8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Additive Manufacturing
Volume 37, January 2021, 101619

Surface post-treatments for metal additive

manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and
opportunities
Erfan Maleki a, Sara Bagherifard a , Michele Bandini b, Mario Guagliano a

Show more

Outline Share Cite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101619
Get rights and content

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing is a rapidly expanding area owing to its capacity to
fabricate parts of intricate geometries with customized features for a wide range of
applications. However, these parts generally exhibit inadequate and poor surface quality
in the as-built configuration. The surface imperfections and defects ranging from
staircase effect due to the layer by layer nature of the deposition techniques, partially
fused feedstock material, balling effects, spatters, or inadequate fusion lead to a notably
irregular surface morphology. This high surface roughness can significantly deteriorate
the performance of the additive manufactured parts imposing a substantial limit on their
prospective applications; for instance, fatigue performance, wear and scratch resistance,
dimensional accuracy, and aesthetical aspects can be highly affected by these surface
defects. A great effort has been lately dedicated to developing post-treatments for
improving the surface quality of additively manufactured metallic parts. In this paper,
various treatments applied to as-built samples fabricated using different additive
manufacturing technologies are introduced and discussed. The advances in this area are
highlighted, and the results obtained from different categories of post-treatments are
compared and reviewed. Challenges and opportunities to gain more control on the

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 1/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

surface roughness of additively manufactured metallic parts through the application of

these post-treatments are addressed.

Previous Next

Abbreviations
AcAl, Acid-Alkali; AM, Additive Manufacturing; CP, Cavitation Peening; DED, Direct
Energy Deposition; ECP, Electro-Chemical Polishing; EPD, Electrophoretic Deposition; HT,
Heat Treatment; HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing; HCAF, Hydrodynamic Cavitation Abrasive
Finishing; LPBF, Laser Powder Bed Fusion; LSP, Laser Shock Peening; MIG, Metal Inert
Gas; MAO, Microarc Oxidation; PEO, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation; PBF, Powder Bed
Fusion; SB, Sand Blasting; SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy; SP, Shot Peening; SBF,
Simulated Body Fluid; TF, Tumble Finishing; UCAF, Ultrasonic Cavitation Abrasive
Finishing; UC, Ultrasonic Consolidation; UNSM, Ultrasonic Nano-crystal Surface
Modification; WAAM, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

Keywords
Metal additive manufacturing; 3D printing; Post-treatment; Surface roughness; Surface
morphology

1. Introduction
During the last decades, multiple approaches have been developed and presented for
additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic materials. The American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM International) has classified these technologies based on the state of
fusion, material feedstock and distribution, source of fusion and process category.
According to the ASTM classification, direct energy deposition (DED) and powder bed
fusion (PBF) are the two major AM technologies for metals. In addition to these main
categories, a few alternative methods such as sheet lamination and binder jetting, are
also recognized by ASTM for metal AM [1], [2], [3]. More recently, few other methods
have been suggested by researchers as alternative technologies with higher production
rates for metallic materials such as friction stir welding also known as friction stir
additive manufacturing [4], [5], cold spraying [6], [7], [8], [9], direct metal writing [10]
and diode-based processes [11]. These methods are still being evaluated regarding their
potential to be recognized in the AM classification by ASTM.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 2/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

The common theme among all the mentioned AM technologies is that, oftentimes, in
comparison with conventional manufacturing methods, the surfaces of the fabricated
metallic parts show insufficient morphological quality represented by highly irregular
and randomly positioned features. These irregularities are mostly created owing to the
layer-by-layer nature of the fabrication process and the complex physical phenomena
occurring during the deposition and fusion of the material [12]. Several independent
factors associated with the feedstock characteristics, design of the part and fabrication
process parameters as shown in Fig. 1 can contribute to the scale and extent of these
irregularities.

Download: Download high-res image (462KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 1. Major parameters affecting the surface roughness of as-built metallic AM parts.

Major sources of this uncontrolled surface roughness include the stair-case effect due to
layer by layer deposition, agglomerates of partially fused feedstock (typical for PBF
technologies), spatters, splashing particles due to evaporation and balling effects, as well
as movement and instability of the melt pool due to wetting [13], [14], [15], [16]. For
example good wetting behavior of specific materials like Zn, make it even more
challenging to control the surface quality of their PBF products, as the excellent
wettability facilitates uncontrolled horizontal movement of the melt pool on its
boundaries [17], [18]. Part geometry, the surface orientation with respect to the build-up
direction as well as design of support structure, can highly affect the quality of the
surface. For example, studies have shown that in geometries with inclined features,
down-skin surfaces exhibit higher surface roughness compared to the up-skin ones [19];

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 3/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

the surface roughness also varies with the change in the inclination angle [20]. The
removal of the supporting structure, the extension of which is directly defined by the
part geometry, can also affect surface quality [21]. As well as their role in restricting
dimensional accuracy, these features on the surface of as-built AM materials can act as
potential stress concentration sites leading to early crack initiation. The process
parameters including size and morphology of feedstock and deposition parameters also
play a key role in defining the surface roughness of AM materials [22], [23], [24], [25]. In
the case of parts fabricated by DED processes, visible weld beads resulting in surface
waviness of several millimeters characterize the surfaces. This is due to large melt pools,
which are difficult to manipulate and control, caused by large spot size of the arc or
plasma beams [26], [27].

Fig. 2, exhibits few representative examples of the highly irregular surface morphologies
obtained via different AM technologies highlighting the effect of the process parameters
on the extent and distribution of the irregular surface features [15], [28], [29].

Download: Download high-res image (932KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 2. Typical surface morphologies of the samples fabricated using different AM

technologies. Surface of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Mg-Ca alloy samples obtained by
using different energy densities of (a) 625 J/mm3, (b) 1125 J/mm3 and (c) 1250 J/mm3
adopted from [28]. Surface of the PBF Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples obtained using different
processing parameters (d) powder diameter of 45–100 µm and layer thickness of 70 µm,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 4/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

(e) powder diameter of 45–100 µm and layer thickness of 50 µm and (f) powder diameter
of 25–45 µm and layer thickness of 70 µm adopted from [29]. Surface morphology of
ER5356 Al alloy samples fabricated by a direct energy deposition (DED) technology using
different laser powers of (g) 0 W, (h) 200 W and (i) 400 W adopted form [15].
These observations confirm the critical role of surface post-treatments on AM materials
for obtaining a controlled, regular and repeatable surface morphology [30], [31]. Since
most types of mechanical failures are very sensitive to the surface properties, it is
expected that the performance and functionality of as-built AM materials can be highly
improved by modulating the surface topographical features [32], [33], [34]. Therefore,
adapting surface post-processing technologies has become a growing area of interest as
an effective tool for improving the functionality and service lifetime of AM materials [35]
, [36]. To this aim, a variety of surface post-treatments have been developed and tailored
to improve the surface quality and enhance the performance of AM metallic materials.
Some of these treatments remove a thin surface layer of material to achieve the desirable
surface roughness, whereas others induce specific surface patterns producing a more
homogeneous and regular surface morphology.

Despite the advancements in AM technology and post-processing field, the surface state
remains a critical point in the AM technological cycle and there are still multiple
challenges to be addressed in this area, including optimizing process parameters, as well
as efficiency and side effects of the applied post-processing treatments. Other significant
issues to be tackled are related to the scalability and practicality of the suggested post-
treatments. The present paper reviews the developed surface post-treatments aimed at
improving the surface quality of metallic structures fabricated using different AM
technologies. Current technologies are critically discussed, and future developments and
opportunities are highlighted.

2. Surface post-treatments
A wide variety of surface post-treatments have been applied to AM metallic parts in
attempt to overcome the issues related to the poor surface quality of as-built material.
Herein, these treatments are classified as described in Fig. 3, mainly based on the
intrinsic characteristics of the applied technology and the final effects of the treatment
on the surface of AM part; the major groups are those based on “material removal”, “no
material removal”, “coating” and the combination of different treatments considered as
“hybrid treatments”. Each of the mentioned surface post-treatments is explained and
discussed in detail in the following sections.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 5/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (536KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 3. Categorization of the surface post-treatments applied to AM metallic materials.

2.1. Surface treatments based on material removal

This section discusses the surface treatments that subtract a thin layer of material with
the aim to eliminate the top surface layer characterized with geometrical imperfections.
These treatments are categorized in three principal classed of mechanical, laser-based
and chemical treatments, as described in the following sub-sections.

2.1.1. Mechanical treatments

2.1.1.1. Machining

Machining is a term covering a wide range of technologies, which can be generally

described as a controlled material-removal processes that uses power-driven machine
and cutting tools to outline the part into an intended form obtaining a levelled surface.
Based on the created motion and the type of the cutting tool and also the quality of
surface finishing, machining can be classified into different processes.

Mechanical machining has become a standard surface post-treatment used at industrial

scale to decrease the surface roughness of AM parts. There are numerous reports on the
effect of machining on the surface characteristics of LPBF parts of different materials [37]
, [38]. This treatment has been reported to be able to considerably decrease the surface
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 6/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

roughness of metallic AM parts. The surface roughness of as-built LPBF Ti–6Al–4V

samples representing an arithmetic mean (Ra) of 33.90 µm was dramatically reduced
after machining to 0.89 µm [39]. Another work reported a surface roughness reduction of
Ra = 10 µm to 0.4 µm for LPBF 316 L samples [40]. These studies reported notable fatigue
strength improvements of 30% (bending fatigue) and 50% (axial fatigue) after machining,
respectively [39], [40].

There are few other mechanical material removal techniques that can be categorized as
machining, that have been occasionally employed to improve the surface quality of AM
metallic parts. These include grinding [41], [42], [43], and milling [41], [44], [45].

Fig. 4 depicts the effects of some of the above-mentioned techniques in reducing the
surface roughness of different AM metallic materials.

Download: Download high-res image (657KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 4. Surface topography of PBF Ti–6Al–4V (a) before grinding with Ra = 4.13 µm; after
grinding using different grinders including (b) 40 µm Nickel bonded-grinder leading to Ra
= 130.8 nm, (c) 9 µm Nickel bonded-grinder with Ra = 65.6 nm and (d) 3 µm Resin
bonded-grinder with Ra = 8.6 nm adopted from [42]. SEM surface micrographs of (e) as-
built with Ra of 17.9 µm and (f) milled laser beam melting LPBF Ti–6Al–4V plates with Ra
= 0.3 µm adopted from [45].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 7/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

2.1.1.2. Polishing

Polishing is considered as the act of smoothening the surface of a workpiece to a mirror

finish surface quality. Many studies have reported using mechanical polishing for the
purpose of improving the surface quality of AM metallic materials specifically aimed at
fatigue behavior improvement [40], [46]. The comparison between the line-profile of
machined, polished, and as-built LPBF 316 L surfaces confirmed that polishing could be
more effective for roughness reduction and, eventually fatigue life improvement
compared to the other machining process [40].

There exist other variations of polishing-based methods the applications of which on

roughness reduction of AM materials have been considered to result in improved surface
roughness. These methods include magnetically driven abrasive polishing (see Fig. 5a–d)
[47], hydrodynamic cavitation abrasive finishing (HCAF) (see Fig. 5e and f) [48] and
ultrasonic cavitation abrasive finishing (UCAF) (see Fig. 5g and h) [49]. They have been
specifically used to evaluate the effect of surface morphology on tribological properties
of metallic AM materials.

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 8/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fig. 5. SEM and confocal microscopy images of PBF pure Cu samples (a, b) as-built with Ra
≈ 40 µm and (c, d) after magnetically driven abrasive polishing with Ra ≈ 4 µm adopted
from [47]. Effects of HCAF on surface roughness reduction of LPBF Al alloy AlSi10Mg: (b)
as-built and (c) after HCAF adopted from [48]. The influence of UCAF on surface
morphology of LPBF Inconel 625: (d) as-built and (e) after HCAF adopted from [49].

2.1.1.3. Tumble finishing

Tumble finishing (TF), also known as tribo-finishing or barrel finishing, is a surface

improving process in which a mixture of parts, media, and compounds (rarely chemical
ones) are placed in a barrel and rotated at a predetermined speed for surface roughness
reduction. This process can be controlled by different parameters such as size, shape and
the composition of the abrasive material as well as the rotation speed of the barrel. The
process creates friction by tumbling parts against each other and the media and the
included compounds Application of TF on LPBF Ti–6Al–4V samples, led to a slight surface
roughness reduction in terms of Sa (from 21.5 to 18.9 µm), which resulted in a notable
fatigue life improvement [50].

