes also serve as recycling
centers.
Some peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used as
cellular fuel. Other enzymes in the peroxisome convert
this toxic by-product to water—another example of the
importance of a cell’s compartmental structure.
Chloroplasts are the
photosynthesizing organelles of
plants and algae. It converts solar
energy to chemical energy by
absorbing sunlight and using it to
drive the synthesis of organic
compounds such as sugars from
carbon dioxide and water.

Mitochondria are organelles that


carry out cellular respiration in
nearly all eukaryotic cells. It use O2
and release CO2 in transforming
the chemical energy of foods to a
form (ATP) that can be used for
cellular work.
Organelles for Structural Support, Movement, and
Communication Between Cells

Centrosome and Cilia and


Centrioles Flagella

Cytoskeleton Cell Surfaces


and Junctions
The centrosome provides structure to the
cell and plays a vital role in cell cycle
progression.

Centrioles play a role in


organizing microtubules that
serve as the cell's skeletal
system. They help determine the
locations of the nucleus and
other organelles within the cell.
Some eukaryotic cells have flagella and cilia, cellular extensions that contain microtubules. A
specialized arrangement of the microtubules is responsible for the beating of these structures.
Microtubules shape and
support the cell and also
act as tracks along which
organelles equipped with
motor proteins move.
Intermediate filaments
reinforce cell shape and
anchor some organelles.
Microfilaments form a 3D
network just inside the
plasma membrane that
helps support the cell’s
shape. This is especially
important for animal cells,
which lack cell walls.
Tight junctions prevent leakage of fluid
across a layer of cells.

Anchoring junctions function


like rivets, fastening cells
together into strong sheets.

Gap junctions, also called communicating


junctions, are channels that allow small molecules
to flow through protein-lined pores between cells.
The plasma membranes of
adjacent cells line the channel of
each plasmodesma and thus are
continuous. Because the channels
are filled with cytosol, the cells
share the same internal chemical
environment.

By joining adjacent cells,


plasmodesmata unify most of the
plant into one living continuum.
Cytoplasm consists of
the jelly-like cytosol
inside the cell, plus the The plasma membrane is an outer
cellular structures covering that separates the cell’s interior
suspended in it. from its surrounding environment.

Ribosomes are molecular DNA is the genetic material of the cell.


machines that synthesize
proteins.
Bring the following materials (by group):

Toothpick small onion bulb glass slide cover slip

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