Application of tribo-finishing process to LPBF Ti–6Al–4V ELI part, as it is illustrated in

Fig. 6a and b, resulted in a surface roughness reduction form 6.83 µm in terms of Ra for
the as-built samples to 4.96 µm after tribo-finishing. Consequently, the fatigue limit of
the treated material was increased up to about 40% [51]. As depicted in Fig. 6, this
treatment results in the removal of the highest peaks without necessarily interfering
with the deeper valleys on the surface. Another very similar mechanical surface
treatment named as vibratory grinding, was also reported to decrease the surface
roughness of as-built LPBF Ti–6Al–4V samples in terms of Ra from 17.9 to 0.9 µm [45].

Download: Download high-res image (532KB)

Download: Download full-size image

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GLm… 9/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs illustrating the surface morphology of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V ELI
samples: (a) as-built, (b) after tribo-finishing adopted from [51].

2.1.2. Laser-based treatments

This section reviews the studies that considered the application of surface treatments
using laser as the source of generating energy to remove material and improve the
surface quality of AM metallic parts. Laser micro-machining is a common surface
treatment employing wide range of wavelengths, waveforms, and pulse durations. In
femtosecond laser micromachining process, the laser beam is focused on the surface of
the material, while dielectric mirrors are optimized for reflecting the favorable laser
wavelength to minimize the energy loss of the laser beam [52]. The application of
femtosecond laser micro-machining to LPBF Ti–6Al–4V parts, as illustrated in Fig. 7a and
b, significantly decreased the surface roughness in terms of Ra from 4.22 µm to 0.82 µm
for the as-built and treated material, respectively [53].

Download: Download high-res image (334KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 7. Surface morphology of LPBF fabricated Ti–6Al–4V: (a) as-built and (b) after
femtosecond laser micro-machining adopted from [53].

2.1.3. Chemical treatments

Another commonly used category of approaches to mitigate the undesirable surface
roughness of as-built AM metallic material is chemical treatment. Chemical surface
treatments offer the possibility to work globally on all surfaces of a part and also
contrary to the mechanical treatments, have the advantage of offering access to the
internal complex surfaces; thus they are mostly used for the parts and components with
intricate geometries such as lattice and cellular structures. Chemical treatments are also
typically used to locally improve the quality of surface finish after support structure
removal in metallic AM parts [54]. The main procedures in this category can be listed as
chemical etching [55], [56], [57], chemical machining [58], chemical brightening [58],
and chemical polishing [59], [60]; we also include electrochemical polishing (ECP) [61]
here in this section. Some representative images of each of the above-mentioned

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 10/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

techniques are displayed in Fig. 8. These chemical treatments are generally very similar
all based on submerging the AM part in temperature-regulated baths of chemical
solutions with slight differences in the duration or the temperature of operation that
directly affect the depth of material removal. The parameters in chemical brightening, for
example, are set to obtain a mirror-like finish and induce shininess on the metallic
surface. Chemical brightening was found to be more effective in roughness reduction
compared to chemical machining, as is shown in Fig. 8c. Jung et al. [62] studied the
effects of electrochemical polishing (ECP) at different times and voltages on the
roughness reduction of PBF pure Ti samples. As depicted in Fig. 8h–m, ECP was effective
in reducing surface roughness especially at the highest considered time and voltage (600
s and 30 V respectively).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 11/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 12/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fig. 8. Surface morphology of LPBF lattice Ti–6Al–4V structure for (a) as-built and (b)
chemical-etched sample adopted from [55]. (c) Surface morphologies and SEM
micrographs of the as-built LPBF AlSi10Mg sample before and after chemical machining
and chemical brightening adopted from [58]. Surface texture LPBF Ti (d) before and (e)
after chemical polishing adopted from [60]. Surface morphology of LPBF CoCr stent (f)
before and (g) after ECP adopted from [61]. Influence of ECP on LPBF pure Ti (h) as-built
and electro-polished material at different conditions of time and voltage: (i) 60 s and 10
V, (j) 60 s and 20 V, (k) 60 s and 30 V, (l) 600 s and 20 V and (m) 600 s and 30 V adopted
from [62].

In addition, there are few other chemical treatments applied to AM metallic material not
specifically aimed at reducing the surface roughness but to induce specific surface
features to modulate the surface characteristics based on the final application. A
common example is the acid-alkali (AcAl) treatment widely performed on Ti–6Al–4V
parts for further bio-functionalization [63]. These treatments are used to bio-
functionalize the surface by creating nano-features and modifying the surface chemistry
of the structure.

2.2. Surface treatments based on no material removal

In this category, the applied surface post-treatments improve surface and mechanical
properties of AM metallic parts by inducing surface plastic deformation without
removing any material. Usually, plastic deformation is generated by applying loads or
impacts and transmission of kinetic/thermal energy that can either affect only the
surface layer or in some cases also the bulk material. These treatments have been
grouped into mechanical and laser-based technologies, as further described in the
following sub-sections.

2.2.1. Mechanical treatments

2.2.1.1. Rolling

Rolling is the process of plastically deforming the top layer by pressing a roller of
different shapes and geometries against the surface of the material. It is conventionally
employed for thickness reduction or controlling the surface level. In the field of metallic
AM, rolling has been mostly used on the DED parts fabricated using wire and arc additive
manufacturing (WAAM) [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], although in some cases it has been
used also on liquid metal deposition produced materials [69]. Rolling has been applied
on both top and side surfaces of AM as-built material, as shown in Fig. 9–h [70]. If proper
parameters are selected, rolling can also generate grain refinement (see Fig. 9i and j) [71]
and induce compressive residual stresses in the treated layer; these features can lead to

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 13/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

improved mechanical properties (see Fig. 9o and p) [72], as well as reduced surface
roughness. Different strategies have been studied for application of rolling to AM metals
including only one rolling pass on the outer surface/pen-ultimate layer or a rolling pass
applied to every layer during deposition, called as inter-pass rolling (see Fig. 9k–n) [73]
to control the microstructure of the deposits.

Download: Download high-res image (3MB)

Download: Download full-size image

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 14/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fig. 9. Wall shape of (a) a control specimen, (b–d) a top-surface inter-pass rolled
specimen and (e–h) a side rolled specimen of DED Al alloy 2319 adopted from [70].
Randomly oriented grains for (i) unrolled and (j) 50 kN rolled DED maraging steel (black
lines indicate grain boundaries) adopted from [71]. Cross-sections near the top of rolled
DED Ti–6Al–4V walls; (k) and (l) just one rolling pass on the penultimate layer using
rolling loads of 50 kN and 75 kN respectively, and (m) and (n) with a rolling pass applied
to each layer, using rolling loads of 50 kN and 75 kN, respectively adopted from [73].
Mechanical properties of the as-built and rolled DED 5087 alloys: (o) microhardness and
(p) tensile strength properties adopted from [72].

2.2.1.2. Sand/bead blasting

Sand/bead blasting (SB) is the operation of propelling abrasive material such as sand or
ceramic beads against the target surface under high pressure. This treatment is
commonly used in multiple industrial sectors to smoothen the surface roughness, shape
form thin structures or remove surface oxides or contaminants. A schematic illustration
of the SB process is presented in Fig. 10a.

Download: Download high-res image (479KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 10. (a) Schematic illustration of SB treatment. Effects of SB on the surface

morphology of LPBF AlSi10Mg (b) before and (c) after SB adopted from [74]. Effect of
ceramic blasting on LPBF Ti–6Al–4V cellular structures (d) before and (e) after ceramic
blasting adopted from [76].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 15/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

The application of a highly controlled SB on LPBF AlSi10Mg samples, successfully

decreased the roughness, resulting in a surface roughness even lower than that of the
shot peened (SP) samples, mainly due to the differences in the kinetic energy of the two
processes (see Fig. 10b and c). SB was also found to slightly increase the surface hardness
as well as inducing considerable compressive residual stresses in the sub-surface layer if
used with controlled parameters [74]. Tyagi et al. [59] compared the effects of SB on
surface wettability of LPBF 316 L samples and reported higher wettability compared to
as-built material, but lower than the electro-polished and chemically-polished samples.

The effect of SB on LPBF Ti–6Al–4V samples indicated a notable surface roughness

reduction (Ra = 10.1 µm) compared to the as-built state (Ra = 17.9 µm). SB was found to be
more efficient in improving fatigue performance compared to vibratory grinding and
micro-machining [45]. There are numerous reports of the application of SB to AM
fabricated metallic parts towards the improvement of multiple mechanical properties
including surface hardness, yield and ultimate strength and elongation [55], [75].

Surface roughness reduction by using SB, especially using ceramic beads, has found its
way also to the biomedical field. SB has been widely applied to as-built cellular
structures designed to replace natural bone defects to improve their surface quality (
Fig. 10d and e) [76], [77].

2.2.1.3. Shot peening

Shot peening (SP) schematically illustrated in Fig. 11a, is a cold working process in which
the surface of a material is bombarded with a stream of small shots under controlled
intensity and coverage [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83]. SP has been applied to the AM
metallic materials as a post-treatment for controlling surface roughness (Fig. 11d–g),
grain refinement of the surface layer (Fig. 11b and c), inducing high compressive residual
stresses, increasing surface hardness and fatigue life improvement [51], [74], [84], [85],
[86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93]. SP results in more regular surface morphology
compared to the as-built material although the treated surface remains rough. The
choice of parameters in SP process will highly define the final effects of the treatment on
AM parts. For example, using steel and ceramic shots to perform SP on LPBF AlSi10Mg
indicated higher surface microhardness caused by the impact of the steel shots. The
near-surface strain hardening, and compressive residual stresses were reported as the
main cause for rotating fatigue life improvement after SP, especially at high cycle fatigue
regime [87].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 16/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic illustration of SP process. Variations of the grains size and
orientations of LPBF 17-4 stainless steel before and after SP (b) SEM micrographs and (c)
crystals orientation map revealing the random distribution of grains orientation after SP
adopted from [86]. Three-dimensional surface texture of LPBF AlSi10Mg samples (d)
before and (e) after SP adopted form [88]. FESEM images of surface morphology and
roughness of a LPBF AlSi10Mg sample (f) before and (g) after SP adopted from [89].

The effects of different surface post-treatments, including TF, ECP, and SP were
investigated in a comparative study performed on the mechanical properties and
biological behavior of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V ELI parts [51]. The highest effect on roughness
reduction was obtained by ECP, followed by SP and TF. Surface roughness of the as-built
material in terms of Ra was decreased from 6.83 µm to 0.54, 3.36 and 4.96 µm after
applying ECP, SP and TF, respectively. The applied SP with Almen intensity of 6.4 A,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 17/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

coverage of 200% and impingement angle of 90° was more effective in hardness
improvement in both surface and depth in comparison with TF. As shown in Fig. 12a, SP
had a higher influence in inducing compressive residual stresses compared with the
other two treatments. Fig. 12b depicts the stress amplitude versus the number of cycles
to failure (S–N diagram) for the as-built and treated AM samples. It can be observed that
SP resulted in a notable fatigue strength improvement followed by TF and ECP.
Representative fracture surface of the as-built and treated AM samples after fatigue tests
are shown in Fig. 12c. The fractography analyzes revealed that in the TF and ECP samples,
the fatigue cracks initiated from the surface, similar to the as-built series. However, the
SP samples, despite the midlevel surface roughness between the three treatments,
exhibited the highest fatigue strength, displacing the crack initiation site to subsurface
layers, due to the higher compressive residual stresses. Regarding interaction with cells,
ECP and SP did not show any significant effects on cell growth and metabolic activity
compared to the as-built series.

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 18/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fig. 12. Effects of different surface treatments including TF, ECP, and SP on LPBF Ti–6Al–
4V ELI parts: (a) residual stress profiles, (b) S-N curves of the treated and as-built
samples and (c) fractographic SEM images indicating the fatigue crack initiation sites
adopted from [51].

2.2.1.4. Cavitation peening

Cavitation peening (CP) is a shot-less peening technique that employs cavitation impact
instead of solid objects impacting the target. CP reduces the surface roughness and
induces compressive residual stresses in the surface layer, which can improve the fatigue
strength of metallic materials the same way as the SP process. CP is a hydrodynamic
phenomenon, and can be controlled by the flow pattern in the region where the bubbles
collapse [94].

The effects of CP have been surveyed on the fatigue behavior of PBF Ti–6Al–4V parts the
obtained results have been compared with SP treatment [90]. The surface roughness of
the as-built material was decreased in terms of Ra from about 19 µm to 17 and 4.5 µm
respectively, after CP and SP treatments. However, CP was more effective in enhancing
surface hardness. Overall, bending fatigue tests indicated that SP was more effective on
fatigue life improvement compared to CP.

The effects of CP and SP have been compared also in another study considering the two
processes as post-treatments for PBF Ti–6Al–4V samples [91]. The applied CP and SP
treatments had the same intensity based on the measured arc of the Almen strip (about
0.25 mm). As illustrated in Fig. 13a and b, CP minimally reduced the surface roughness of
the as-built sample from about 16.29 µm in terms of Ra to 16.13 µm; while SP decreased
the roughness to about 7.15 µm. The fatigue strength, however, was increased up to about
15% and 12% after CP and SP respectively. The results revealed that CP induced a higher
compressive residual stress (about −180 MPa) in comparison with SP (about −120 MPa).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 19/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 13. Effect of CP on PBF Ti–6Al–4V: (a) as-built and (b) after CP adopted from [91].
Surface morphology of PBF Ti–6A–l4V treated by abrasive cavitation jet and peening
using different processing times: (c) as-built, (d) 5 s, (e) 10 s, (f) 20 s adopted from [95].

Another very similar process in the same category is an original surface finishing named
as abrasive water cavitation jet and peening process introduced by Soyama and Sanders
[95]. In this process, abrasive cavitation jet and cavitation peening are employed
simultaneously to decrease the surface roughness by abrasion and introducing
compressive residual stresses, respectively. This process was applied to PBF Ti–6Al–4V
samples. As displayed in Fig. 13c–f by using different processing times of 5, 10, and 20 s,
the surface roughness of the as-built material was decreased from 6.9 µm to 3.4, 1.9 and
1 µm, respectively. Furthermore, this post-treatment increased the surface hardness and
induced compressive residual stresses in the top surface layer. The fatigue test results
indicated a 66% plane-bending fatigue strength improvement at the optimum processing
time, which was reported to be 1 min

2.2.1.5. Ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification

Ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification (UNSM) reduces surface roughness using

repetitive impacts of a tungsten carbide (WC) tip at ultrasonic frequencies under a
controlled static load (see Fig. 14a). Similar to the other impact based treatments, using
UNSM it is also able to induce high compressive residual stresses on the surface layer and
generate surface grain refinement [96], [97]. Static load, scanning speed, frequency and
amplitude are mentioned as the main parameters of UNSM process [98], [99]. UNSM has

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 20/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

been recently applied on AM metallic parts investigating its effect on the surface finish
and wear resistance of LPBF nickel-titanium parts; the obtained results indicated that the
surface roughness of the as-built material in terms of Ra was reduced from 12.1 µm to 9.0
µm after applying UNSM. It was also reported that the corrosion resistance significantly
improved as manifested by a much lower corrosion current [100]. In addition, the effects
of UNSM on surface and mechanical properties of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V were studied [101].
The results revealed decreased surface roughness of the as-built material from 10.4 µm to
6.8 µm in terms of Ra after UNSM (Fig. 14b and c). UNSM increased the hardness of the
as-built material from 372 Hv to 422 Hv showing also high compressive residual stresses
of about 1050 MPa in the surface of the treated material. Amanov [102] investigated
effect of UNSM on microstructure, roughness, hardness, tensile behavior and wear
resistance of LPBF 316 L parts. The results indicated that the surface roughness was
reduced from 1.6 µm to 0.3 µm in terms of Ra after UNSM; the UNSM treatment resulted
in notable surface hardness, tensile strength and dry sliding wear resistance
improvement, although the elongation was reduced from 40% to 24% after UNSM. In
addition, microstructural observations revealed that nanostructured grains were
generated on the top surface of the UNSM treated samples (Fig. 14d–g). Studying the
effect of different UNSM treatments on roughness and hardness of the DED AISI M4
revealed the importance of optimizing the process parameters particularly scanning
speed and static load on surface roughness reduction and hardness improvement (Fig. 14
h and i) [103].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 21/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (1007KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 14. (a) Schematic illustration of UNSM process. Surface scans of (b) as-built and (c)
UNSM-treated of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V adopted from [101]; cross-sectional images and IPF
EBSD maps of (d, e, g) as-built and (f, g) UNSM treated LPBF 316 L parts showing the
extent of surface plastic deformation adopted from [102]. Comparison of the micro-
hardness variation in depth for as-built and UNSM treated DED AISI M4 as a function of
UNSM process parameters (h) static load of 30 N and (i) scanning speed of 2500 mm/min
adopted from [103].

2.2.2. Laser-based treatments

Various surface treatments using laser source have been used and investigated in the
past few years to re-define the surface features of metallic AM materials. This section

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 22/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

covers the laser-based treatments that have been solely used to reduce the surface
roughness of as-built AM materials.

2.2.2.1. Laser shock peening

In laser shock peening (LSP), a laser beam is pulsed on the surface of a metallic target
material generating shock waves induced by laser ablation of a sacrificial layer (or water)
on the sample's surface; these shock waves travel throughout the surface layer of the
material causing plastic deformation and inducing compressive residual stresses [104].
The schematic illustration of LSP process is shown in Fig. 15a. The compressive residual
stresses induced by LSP are generally higher than those generated by SP, not only on the
surface but also in-depth (see Fig. 15b). 3D LSP, which is a novel approach that introduces
a repetitive LSP treatment in different directions, has been reported to have the highest
capacity between conventional LSP and SP treatments.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 23/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (1011KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 15. (a) Schematic illustration of LSP treatment. (b) Typical distribution of residual
stresses in LPBF parts, showing the influence of SP, LSP, and 3D LSP adopted from [105].
Effects of different post-treatments including SP, CP, and LSP on the surface morphology,
mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of PBF Ti–6Al–4V; surface morphology of the
(c) as-built and (d) LSP material, (e) arithmetical mean roughness Ra, (f) maximum
height of the roughness profile Rz (g) surface hardness and (h) fatigue behavior adopted
from [90].

LSP has been used in different studied as a post-treatment to improve the surface
properties of the AM metallic materials [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110]. The effects

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 24/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

of SP, CP, and LSP have been examined and compared on mechanical properties and
fatigue behavior of PBF Ti–6Al–4V samples [90]. An injection pressure of 12 MPa and shot
diameter of 3.2 mm was used for SP; an injection pressure of 30 MPa and processing time
per unit of 10 s/mm for CP; for LSP a maximum energy of 0.35 J, a laser beam diameter of
6 mm, pulse width of 6 ns and repetition frequency of 10 Hz were considered. The
surface morphology of the as-built and LSP treated samples are shown in Fig. 15c and d.
Fig. 15e–g represent the effects of SP, CSP, and LSP on the surface roughness and surface
hardness. The results indicated that SP was the most efficient in reducing surface
roughness and increasing surface hardness. CP, LSP, and SP induced surface residual
stresses of −648 MPa, −450 MPa and −348 MPa, respectively compared to the as-built
material with on-surface residual stresses of −220 MPa [111]. All the applied post-
treatments resulted in considerable fatigue strength improvement compared to the as-
built material as shown in Fig. 15h. SP had the highest capability to improve fatigue life
followed by LSP and then CP treated series. This could be attributed to the counteracting
effect of surface roughness and compressive residual stresses.

2.2.2.2. Laser re-melting

Laser re-melting is the process of a second passage of laser source on the deposited layer
in order to melt the residual partially attached powders before the deposition of a new
layer. Different strategies have been implemented in this case: either applying the re-
melting on every single layer during production, which can considerably increase the
production time or applying it only after fabrication of the last outer layer of the
geometry. This technique has been performed with the aim of reducing roughness and
porosity [112], [113], [114], [115]. Increased current, reduced scanning speed, and higher
overlaps have been reported to result in improved performance of the laser re-melting
process [113], [116].

2.2.2.3. Laser polishing

Laser polishing, very similar in concept to laser re-melting, provides the possibility of
reducing the surface roughness of AM parts while avoiding ablation phenomena. In this
process, the laser irradiates the material top surface with low laser pulses with a power
density able to cause local surface melting of the order of few nanometers up to
micrometers [117]. The effect of laser polishing on AM CoCr components has been
investigated in terms of surface state [118], mechanical properties [119], wettability [120]
, and corrosion behavior [121]. The efficiency of laser polishing in surface roughness
reduction has also been confirmed in another study on 18 Ni (300 grade) maraging steel
[122]. Fig. 16a and b illustrate the difference between the surface roughness of PBF Ti–
6Al–4V parts in as-built configuration and after laser polishing [123] and Fig. 16c and d
reveal the effects of laser polishing on LPBF CoCr parts [118]. In addition effects of laser

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 25/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

polishing on surface roughness reduction and fatigue behavior improvement of LPBF Ti–
6Al–4V parts were investigated [124]. The results indicated remarkable surface
roughness decreasing from 14.21 µm in terms of Sa (as-built) to about 1.77 µm after laser
polishing. Comparison of the surface morphology of the treated material with different
treatments of laser plashing, grinding, SP and LSP is illustrated in Fig. 16e–i.

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 16. Laser polishing effects on the surface of PBF Ti–6Al–4V samples (a) SEM
observation, (b) the 3D micrograph obtained by laser profilometer adopted form [123].
Effects of laser polishing on roughness reduction of a LPBF CoCr part: (c) as-built with Ra
of 7.8 µm and (d) laser polished material with Ra of 1.5 µm adopted from [118].
Comparing the surface morphology of the LPBF Ti–6Al–4V samples (e) as-built, and after
different treatments of (f) laser plashing, (g) grinding, (h) SP and (i) LSP adopted from
[124].

2.3. Coating

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 26/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Coating is considered as a practical approach to control the surface characteristics or

impart new surface functionalities for AM materials. Coatings have been used for
roughness reduction, covering the defects and improving surface quality. Coatings
sourced also to modulate the tribological or corrosion resistance of AM parts. In some
other cases, coatings are employed for generating controlled surface morphologies to
enhance the biological performance of the AM metallic materials [125], [126].

Electro spark deposition was used to coat the surface of Inconel 625 samples fabricated
via binder jetting for roughness reduction and improving resistance to high temperature
oxidation [127]. Three different low, medium, and high energy parameters were used to
deposit AA4043 Al alloy on Inconel samples. As shown in Fig. 17a–d, the coatings
reduced the surface roughness of as-built material from 25.9 µm (in terms of Ra
parameter) to 7.8 µm, 10.9 µm, and 15.6 µm for the low, medium and high energy
processes, respectively. The high energy coating also increased the surface
microhardness. Likewise, other coating materials and methods were used on the AM
metallic materials for the improvement of mechanical properties such as hardness [128],
tensile strength [129], wear [130] and corrosion [131].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 27/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (2MB)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 28/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 17. Cross-sectional SEM observations of the binder jet fabricated Inconel 625 (a) as-
built; after (b) low energy coating (c) medium energy coating, and (d) high energy
coating via electro spark deposition adopted from [127]. Surface morphologies of LPBF
Ti–6Al–4V lattice structure: (e) as-built and after coating by soaking in SBF for (f) 2
weeks and (g) 3 weeks adopted from [134]. Live–dead staining of cells on porous LPBF Ti
structures for the (h, j) as-built specimens after 7 and 21 days, respectively and for the (l,
n) anodized specimens after 7 and 21 days, respectively; cell morphology on (i, k) as-
built samples after 7 and 21 days, respectively and (m, o) anodized specimens after 7 and
21 days of cell culture, respectively adopted from [139]. (p) SEM images of LPBF Ti–6Al–
4V samples treated with PEO in two different magnifications at different oxidation time
points of 0, 30, 90, and 300 s adopted from [144].

A vast number of studies in this area have been targeted to tailor the interaction of AM
metallic implants with the biological environment regarding hydrophilicity,
biocompatibility, and osseointegration [132], [133]. Yan et al. [134] investigated the
effects of hydroxyapatite coating on lattice structures of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V to reduce
surface roughness and improve the bioactivity at the same time. Hydroxyapatite coatings
were formed by soaking the Ti–6Al–4V structures in simulated body fluid (SBF) up to 3
weeks. As can be observed in Fig. 17e–g, the surface roughness of the as-built lattice
structure was remarkably decreased and their bioactivity improved, confirmed by bone-
like apatite formation in SBF [135].

In another study, silver-impregnated coatings were deposited on DED fabricated pure Ti

porous implants to investigate the antibacterial and immunogenic behavior of the coated
samples [136]. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used for coatings of chitosan gel
with different silver concentrations. The results revealed the efficiency of the coatings in
reducing bacterial infection and enhancing the biocompatibility of the structures.

Anodizing has also been widely used to generate surface nano-features on especially on
AM Ti-based materials. Anodizing increases the thickness of the natural oxide layer on
the surface of the Ti part, generating an organized array of Titania nanotubes; it can
convert the surface into a durable, corrosion-resistant surface with improved bioactivity
and biocompatibility [137]. The bioactivity of PBF Ti–6Al–4V mesh structures was
assessed via immersion in SBF, after anodization. The nucleation and growth of fine
globular nanoscale apatite confirmed the favorable effect of anodization in improving the
biological response of the structures compared to the as-built material [138]. Fig. 17h–o
represents the efficacy of surface anodization in promoting cell attachment and
improving cell seeding efficiency [139]. Studies on the effects of anodizing on mechanical
properties showed improvement in corrosion resistance and increasing of voltage-time
response as electrical functionalities [140], [141].

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 29/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) also known as microarc oxidation (MAO) is another
electrochemical surface coating derived from anodization technique to generate oxide
layers on the surface of metal substrates. PEO has been mostly employed to produce
thick, crystalline, oxide coatings mainly on as Ti, Al, and Mg alloys to improve hardness
and induce protection against wear, corrosion or heat, create electrical insulation, or
improve osseointegration and biocompatibility [142], [143]. The PEO process has been
used on porous LPBF Ti–6Al–4V structures to address the problem of implant-associated
infection (IAI) [144]. PEO induced a micro/nano-porous structure of Ti oxide (Fig. 17p) on
the surface of the implants. In vitro and ex vivo antimicrobial tests and cytotoxicity assays
were used to evaluate the performance of the developed implants in the biological
environment evidencing a strong bactericidal activity of the treated AM material.

The effect of the porous oxide surface layer created by PEO was investigated on the
mechanical performance of AM metallic structures [145]. By increasing PEO exposure
time, the oxidation did not have a considerable influence on the static mechanical
properties such as maximum strength, yield stress, and energy absorption, except the
elastic modulus that increased after 2 min oxidation. Comparison of the mechanical and
wear properties of PEO treated Cp-Ti prepared by LPBF showed that higher time and
temperature of PEO process could result in higher surface hardness, which led also to
increased friction and wear resistance [146].

2.4. Hybrid post-treatments

In some cases, two or more post-treatments have been combined to achieve the
desirable surface or bulk properties for the AM metallic material, based on the
requirements of the final applications. Combining heat treatments (HT) with various
other surface treatments can be considered as the most common combination of post-
treatments applied to AM metallic materials. Application of HT to AM metallic materials
is a standard approach to homogenize the microstructures, eliminate anisotropy and
release the undesirable tensile residual stresses [147], [148]. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
is also a commonly used post-HT that simultaneously subjects the component to
elevated temperature and isostatic gas pressure [149], [150], [151]. In addition to
homogenizing the microstructure of AM metallic materials, HIP has been reported to be
strikingly efficient in reducing the most typical porosities unless they are highly
connected or close to the surface [152].

Synergetic effects of SB or SP with HT were studied on LPBF AlSi10Mg samples [74]. The
surface morphologies of the treated materials with HT + SB and HT + SP are depicted in
Fig. 18a–c. Both treatments were very efficient in regulating the surface roughness of as-
built material. It was reported that although both sets of the applied hybrid post-
treatments had positive effects fatigue strength; the improvements were less notable

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 30/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

compared to the cases where just the surface treatments (SB and SP) were applied to the
as-built material. This observation highlights the importance of calibrating the surface
treatment parameters to the AM metallic material properties after HT.

Download: Download high-res image (1MB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 18. Surface morphology of LPBF AlSi10Mg samples in (a) as-built (b) HT + SB and (c)
HT + SP configurations adopted from [74]. Surface morphology of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V lattice
in (d) as-built (e) HT + SB + HCl-etching and (f) HT + SB + HCl-etching + NaOH-etching

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 31/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

configurations adopted from [134]. Surface morphology of LPBF Ti–6Al–4V constructs in

(g) as-built (h) SB + acid etching and (i) SB + acid etching + pickling configurations
adopted from [153]. Comparison between surface morphologies of LPBF WE43 samples
(j) as-built (k) after etching; SEM images of PEO modified struts after etching showing
the outer porous layer in different magnifications of (l) ×50 and (m) ×1000 adopted form
[154]. SEM view of surface morphology of LPBF AlSi10Mg samples in (n) as-built and (o)
machining + polishing configurations adopted from [156].
Different combinations of post-treatments including HT + SB + HCl-etching and HT + SB +
HCl-etching + NaOH-etching were performed on LPBF Ti–6Al–4V lattice structures (see
Fig. 18d–f) [134]. High magnification SEM images (see Fig. 18e) exhibit the macro-
morphology of the lattice structure, showing that the HCl etching eliminated the tiny
cracks generated by SB and thus led to a more uniform and smoother surface. However,
the application of NaOH for etching resulted in the formation of several shallow
corrosion pits of 2–10 µm diameter (see Fig. 18f). The effect of SB + acid etching and SB +
acid etching + pickling were also investigated on the LPBF Ti–6Al–4V constructs
mimicking the trabecular bone structure [153]. The as-built structure exhibited a micro-
scale grainy surface topography; however, after the hybrid post-treatments, especially
the one with pickling, a smooth surface with homogenous nano-features was obtained (
Fig. 18g–i). The results indicated that the second hybrid post-treatment (SB + acid
etching + pickling) led to a better performance in the biological interface regarding
alkaline phosphate activity, vascular endothelial cell growth, and osteoblast cell
proliferation.

A hybrid post-treatment consisting of chemical etching followed by PEO coating and HT

was applied to LPBF WE43 (Mg alloy containing rare earth elements) scaffolds to
investigate its effect on the degradation behavior and mechanical properties [154].
Firstly, chemical etching with 85% concentrated phosphoric acid was performed to
reduce the surface roughness (Fig. 18j and k). This step was followed by two surface
modifying approaches of acid etching + PEO (Fig. 18l and m) and acid etching + PEO + HT.
Application of PEO after etching resulted in improved long-term stability, whereas the
specimens treated by acid etching + PEO + HT showed deteriorated performance
considering degradation and mechanical stability.

The effects of combined HIP + polishing were also investigated on the fatigue strength of
PBF Ti–6Al–4V samples [155]. The results indicated that the combined effect of heat
treatment with reduced roughness and porosity led to a remarkable improvement in the
fatigue behavior. The influence of combined machining+polishing was investigated on
the fatigue behavior of the LPBF AlSi10Mg samples and the results were compared with
the effect of SB treatment [156]. The obtained data revealed that machining + polishing
(Sa = 0.5 µm) had higher impacts on roughness reduction of the as-built sample (Sa = 15.4
µm) compared to SB (Sa = 8.3 µm) (see Fig. 18n and o). Interestingly in this case, although
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 32/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

SB induced compressive residual stresses, the fatigue limit was improved more by the
treatments that just reduced the surface roughness; that is, the fatigue limit increased
from 56 MPa (for the as-built sample) up to 194 and 152 MPa after applying machining +
polishing and SB, respectively.

3. Discussion
Surface post-treatments have been recognized to be particularly efficient in addressing
the issues associated with the irregular surface morphology of as-built AM metallic
parts. Applications of these post-treatments have been reported to enhance multiple
properties of the metallic AM parts. Fig. S1 (in the supplementary material) represents
the distribution of the number of studies considered in this review paper in terms of
treatments and its contribution to the target material property.

The choice of the proper surface treatment is mainly dictated by the surface quality,
material properties and part geometry as well as the target function of the AM part. For
instance for cases that will undergo cyclic loading, stricter criteria should be set on the
surface quality and in particular the surface valleys that can act as local notches. In the
absence of a systematic study, which compares different surface treatments against a
unique reference as-built state, we have listed the cases where two or more surface
treatments were compared in Table 1, to provide an overall comparison of the efficiency
of surface post-treatments applied on metallic AM materials.

Table 1. Overall comparison of surface post-treatments' effect on the surface roughness of

metallic AM materials.

Surface roughness after applying surface post-

treatments Refer
Surface
Feed- roughness Post- Post- Post-
AM stock in as-built treatment treatment treatment
technology material state Post-treatment 1 2 3 4

LPBF SS316L Ra = 10.0 Polishing Machining – – Spier

µm et al.
Ra = 0.40 µm Ra = 0.11 – –
µm

LPBF Ti–6Al– Ra = 17.9 Milling Micro- Vibratory Bead Bageh

4V µm machining grinding blasting et al.

Ra = 0.30 µm Ra= 0.40 Ra = 0.90 Ra = 10.1

µm µm µm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 33/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Surface roughness after applying surface post-

treatments Refer
Surface
Feed- roughness Post- Post- Post-
AM stock in as-built treatment treatment treatment
technology material state Post-treatment 1 2 3 4

LPBF Ti–6Al– Ra = 6.83 Electro chemical Shot Tumble – Bened

4V µm polishing peening finishing et al.

Ra = 0.54 µm Ra = 3.36 Ra = 4.96 –

µm µm

LPBF Ti–6Al– Pa = 7.11 Chemical etching + Electro Chemical – Pyka

4V (strut top) Electro chemical chemical etching [57]
µm polishing polishing

Pa = 12.40 Pa = 5.12 µm(strut Pa = 5.74 Pa = 6.18 –

(strut top) µm (strut µm (strut
bottom) top) top)
µm
Pa = 6.10 µm (strut Pa = 7.10 Pa = 10.00
bottom) µm (strut µm (strut
bottom) bottom)

LPBF AlSi10Mg Sa = 24.00 Chemical Chemical – – Scher

µm brightening machining [58]

Sa = 6.65 µm Sa = 11.19 – –
µm

LPBF 316 steel Ra = 20 µm Electro chemical Chemical Bead – Tyagi

polishing polishing blasting [59]

Sa = 2.10 µm Sa = 5.22 Sa = 13.88 –

µm µm

LPBF AlSi10Mg Ra = 9.33 Sand blasting Heat Shot Heat Baghe

µm treatment peening treatment et al.
+ Sand + Shot
blasting peening

Ra = 4.42 µm Ra = 4.88 Ra = 6.37 Ra = 8.45

µm µm µm

PBF Ti–6Al– Ra = 19.22 Shot peening Cavitation Laser – Soyam

4V µm peening shock al. [90

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 34/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Surface roughness after applying surface post-

treatments Refer
Surface
Feed- roughness Post- Post- Post-
AM stock in as-built treatment treatment treatment
technology material state Post-treatment 1 2 3 4

peening

Ra = 4.86 µm Ra = 17.83 Ra = 19.12 –

µm µm

PBF Ti–6Al– Ra = 16.29 Shot peening Cavitation – – Sate e

4V µm peening [91]

Ra = 7.15 µm Ra = 16.13 – –
µm

LPBF Ti–6Al– Sa = 14.21 Laser polishing Abrasive Shot Laser Kahli

4V µm finishing peening shock al. [12
peening

Sa = 1.77 µm Sa = 2.21 Sa = 3.56 Sa = 14.06

µm µm µm

LPBF AlSi10Mg Sa = 15.4 Machining+Polishing Vibro- Sand – Hami

µm finishing blasting Nasab
[156]
Sa = 0.50 µm Sa = 2.30 Sa = 8.3 –
µm µm

The order of presented surface post-treatments is based on their capability in reducing surface
roughness.

Ra: Arithmetic mean height of roughness profile, Pa: arithmetic mean height of primary (raw) profile,
Sa: arithmetic mean height of 3D roughness.

The studies highlight the role of shape and geometry of the AM metallic part in the
choice of the applied surface treatment. For instance, chemical surface treatments can
provide the possibility of performing a global surface treatment offering access to
internal surfaces of parts with intricate geometries. Therefore, for complex geometries
such as lattice and mesh structures, chemical treatments are more effective than the
mechanical ones that are highly restricted by the geometry and dimensional aspects of
the part. However, based on the form of the part, the parameters of chemical treatments
should be highly tuned to guarantee a uniform global extent of material removal.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 35/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Moreover, chemical treatments, or in general those that result in material removal, if not
finely controllable, could alter the geometrical aspects of the as-built part. Thus, that is
another factor to include in the selection of the suitable surface treatment based on
dimensional tolerances.

Mechanical and laser-based treatments, both material removal and no material removal
categories, have been reported to be more effective in improving the mechanical
properties of AM metallic materials. Mechanical surface post-treatments that induce
material removal decrease surface roughness, can remove defects and pores within the
top surface layer, although they may induce tensile residual stresses, if not properly
performed; the latter, can have detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the
AM part; however, the results reported on application of such treatments including
machining, milling, grinding etc., have shown that the roughness reduction has been
typically able to mask the detrimental effect of tensile residual stresses. Considering the
efficiency of these treatments, they have been even sourced for in situ application during
the manufacturing process to tackle the uncertainties associated with the AM process
through improving surface quality and geometrical accuracy [93], [157]. In situ
machining paired with proper monitoring approaches has been suggested for in-process
pore elimination. there are also reports of milling being integrated into the
manufacturing process to improve the geometrical accuracy of the near net shape final
product [158].

Other mechanical surface treatments that have led to promising results include sand
blasting, shot peening, laser shock peening and rolling; these treatments are able to
induce compressive residual stresses beside reducing surface roughness, and even in
some cases lead to near surface pore closure and surface grain refinement, if optimized
parameters are applied. Thus, they can serve as efficient surface treatments with extra
functionalities. Among these surface treatments, shot peening has been found to be of
particular interest, especially regarding fatigue strength improvement. Shot peening it is
easily scalable, does not considerably alter the dimension and geometry of the part, can
significantly reduce the surface roughness and eliminate the loose and partially attached
powders agglomerated on the surface of the as-built AM parts; moreover, it induces
considerable field of compressive residual stresses besides crack closure in the top
surface layer. The obtained results indicate a competition between the effect of surface
roughness and extension of the induced residual stresses induced by the peening-based
surface treatments. Indeed, there are some contradicting data on the effect of these
treatments that shed light on the prominence of the choice of the treatment parameters.
The comparison between these treatments cannot be straightforward and reliable if the
critical parameters including mainly the Almen intensity and coverage are not
comparable. The data available in the literature highlight the importance of calibrating

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 36/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

the process parameters to the material and geometrical properties of the part to be
treated.

The application of coatings was mostly considered in the biomedical sector investigating
bio-related properties such as wettability, and the interaction with the cells and bacteria;
there exist also few studies using chemical and mechanical treatments on biocompatible
AM materials. Considering the high sensitivity of the cells and bacteria to the surface
topography at the biological interface, in this regard, the ability of the surface treatments
in generating highly controlled surface morphology is a crucial parameter. For instance,
anodizing and plasma electrolytic oxidation, that can offer precise control over the
dimension and arrangement of the surface features have been widely used for bio-
functionalization of AM materials.

In some cases, to achieve control over multiple target properties, which may not be
modulated using just a single treatment, hybrid treatments have been used. In these
cases, selective combinations of several processes have been considered to fill the gaps
and surpass the limitations of each single treatment. For instance, to considerably
improve the fatigue performance of AM metallic parts, firstly, a peening-based process
can be used for near-surface pore closure, surface layer grain refinement and inducing
compressive residual stresses; then material removal step using mechanical or chemical
treatment can be employed to decrease the surface roughness induced by the previous
peening treatment. Another example more aimed for biomedical application, can be to
apply a mechanical or chemical surface treatment based on slight material removal to
eliminate the random features on the as-built material and provide a smooth base for the
second chemical treatment that will induce surface nano-features with controlled
dimension and arrangement favorable for modulating interaction with the cells and
bacteria.

Fig. 19a shows a rough cost-estimation performed herein considering time and money as
the key factors that determine the cost; time and money were rated into five
comparative levels of very low, low, moderate, high and very high assigning a score from
1 to 5 to each according to the common approach used in cost and risk analysis and
management [159], [160] to construct a semi-quantitative matrix. The symmetric
distribution of cells of each factor’s level in this matrix can be used as a practical tool for
cost and risk ranking and analysis [161]. The final score of each treatment in terms of
cost has been estimated as the product of the time and the money score. Fig. 19b
represents the assigned scores to each of the surface post-treatment categories. The
comparative cost levels correspond to the authors' experience and knowledge. It can be
observed that mechanical and chemical treatments included in the category of material
removal surface post-treatments are ranked first followed by mechanical processes with
no material removal.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 37/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Download: Download high-res image (395KB)

Download: Download full-size image

Fig. 19. (a) Rating of the time and cost considering five different levels and the related
scores (b) scores and ranks of the applied surface post-treatments in terms of the cost
analysis.

Coatings have the fourth rank and laser-based processes due to the very high cost come
as the fifth rank. Hybrid treatments, that imply the application of at least two different
procedures through several steps, occupy the last rank in terms of cost analysis.

4. Conclusions and future perspectives

Considering the surface quality of metallic parts fabricated by the current additive
manufacturing technologies, a notable effort has been recently put into developing
surface post-treatments to control the surface topography of additive manufactured
parts. Herein, a comprehensive review was carried out on the surface post-treatments
applied to metallic AM materials and structures. The applied surface post-treatments
were classified into four main categories of i) material removal, ii) no material removal
iii) coatings and iv) hybrid treatments. The surface post-treatments have been
categorized in general groups of mechanical, chemical, laser-based and coatings. Hybrid
treatments considering the synergetic effects of different procedures have also been
discussed.

Based on the reported results in the literature, the application of post-treatments on the
as-built AM metallic materials and structures is essential to achieve favorable surface
properties and the desired bulk performance, regarding the final application of the AM
part. In addition to surface morphology and roughness, multiple mechanical properties
such as wettability, hardness, residual stress, friction, wear, and corrosion resistance,
fatigue behavior, biocompatibility and biological performance of the AM materials can be
tailored using proper surface treatments.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 38/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Although the application of surface post-treatment on AM metallic materials is quite

well-established and currently used in multiple sectors, numerous ambiguities still exist
around the role of major parameters of each post-treatment. To improve other specific
target properties, the applied surface post-treatments should be selected based on the
nature of the treatment, its efficiency and the corresponding limitations. The choice of
the proper surface post-treatment can be quite challenging and should also encompass
the effect of process parameters, material properties, and geometrical aspects as well as
scalability and cost of the treatment. Future studies are expected to shed light on the
relation between individual process parameters and the desired properties moving
towards customization of the surface treatments for specific additive manufacturing
technologies and materials.

Systematic experimental studies, advanced analytical solutions and numerical

simulations are required to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms
involved in each treatment for improving the surface quality and directing the material
functions and characteristics. The future trend is expected to utilize numerical models
and artificial intelligence for parametric and sensitivity analyzes to maximize the
efficiency of the considered treatments.

Specific working conditions such as high temperatures, high dynamic loads in oxidizing
and corrosive environments will require customized surface treatments that in addition
to reducing the surface roughness of the AM metallic materials could ideally contribute
to enhanced performance under in-service conditions.

Another foreseeable area of research in the future that can represent a key to unlock the
full potential of surface post-treatments is focusing on designing hybrid treatments that
can simultaneously exploit combined beneficial effects of individual post-processes.
More systematic studies on hybrid treatments can pave the way for taking full advantage
of individual surface treatments and their synergistic effects to simultaneously improve
surface quality and enhance other mechanical properties of the additive manufacturesd
metallic materials.

Application of surface treatments as in-situ correcting processes, while combined with

advanced monitoring and non-destructive testing can bring in opportunities for
manufacturing parts of improved near net shape geometry. The rationale behind this
approach is to reduce uncertainty and improve the as-built material quality by
combining select surface treatments with online monitoring and non-destructive testing
procedures during the manufacturing process. This integration can improve the quality
of the final product offering the possibility of online error correction and defect
elimination, thus reducing the material waste.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 39/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment
The financial support of Peen Service Srl, for funding the Ph.D. Scholarship of EM, is
gratefully appreciated.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Download: Download Word document (296KB)

Supplementary material.

Recommended articles

References
[1] ASTM International, F2792-12a – Standard Terminology for Additive
Manufacturing Technologies, 〈https://doi.org/10.1520/F2792-12A.2 〉, 2013.
Google Scholar

[2] D.D. Gu, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach, R. Poprawe

Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials,
processes and mechanisms
Int. Mater. Rev., 57 (2012), pp. 133-164, 10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000014
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[3] S.M. Thompson, L. Bian, N. Shamsaei, A. Yadollahi

An overview of direct laser deposition for additive manufacturing; part I:
transport phenomena, modeling and diagnostics
Addit. Manuf. (2015), 10.1016/j.addma.2015.07.001
Google Scholar

[4] A. Sharma, V. Bandari, K. Ito, K. Kohama, R.M. Ramji, H.S. Himasekhar

A new process for design and manufacture of tailor-made functionally
graded composites through friction stir additive manufacturing
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 40/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

J. Manuf. Process., 26 (2017), pp. 122-130, 10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.02.007

View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[5] M. Yuqing, K. Liming, H. Chunping, L. Fencheng, L. Qiang
Formation characteristic, microstructure, and mechanical performances
of aluminum-based components by friction stir additive manufacturing
Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 83 (2016), pp. 1637-1647, 10.1007/s00170-015-7695-9
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[6] S. Bagherifard, S. Monti, M.V. Zuccoli, M. Riccio, J. Kondás, M. Guagliano

Cold spray deposition for additive manufacturing of freeform structural
components compared to selective laser melting
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 721 (2018), pp. 339-350, 10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.094
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[7] S. Bagherifard, G. Roscioli, M.V. Zuccoli, M. Hadi, G. D’Elia, A.G. Demir, B. Previtali, J.
Kondás, M. Guagliano
Cold spray deposition of freestanding inconel samples and comparative
analysis with selective laser melting
J. Therm. Spray Technol., 26 (2017), pp. 1517-1526, 10.1007/s11666-017-0572-3
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[8] S. Bagherifard, A. Heydari Astaraee, M. Locati, A. Nawaz, S. Monti, J. Kondás, R. Singh, M.

Guagliano
Design and analysis of additive manufactured bimodal structures
obtained by cold spray deposition
Addit. Manuf. (2020), 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101131
Google Scholar

[9] S. Bagherifard, M. Guagliano

Fatigue performance of cold spray deposits: coating, repair and additive
manufacturing case
Int. J. Fatigue, 139 (2020), Article 105744, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105744
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[10] W. Chen, L. Thornley, H.G. Coe, S.J. Tonneslan, J.J. Vericella, C. Zhu, E.B. Duoss, R.M. Hunt,
M.J. Wight, D. Apelian, A.J. Pascall, J.D. Kuntz, C.M. Spadaccini
Direct metal writing: controlling the rheology through microstructure
Appl. Phys. Lett. (2017), 10.1063/1.4977555
Google Scholar

[11] M.J. Matthews, G. Guss, D.R. Drachenberg, J.A. Demuth, J.E. Heebner, E.B. Duoss, J.D. Kuntz,
C.M. Spadaccini

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 41/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Diode-based additive manufacturing of metals using an optically-

addressable light valve
Opt. Express, 25 (2017), p. 11788, 10.1364/oe.25.011788
View in Scopus Google Scholar
[12] I. Yadroitsev, I. Smurov
Surface morphology in selective laser melting of metal powders
Phys. Proc., 12 (2011), pp. 264-270, 10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.034
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[13] M.H. Nasab, D. Gastaldi, N.F. Lecis, M. Vedani

On morphological surface features of the parts printed by selective laser
melting (SLM)
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.011
Google Scholar

[14] W.J. Sames, F.A. List, S. Pannala, R.R. Dehoff, S.S. Babu
The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing
Int. Mater. Rev., 61 (2016), pp. 315-360, 10.1080/09506608.2015.1116649
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[15] Z. Zhang, C. Sun, X. Xu, L. Liu

Surface quality and forming characteristics of thin-wall aluminium alloy
parts manufactured by laser assisted MIG arc additive manufacturing
Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.ijlmm.2018.03.005
Google Scholar

[16] R. Li, J. Liu, Y. Shi, L. Wang, W. Jiang

Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective
laser melting process
Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. (2012), 10.1007/s00170-011-3566-1
Google Scholar

[17] P. Wen, Y. Qin, Y. Chen, M. Voshage, L. Jauer, R. Poprawe, J.H. Schleifenbaum

Laser additive manufacturing of Zn porous scaffolds: shielding gas flow,
surface quality and densification
J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 35 (2019), pp. 368-376, 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.065
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[18] Y. Chen, P. Wen, M. Voshage, L. Jauer, Y. Qin, J.H. Schleifenbaum, R. Poprawe

Laser additive manufacturing of Zn metal parts for biodegradable
implants: effect of gas flow on evaporation and formation quality
J. Laser Appl., 31 (2019), Article 022304, 10.2351/1.5096118
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 42/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

View in Scopus Google Scholar

[19] K. Solberg, F. Berto
A diagram for capturing and predicting failure locations in notch
geometries produced by additive manufacturing
Int. J. Fatigue, 134 (2020), Article 105428, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105428
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[20] G. Nicoletto
Directional and notch effects on the fatigue behavior of as-built DMLS
Ti6Al4V
Int. J. Fatigue (2018), 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.10.004
Google Scholar

[21] J. Jiang, X. Xu, J. Stringer

Support structures for additive manufacturing: a review
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. (2018), 10.3390/jmmp2040064
Google Scholar

[22] T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A.
Wilson-Heid, A. De, W. Zhang
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – process, structure and
properties
Prog. Mater. Sci., 92 (2018), pp. 112-224, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[23] W.E. King, A.T. Anderson, R.M. Ferencz, N.E. Hodge, C. Kamath, S.A. Khairallah, A.M.
Rubenchik
Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals; physics,
computational, and materials challenges
Appl. Phys. Rev., 2 (2015), Article 041304, 10.1063/1.4937809
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[24] P. Bidare, I. Bitharas, R.M. Ward, M.M. Attallah, A.J. Moore

Fluid and particle dynamics in laser powder bed fusion
Acta Mater., 142 (2018), pp. 107-120, 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.05
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[25] S. Ly, A.M. Rubenchik, S.A. Khairallah, G. Guss, M.J. Matthews

Metal vapor micro-jet controls material redistribution in laser powder
bed fusion additive manufacturing
Sci. Rep., 7 (2017), p. 4085, 10.1038/s41598-017-04237-z
View in Scopus Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 43/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[26] X. He, J. Mazumder

Transport phenomena during direct metal deposition
J. Appl. Phys., 101 (2007), Article 053113, 10.1063/1.2710780
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[27] R. Udroiu, I.C. Braga, A. Nedelcu

Evaluating the quality surface performance of additive manufacturing
systems: Methodology and a material jetting case study
Materials (Basel) (2019), 10.3390/ma12060995
Google Scholar

[28] C. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Chen

Effect of laser processing parameters on porosity, microstructure and
mechanical properties of porous Mg-Ca alloys produced by laser additive
manufacturing
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 703 (2017), pp. 359-371, 10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.031
View PDF View article Google Scholar

[29] J. Karlsson, A. Snis, H. Engqvist, J. Lausmaa

Characterization and comparison of materials produced by electron
beam melting (EBM) of two different Ti-6Al-4V powder fractions
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 213 (2013), pp. 2109-2118, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.06.010
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[30] J.W. Pegues, S. Shao, N. Shamsaei, N. Sanaei, A. Fatemi, D.H. Warner, P. Li, N. Phan
Fatigue of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, part I: the effects of powder
feedstock, manufacturing, and post-process conditions on the resulting
microstructure and defects
Int. J. Fatigue, 132 (2020), Article 105358, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105358
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[31] J. Gockel, L. Sheridan, B. Koerper, B. Whip

The influence of additive manufacturing processing parameters on
surface roughness and fatigue life
Int. J. Fatigue, 124 (2019), pp. 380-388, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.03.025
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[32] D. Herzog, V. Seyda, E. Wycisk, C. Emmelmann

Additive manufacturing of metals
Acta Mater., 117 (2016), pp. 371-392, 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 44/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[33] E. Maleki, O. Unal, K.R.K.R. Kashyzadeh

Effects of conventional, severe, over, and re-shot peening processes on
the fatigue behavior of mild carbon steel
Surf. Coat. Technol., 344 (2018), pp. 62-74, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.081
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[34] E. Maleki, O. Unal, K. Reza Kashyzadeh

Fatigue behavior prediction and analysis of shot peened mild carbon
steels
Int. J. Fatigue, 116 (2018), pp. 48-67, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.06.004
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[35] A. Yadollahi, N. Shamsaei

Additive manufacturing of fatigue resistant materials: challenges and
opportunities
Int. J. Fatigue, 98 (2017), pp. 14-31, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[36] M. Åsberg, G. Fredriksson, S. Hatami, W. Fredriksson, P. Krakhmalev

Influence of post treatment on microstructure, porosity and mechanical
properties of additive manufactured H13 tool steel
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 742 (2019), pp. 584-589, 10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.046
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[37] A.R. Balachandramurthi, J. Moverare, N. Dixit, R. Pederson

Influence of defects and as-built surface roughness on fatigue properties
of additively manufactured Alloy 718
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 735 (2018), pp. 463-474, 10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.072
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[38] P.D. Nezhadfar, R. Shrestha, N. Phan, N. Shamsaei

Fatigue behavior of additively manufactured 17-4 pHstainless steel:
Synergistic effects of surface roughness and heat treatment
Int. J. Fatigue (2019), 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.02.039
Google Scholar

[39] P. Edwards, M. Ramulu

Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 598 (2014), pp. 327-337, 10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.041
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[40] A.B. Spierings, T.L. Starr, K. Wegener

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 45/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Fatigue performance of additive manufactured metallic parts

Rapid Prototyp. J., 19 (2013), pp. 88-94, 10.1108/13552541311302932
View in Scopus Google Scholar
[41] E. Brinksmeier, G. Levy, D. Meyer, A.B. Spierings
Surface integrity of selective-laser-melted components
CIRP Ann. – Manuf. Technol., 59 (2010), pp. 601-606, 10.1016/j.cirp.2010.03.131
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[42] A.T. Beaucamp, Y. Namba, P. Charlton, S. Jain, A.A. Graziano

Finishing of additively manufactured titanium alloy by shape adaptive
grinding (SAG)
Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop., 3 (2015), Article 024001, 10.1088/2051-672X/3/2/024001
Google Scholar

[43] E. Huttunen-Saarivirta, V. Heino, A. Vaajoki, T.J. Hakala, H. Ronkainen

Wear of additively manufactured tool steel in contact with aluminium
alloy
Wear (2019), 10.1016/j.wear.2019.202934
Google Scholar

[44] K. Schmidtke, F. Palm, A. Hawkins, C. Emmelmann

Process and mechanical properties: Applicability of a scandium modified
Al-alloy for laser additive manufacturing
Phys. Proc., 12 (2011), pp. 369-374, 10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.047
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[45] S. Bagehorn, J. Wehr, H.J. Maier

Application of mechanical surface finishing processes for roughness
reduction and fatigue improvement of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-
4V parts
Int. J. Fatigue, 102 (2017), pp. 135-142, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.05.008
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[46] H. Masuo, Y. Tanaka, S. Morokoshi, H. Yagura, T. Uchida, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Murakami

Effects of defects, surface roughness and HIP on fatigue strength of Ti-
6Al-4V manufactured by additive manufacturing
Proc. Struct. Integr., 7 (2017), pp. 19-26, 10.1016/j.prostr.2017.11.055
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[47] I. Karakurt, K.Y. Ho, C. Ledford, D. Gamzina, T. Horn, N.C. Luhmann, L. Lin
Development of a magnetically driven abrasive polishing process for
additively manufactured copper structures
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 46/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Proc. Manuf., 26 (2018), pp. 798-805, 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.097

View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[48] A.P. Nagalingam, S.H. Yeo
Controlled hydrodynamic cavitation erosion with abrasive particles for
internal surface modification of additive manufactured components
Wear, 414–415 (2018), pp. 89-100, 10.1016/j.wear.2018.08.006
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[49] K.L. Tan, S.H. Yeo

Surface modification of additive manufactured components by ultrasonic
cavitation abrasive finishing
Wear, 378–379 (2017), pp. 90-95, 10.1016/j.wear.2017.02.030
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[50] L. Denti, E. Bassoli, A. Gatto, E. Santecchia, P. Mengucci

Fatigue life and microstructure of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V after
different finishing processes
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 755 (2019), pp. 1-9, 10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.119
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[51] M. Benedetti, E. Torresani, M. Leoni, V. Fontanari, M. Bandini, C. Pederzolli, C. Potrich

The effect of post-sintering treatments on the fatigue and biological
behavior of Ti-6Al-4V ELI parts made by selective laser melting
J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 71 (2017), pp. 295-306, 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.024
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[52] C. Dowding, A. Borman

Laser-initiated ablation of materials
Laser Surf. Eng. Process. Appl. (2015), pp. 523-546, 10.1016/B978-1-78242-074-3.00022-2
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[53] N. Worts, J. Jones, J. Squier

Surface structure modification of additively manufactured titanium
components via femtosecond laser micromachining
Opt. Commun., 430 (2019), pp. 352-357, 10.1016/j.optcom.2018.08.055
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[54] O.J. Hildreth, A.R. Nassar, K.R. Chasse, T.W. Simpson

Dissolvable metal supports for 3D direct metal printing, 3D Print
Addit. Manuf. (2016), 10.1089/3dp.2016.0013
Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 47/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[55] S.M. Ahmadi, R. Kumar, E.V. Borisov, R. Petrov, S. Leeflang, Y. Li, N. Tümer, R. Huizenga, C.
Ayas, A.A. Zadpoor, V.A. Popovich
From microstructural design to surface engineering: A tailored approach
for improving fatigue life of additively manufactured meta-biomaterials
Acta Biomater., 83 (2019), pp. 153-166, 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.043
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[56] G. Pyka, G. Kerckhofs, I. Papantoniou, M. Speirs, J. Schrooten, M. Wevers

Surface roughness and morphology customization of additive
manufactured open porous Ti6Al4V structures
Materials (Basel) (2013), 10.3390/ma6104737
Google Scholar

[57] G. Pyka, A. Burakowski, G. Kerckhofs, M. Moesen, S. Van Bael, J. Schrooten, M. Wevers

Surface modification of Ti6Al4V open porous structures produced by
additive manufacturing
Adv. Eng. Mater., 14 (2012), pp. 363-370, 10.1002/adem.201100344
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[58] F. Scherillo
Chemical surface finishing of AlSi10Mg components made by additive
manufacturing
Manuf. Lett., 19 (2019), pp. 5-9, 10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.12.002
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[59] P. Tyagi, T. Goulet, C. Riso, R. Stephenson, N. Chuenprateep, J. Schlitzer, C. Benton, F.

Garcia-Moreno
Reducing the roughness of internal surface of an additive manufacturing
produced 316 steel component by chempolishing and electropolishing
Addit. Manuf. (2019), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.001
Google Scholar

[60] B. Wysocki, J. Idaszek, J. Buhagiar, K. Szlązak, T. Brynk, K.J. Kurzydłowski, W. Święszkowski

The influence of chemical polishing of titanium scaffolds on their
mechanical strength and in-vitro cell response
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 95 (2019), pp. 428-439, 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.019
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[61] A.G. Demir, B. Previtali

Additive manufacturing of cardiovascular CoCr stents by selective laser
melting
Mater. Des., 119 (2017), pp. 338-350, 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.01.091
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 48/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[62] J.H. Jung, H.K. Park, B.S. Lee, J. Choi, B. Seo, H.K. Kim, G.H. Kim, H.G. Kim
Study on surface shape control of pure Ti fabricated by electron beam
melting using electrolytic polishing
Surf. Coat. Technol., 324 (2017), pp. 106-110, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.061
View PDF View article Google Scholar

[63] S. Amin Yavari, J. van der Stok, Y.C. Chai, R. Wauthle, Z. Tahmasebi Birgani, P. Habibovic, M.
Mulier, J. Schrooten, H. Weinans, A.A. Zadpoor
Bone regeneration performance of surface-treated porous titanium
Biomaterials, 35 (2014), pp. 6172-6181, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.054
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[64] A.R. McAndrew, M. Alvarez Rosales, P.A. Colegrove, J.R. Hönnige, A. Ho, R. Fayolle, K.
Eyitayo, I. Stan, P. Sukrongpang, A. Crochemore, Z. Pinter
Interpass rolling of Ti-6Al-4V wire + arc additively manufactured features
for microstructural refinement
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.006
Google Scholar

[65] P.A. Colegrove, F. Martina, M.J. Roy, B.A. Szost, S. Terzi, S.W. Williams, P.J. Withers, D. Jarvis
High pressure interpass rolling of Wire + Arc additively manufactured
titanium components
Adv. Mater. Res., 996 (2014), pp. 694-700, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.996.694
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[66] Y. Xie, H. Zhang, F. Zhou

Improvement in geometrical accuracy and mechanical property for arc-
based additive manufacturing using metamorphic rolling mechanism
J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME, 138 (2016), 10.1115/1.4032079
Google Scholar

[67] F. Martina, M.J. Roy, B.A. Szost, S. Terzi, P.A. Colegrove, S.W. Williams, P.J. Withers, J. Meyer,
M. Hofmann
Residual stress of as-deposited and rolled wire+arc additive
manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V components
Mater. Sci. Technol. (U. K.), 32 (2016), pp. 1439-1448, 10.1080/02670836.2016.1142704
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[68] J.R. Hönnige, P.A. Colegrove, B. Ahmad, M.E. Fitzpatrick, S. Ganguly, T.L. Lee, S.W. Williams
Residual stress and texture control in Ti-6Al-4V wire + arc additively
manufactured intersections by stress relief and rolling
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 49/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Mater. Des., 150 (2018), pp. 193-205, 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.065

View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[69] H. Springer, C. Baron, A. Szczepaniak, E.A. Jägle, M.B. Wilms, A. Weisheit, D. Raabe
Efficient additive manufacturing production of oxide- and nitride-
dispersion-strengthened materials through atmospheric reactions in
liquid metal deposition
Mater. Des., 111 (2016), pp. 60-69, 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.084
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[70] J.R. Hönnige, P.A. Colegrove, S. Ganguly, E. Eimer, S. Kabra, S. Williams

Control of residual stress and distortion in aluminium wire + arc additive
manufacture with rolling
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.015
Google Scholar

[71] X. Xu, S. Ganguly, J. Ding, P. Dirisu, F. Martina, X. Liu, S.W. Williams

Improving mechanical properties of wire plus arc additively
manufactured maraging steel through plastic deformation enhanced
aging response
Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2019), 10.1016/j.msea.2018.12.114
Google Scholar

[72] J. Gu, X. Wang, J. Bai, J. Ding, S. Williams, Y. Zhai, K. Liu

Deformation microstructures and strengthening mechanisms for the
wire+arc additively manufactured Al-Mg4.5Mn alloy with inter-layer
rolling
Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2018), 10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.113
Google Scholar

[73] J. Donoghue, A.A. Antonysamy, F. Martina, P.A. Colegrove, S.W. Williams, P.B. Prangnell
The effectiveness of combining rolling deformation with wire-arc
additive manufacture on β-grain refinement and texture modification in
Ti-6Al-4V
Mater. Charact., 114 (2016), pp. 103-114, 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.02.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[74] S. Bagherifard, N. Beretta, S. Monti, M. Riccio, M. Bandini, M. Guagliano

On the fatigue strength enhancement of additive manufactured AlSi10Mg
parts by mechanical and thermal post-processing
Mater. Des., 145 (2018), pp. 28-41, 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.055
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 50/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[75] P. Wen, M. Voshage, L. Jauer, Y. Chen, Y. Qin, R. Poprawe, J.H. Schleifenbaum

Laser additive manufacturing of Zn metal parts for biodegradable
applications: Processing, formation quality and mechanical properties
Mater. Des., 155 (2018), pp. 36-45, 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.05.057
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[76] C. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, P. Young

Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants
fabricated via selective laser melting
J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 51 (2015), pp. 61-73, 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.06.024
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[77] A. Ataee, Y. Li, D. Fraser, G. Song, C. Wen

Anisotropic Ti-6Al-4V gyroid scaffolds manufactured by electron beam
melting (EBM) for bone implant applications
Mater. Des., 137 (2018), pp. 345-354, 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.10.040
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[78] E. Maleki, O. Unal

Shot peening process effects on metallurgical and mechanical properties
of 316 L steel via: experimental and neural network modeling
Met. Mater. Int. (2019), 10.1007/s12540-019-00448-3
Google Scholar

[79] E. Maleki, O. Unal

Fatigue limit prediction and analysis of nano-structured AISI 304 steel by
severe shot peening via ANN
Eng. Comput. (2020), 10.1007/s00366-020-00964-6
Google Scholar

[80] E. Maleki, O. Unal, K. Reza Kashyzadeh

Surface layer nanocrystallization of carbon steels subjected to severe shot
peening: Analysis and optimization
Mater. Charact., 157 (2019), Article 109877, 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109877
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[81] S. Bagherifard, M.F. Molla, D. Kajanek, R. Donnini, B. Hadzima, M. Guagliano

Accelerated biodegradation and improved mechanical performance of
pure iron through surface grain refinement
Acta Biomater., 98 (2019), pp. 88-102, 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.033
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 51/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[82] E. Maleki, O. Unal, A. Amanov

Novel experimental methods for the determination of the boundaries
between conventional, severe and over shot peening processes
Surf. Interfaces, 13 (2018), pp. 233-254, 10.1016/j.surfin.2018.09.003
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[83] S. Bagherifard
Enhancing the structural performance of lightweight metals by shot
peening
Adv. Eng. Mater., 21 (2019), Article 1801140, 10.1002/adem.201801140
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[84] E. Salvati, A.J.G. Lunt, S. Ying, T. Sui, H.J. Zhang, C. Heason, G. Baxter, A.M. Korsunsky
Eigenstrain reconstruction of residual strains in an additively
manufactured and shot peened nickel superalloy compressor blade
Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. (2017), 10.1016/j.cma.2017.03.005
Google Scholar

[85] B. AlMangour, J.M. Yang

Integration of heat treatment with shot peening of 17-4 stainless steel
fabricated by direct metal laser sintering
JOM, 69 (2017), pp. 2309-2313, 10.1007/s11837-017-2538-9
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[86] B. AlMangour, J.M. Yang

Improving the surface quality and mechanical properties by shot-peening
of 17-4 stainless steel fabricated by additive manufacturing
Mater. Des., 110 (2016), pp. 914-924, 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.037
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[87] N.E. Uzan, S. Ramati, R. Shneck, N. Frage, O. Yeheskel

On the effect of shot-peening on fatigue resistance of AlSi10Mg
specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing using selective laser
melting (AM-SLM)
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.030
Google Scholar

[88] A. Maamoun, M. Elbestawi, S. Veldhuis

Influence of shot peening on AlSi10Mg parts fabricated by additive
manufacturing
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. (2018), 10.3390/jmmp2030040
Google Scholar
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 52/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[89] D. Manfredi, F. Calignano, E.P. Ambrosio, M. Krishnan, R. Canali, S. Biamino, M. Pavese, E.

Atzeni, L. Luliano, P. Fino, C. Badini
Direct Metal Laser Sintering: An additive manufacturing technology
ready to produce lightweight structural parts for robotic applications
Metall. Ital. (2013)
Google Scholar

[90] H. Soyama, Y. Okura

The use of various peening methods to improve the fatigue strength of
titanium alloy Ti6Al4V manufactured by electron beam melting
AIMS Mater. Sci., 5 (2018), pp. 1000-1015, 10.3934/MATERSCI.2018.5.1000
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[91] M. Sato, O. Takakuwa, M. Nakai, M. Niinomi, F. Takeo, H. Soyama

Using cavitation peening to improve the fatigue life of titanium alloy Ti-
6Al-4V manufactured by electron beam melting
Mater. Sci. Appl. (2016), 10.4236/msa.2016.74018
Google Scholar

[92] M. Benedetti, V. Fontanari, M. Bandini, F. Zanini, S. Carmignato

Low- and high-cycle fatigue resistance of Ti-6Al-4V ELI additively
manufactured via selective laser melting: Mean stress and defect
sensitivity
Int. J. Fatigue, 107 (2018), pp. 96-109, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.10.021
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[93] T.A. Book, M.D. Sangid

Evaluation of select surface processing techniques for in situ application
during the additive manufacturing build process
JOM, 68 (2016), pp. 1780-1792, 10.1007/s11837-016-1897-y
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[94] H. Soyama, K. Saito, M. Saka

Improvement of fatigue strength of aluminum alloy by cavitation
shotless peening
J. Eng. Mater. Technol. Trans. ASME, 124 (2002), pp. 135-139, 10.1115/1.1447926
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[95] H. Soyama, D. Sanders

Use of an abrasive water cavitating jet and peening process to improve
the fatigue strength of titanium alloy 6Al-4V manufactured by the

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 53/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

electron beam powder bed melting (EBPB) additive manufacturing

method
JOM, 71 (2019), pp. 4311-4318, 10.1007/s11837-019-03673-8
View in Scopus Google Scholar
[96] R. Karimbaev, Y.S. Pyun, E. Maleki, O. Unal, A. Amanov
An improvement in fatigue behavior of AISI 4340 steel by shot peening
and ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 791 (2020), Article 139752, 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139752
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[97] Y. Efe, I. Karademir, F. Husem, E. Maleki, R. Karimbaev, A. Amanov, O. Unal

Enhancement in microstructural and mechanical performance of AA7075
aluminum alloy via severe shot peening and ultrasonic nanocrystal
surface modification
Appl. Surf. Sci., 528 (2020), Article 146922, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146922
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[98] J.P.B.A. Sembiring, A. Amanov, Y.S. Pyun

Artificial neural network-based prediction model of residual stress and
hardness of nickel-based alloys for UNSM parameters optimization
Mater. Today Commun., 25 (2020), Article 101391, 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101391
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[99] A. Amanov, R. Karimbaev, E. Maleki, O. Unal, Y.S. Pyun, T. Amanov

Effect of combined shot peening and ultrasonic nanocrystal surface
modification processes on the fatigue performance of AISI 304
Surf. Coat. Technol., 358 (2019), pp. 695-705, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.100
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[100] C. Ma, M.T. Andani, H. Qin, N.S. Moghaddam, H. Ibrahim, A. Jahadakbar, A. Amerinatanzi,
Z. Ren, H. Zhang, G.L. Doll, Y. Dong, M. Elahinia, C. Ye
Improving surface finish and wear resistance of additive manufactured
nickel-titanium by ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 249 (2017), pp. 433-440, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.06.038
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[101] H. Zhang, R. Chiang, H. Qin, Z. Ren, X. Hou, D. Lin, G.L. Doll, V.K. Vasudevan, Y. Dong, C. Ye
The effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification on the fatigue
performance of 3D-printed Ti64
Int. J. Fatigue (2017), 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.05.019
Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 54/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[102] A. Amanov
Effect of local treatment temperature of ultrasonic nanocrystalline
surface modification on tribological behavior and corrosion resistance of
stainless steel 316L produced by selective laser melting
Surf. Coat. Technol., 398 (2020), Article 126080, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126080
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[103] M. seob Kim, W. jin Oh, G. yoon Baek, Y. kwan Jo, K. yong Lee, S. hu Park, D. sik Shim
Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification of high-speed tool steel (AISI
M4) layered via direct energy deposition
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 277 (2020), Article 116420, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116420
Google Scholar

[104] M.R. Hill, A.T. DeWald, A.G. Demma, L.A. Hackel, H.L. Chen, C. Brent Dane, R.C. Specht, F.B.
Harris
Laser peening technology
Adv. Mater. Process. (2003)
Google Scholar

[105] N. Kalentics, E. Boillat, P. Peyre, C. Gorny, C. Kenel, C. Leinenbach, J. Jhabvala, R.E. Logé
3D Laser shock peening – a new method for the 3D control of residual
stresses in selective laser melting
Mater. Des., 130 (2017), pp. 350-356, 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.083
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[106] N. Kalentics, E. Boillat, P. Peyre, S. Ćirić-Kostić, N. Bogojević, R.E. Logé

Tailoring residual stress profile of selective laser melted parts by laser
shock peening
Addit. Manuf. (2017), 10.1016/j.addma.2017.05.008
Google Scholar

[107] M. Laurençon, T. de Rességuier, D. Loison, J. Baillargeat, J.N.D. Ngnekou, Y. Nadot

Effects of additive manufacturing on the dynamic response of AlSi10Mg
to laser shock loading
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 748 (2019), pp. 407-417, 10.1016/j.msea.2019.02.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[108] S. Luo, W. He, K. Chen, X. Nie, L. Zhou, Y. Li

Regain the fatigue strength of laser additive manufactured Ti alloy via
laser shock peening
J. Alloy. Compd. (2018), 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.029
Google Scholar
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 55/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[109] W. Guo, R. Sun, B. Song, Y. Zhu, F. Li, Z. Che, B. Li, C. Guo, L. Liu, P. Peng
Laser shock peening of laser additive manufactured Ti6Al4V titanium
alloy
Surf. Coat. Technol., 349 (2018), pp. 503-510, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.020
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[110] I. Yeo, S. Bae, A. Amanov, S. Jeong

Effect of laser shock peening on properties of heat-treated Ti–6Al–4V
manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. – Green Technol. (2020), 10.1007/s40684-020-00234-2
Google Scholar

[111] Y. Okura, H. Sasaki, H. Soyama

Effect of mechanical properties on fatigue life enhancement of additive
manufactured titanium alloy treated by various peening methods
Lect. Notes Mech. Eng. (2020), 10.1007/978-981-15-0054-1_10
Google Scholar

[112] A.V. Gusarov, M. Pavlov, I. Smurov

Residual stresses at laser surface remelting and additive manufacturing
Phys. Proc., 12 (2011), pp. 248-254, 10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.032
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[113] E. Yasa, J.P. Kruth

Microstructural investigation of selective laser melting 316L stainless
steel parts exposed to laser re-melting
Proc. Eng., 19 (2011), pp. 389-395, 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.130
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[114] W. Yu, S.L. Sing, C.K. Chua, X. Tian

Influence of re-melting on surface roughness and porosity of AlSi10Mg
parts fabricated by selective laser melting
J. Alloy. Compd. (2019), 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.017
Google Scholar

[115] J. Vaithilingam, R.D. Goodridge, R.J.M. Hague, S.D.R. Christie, S. Edmondson

The effect of laser remelting on the surface chemistry of Ti6al4V
components fabricated by selective laser melting
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 232 (2016), pp. 1-8, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.01.022
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[116] E. Yasa, J. Deckers, J.P. Kruth

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 56/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

The investigation of the influence of laser re-melting on density, surface

quality and microstructure of selective laser melting parts
Rapid Prototyp. J. (2011), 10.1108/13552541111156450
Google Scholar
[117] L. Giorleo, E. Ceretti, C. Giardini
Ti surface laser polishing: effect of laser path and assist gas
Proc. CIRP, 33 (2015), pp. 446-451, 10.1016/j.procir.2015.06.102
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[118] A. Lamikiz, J.A. Sánchez, L.N. López de Lacalle, J.L. Arana

Laser polishing of parts built up by selective laser sintering
Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 47 (2007), pp. 2040-2050, 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2007.01.013
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[119] K.C. Yung, W.J. Wang, T.Y. Xiao, H.S. Choy, X.Y. Mo, S.S. Zhang, Z.X. Cai
Laser polishing of additive manufactured CoCr components for
controlling their wettability characteristics
Surf. Coat. Technol., 351 (2018), pp. 89-98, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.07.030
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[120] K.C. Yung, T.Y. Xiao, H.S. Choy, W.J. Wang, Z.X. Cai
Laser polishing of additive manufactured CoCr alloy components with
complex surface geometry
J. Mater. Process. Technol., 262 (2018), pp. 53-64, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.019
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[121] W.J. Wang, K.C. Yung, H.S. Choy, T.Y. Xiao, Z.X. Cai
Effects of laser polishing on surface microstructure and corrosion
resistance of additive manufactured CoCr alloys
Appl. Surf. Sci. (2018), 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.02.246
Google Scholar

[122] J. Dos Santos Solheid, H.J. Seifert, W. Pfleging

Laser surface modification and polishing of additive manufactured
metallic parts
Proc. CIRP (2018), 10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.111
Google Scholar

[123] Y. Tian, W.S. Gora, A.P. Cabo, L.L. Parimi, D.P. Hand, S. Tammas-Williams, P.B. Prangnell
Material interactions in laser polishing powder bed additive
manufactured Ti6Al4 V components
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.010
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 57/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Google Scholar
[124] M. Kahlin, H. Ansell, D. Basu, A. Kerwin, L. Newton, B. Smith, J.J. Moverare
Improved fatigue strength of additively manufactured Ti6Al4 V by
surface post processing
Int. J. Fatigue, 134 (2020), Article 105497, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105497
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[125] D.M. Mattox

Found. Vac. Coat. Technol. (2003), 10.1007/978-3-662-10329-6
Google Scholar

[126] E. Maleki, K.R.R. Kashyzadeh

Effects of the hardened nickel coating on the fatigue behavior of CK45
steel: Experimental, finite element method, and artificial neural network
modeling
Iran. J. Mater. Sci. Eng., 14 (2017), 10.22068/ijmse.14.4.81
Google Scholar

[127] P.D. Enrique, E. Marzbanrad, Y. Mahmoodkhani, Z. Jiao, E. Toyserkani, N.Y. Zhou

Surface modification of binder-jet additive manufactured Inconel 625 via
electrospark deposition
Surf. Coat. Technol., 362 (2019), pp. 141-149, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.108
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[128] S. Valkov, R. Bezdushnyi, P. Petrov

Synthesis, structure and mechanical properties of Ti-Al-Nb coatings
formed by electron beam additive technique
Vacuum, 156 (2018), pp. 140-145, 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.07.021
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[129] S. Yao, T. Wang

Improved surface of additive manufactured products by coating
J. Manuf. Process., 24 (2016), pp. 212-216, 10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.09.007
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[130] Z. Chang, W. Wang, Y. Ge, J. Zhou, Z. Cui

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-Cr-Si-B-Fe composite
coating fabricated through laser additive manufacturing
J. Alloy. Compd. (2018), 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.296
Google Scholar

[131] M. Ansari, R. Shoja-Razavi, M. Barekat, H.C. Man

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 58/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

High-temperature oxidation behavior of laser-aided additively

manufactured NiCrAlY coating
Corros. Sci., 118 (2017), pp. 168-177, 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.02.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar
[132] Y. Li, H. Jahr, P. Pavanram, F.S.L. Bobbert, U. Puggi, X.Y. Zhang, B. Pouran, M.A. Leeflang, H.
Weinans, J. Zhou, A.A. Zadpoor
Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous iron
Acta Biomater. (2019), 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.013
Google Scholar

[133] X. Liu, P.K. Chu, C. Ding

Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials
for biomedical applications
Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep., 47 (2004), pp. 49-121, 10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[134] C. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, Q. Wei, Y. Shi

Microstructural and surface modifications and hydroxyapatite coating of
Ti-6Al-4 V triply periodic minimal surface lattices fabricated by selective
laser melting
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 75 (2017), pp. 1515-1524, 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.066
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[135] T. Kokubo
Formation of biologically active bone-like apatite on metals and
polymers by a biomimetic process
Thermochim. Acta, 280–281 (1996), pp. 479-490, 10.1016/0040-6031(95)02784-X
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[136] M. Croes, S. Bakhshandeh, I.A.J. van Hengel, K. Lietaert, K.P.M. van Kessel, B. Pouran,
B.C.H. van der Wal, H.C. Vogely, W. Van Hecke, A.C. Fluit, C.H.E. Boel, J. Alblas, A.A.
Zadpoor, H. Weinans, S. Amin Yavari
Antibacterial and immunogenic behavior of silver coatings on additively
manufactured porous titanium
Acta Biomater., 81 (2018), pp. 315-327, 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.051
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[137] Y. Kirmanidou, M. Sidira, M.E. Drosou, V. Bennani, A. Bakopoulou, A. Tsouknidas, N.

Michailidis, K. Michalakis
New Ti-alloys and surface modifications to improve the mechanical
properties and the biological response to orthopedic and dental

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 59/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

implants: a review
Biomed. Res. Int., 2016 (2016), pp. 1-21, 10.1155/2016/2908570
Google Scholar
[138] K.C. Nune, R.D.K. Misra, X. Gai, S.J. Li, Y.L. Hao
Surface nanotopography-induced favorable modulation of bioactivity and
osteoconductive potential of anodized 3D printed Ti-6Al-4 V alloy mesh
structure
J. Biomater. Appl., 32 (2018), pp. 1032-1048, 10.1177/0885328217748860
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[139] S. Amin Yavari, Y.C. Chai, A.J. Böttger, R. Wauthle, J. Schrooten, H. Weinans, A.A. Zadpoor
Effects of anodizing parameters and heat treatment on
nanotopographical features, bioactivity, and cell culture response of
additively manufactured porous titanium
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 51 (2015), pp. 132-138, 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.050
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[140] G.A. Longhitano, M.A. Arenas, A. Conde, M.A. Larosa, A.L. Jardini, C.A. de C. Zavaglia, J.J.
Damborenea
Heat treatments effects on functionalization and corrosion behavior of
Ti-6Al-4 V ELI alloy made by additive manufacturing
J. Alloy. Compd., 765 (2018), pp. 961-968, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.06.319
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[141] R.I. Revilla, H. Terryn, I. De Graeve

Role of Si in the anodizing behavior of Al-Si alloys: additive
manufactured and cast Al-Si10-Mg
J. Electrochem. Soc. (2018), 10.1149/2.1301809jes
Google Scholar

[142] A.R. Rafieerad, M.R. Ashra, R. Mahmoodian, A.R. Bushroa

Surface characterization and corrosion behavior of calcium phosphate-
base composite layer on titanium and its alloys via plasma electrolytic
oxidation: a review paper
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 57 (2015), pp. 397-413, 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.058
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[143] H. Ibrahim, S.N. Esfahani, B. Poorganji, D. Dean, M. Elahinia

Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 70 (2017), pp. 870-888, 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 60/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

[144] I.A.J. van Hengel, M. Riool, L.E. Fratila-Apachitei, J. Witte-Bouma, E. Farrell, A.A. Zadpoor,
S.A.J. Zaat, I. Apachitei
Selective laser melting porous metallic implants with immobilized silver
nanoparticles kill and prevent biofilm formation by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Biomaterials, 140 (2017), pp. 1-15, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.030
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[145] Z. Gorgin Karaji, R. Hedayati, B. Pouran, I. Apachitei, A.A. Zadpoor

Effects of plasma electrolytic oxidation process on the mechanical
properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials
Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 76 (2017), pp. 406-416, 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.079
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[146] H. Kovacı
Comparison of the microstructural, mechanical and wear properties of
plasma oxidized Cp-Ti prepared by laser powder bed fusion additive
manufacturing and forging processes
Surf. Coat. Technol., 374 (2019), pp. 987-996, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.095
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[147] Y. Sun, R.J. Hebert, M. Aindow

Effect of heat treatments on microstructural evolution of additively
manufactured and wrought 17-4PH stainless steel
Mater. Des. (2018), 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.07.015
Google Scholar

[148] M.D. Sangid, T.A. Book, D. Naragani, J. Rotella, P. Ravi, A. Finch, P. Kenesei, J.S. Park, H.
Sharma, J. Almer, X. Xiao
Role of heat treatment and build orientation in the microstructure
sensitive deformation characteristics of IN718 produced via SLM additive
manufacturing
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.032
Google Scholar

[149] W. Tillmann, C. Schaak, J. Nellesen, M. Schaper, M.E. Aydinöz, K.P. Hoyer

Hot isostatic pressing of IN718 components manufactured by selective
laser melting
Addit. Manuf. (2017), 10.1016/j.addma.2016.11.006
Google Scholar

[150] A. Yegyan Kumar, Y. Bai, A. Eklund, C.B. Williams

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 61/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

The effects of hot isostatic pressing on parts fabricated by binder jetting

additive manufacturing
Addit. Manuf. (2018), 10.1016/j.addma.2018.09.021
Google Scholar
[151] S. Hafenstein, E. Werner
Pressure dependence of age-hardenability of aluminum cast alloys and
coarsening of precipitates during hot isostatic pressing
Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 757 (2019), pp. 62-69, 10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.077
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[152] A. du Plessis, E. Macdonald

Hot isostatic pressing in metal additive manufacturing: X-ray
tomography reveals details of pore closure
Addit. Manuf. (2020), 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101191
Google Scholar

[153] A. Cheng, A. Humayun, D.J. Cohen, B.D. Boyan, Z. Schwartz

Additively manufactured 3D porous Ti-6Al-4 V constructs mimic
trabecular bone structure and regulate osteoblast proliferation,
differentiation and local factor production in a porosity and surface
roughness dependent manner
Biofabrication, 6 (2014), Article 045007, 10.1088/1758-5082/6/4/045007
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[154] A. Kopp, T. Derra, M. Müther, L. Jauer, J.H. Schleifenbaum, M. Voshage, O. Jung, R. Smeets,
N. Kröger
Influence of design and postprocessing parameters on the degradation
behavior and mechanical properties of additively manufactured
magnesium scaffolds
Acta Biomater. (2019), 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.012
Google Scholar

[155] H. Masuo, Y. Tanaka, S. Morokoshi, H. Yagura, T. Uchida, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Murakami

Influence of defects, surface roughness and HIP on the fatigue strength of
Ti-6Al-4 V manufactured by additive manufacturing
Int. J. Fatigue, 117 (2018), pp. 163-179, 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.07.020
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[156] M. Hamidi Nasab, A. Giussani, D. Gastaldi, V. Tirelli, M. Vedani

Effect of surface and subsurface defects on fatigue behavior of AlSi10Mg
alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 62/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

Metals (Basel) (2019), 10.3390/met9101063

Google Scholar
[157] Y. Estrin, A. Vinogradov
Extreme grain refinement by severe plastic deformation: a wealth of
challenging science
Acta Mater., 61 (2013), pp. 782-817, 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.038
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[158] S.W. Williams, F. Martina, A.C. Addison, J. Ding, G. Pardal, P. Colegrove

Wire + Arc additive manufacturing
Mater. Sci. Technol. (U. K.), 32 (2016), pp. 641-647, 10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000073
View in Scopus Google Scholar

[159] Y. Duan, J. Zhao, J. Chen, G. Bai

A risk matrix analysis method based on potential risk influence: A case
study on cryogenic liquid hydrogen filling system
Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 102 (2016), pp. 277-287, 10.1016/j.psep.2016.03.022
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[160] A.S. Markowski, M.S. Mannan

Fuzzy risk matrix
J. Hazard. Mater., 159 (2008), pp. 152-157, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.055
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

[161] L. Lu, W. Liang, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, Z. Lu, J. Shan

A comprehensive risk evaluation method for natural gas pipelines by
combining a risk matrix with a bow-tie model
J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 25 (2015), pp. 124-133, 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.029
View PDF View article View in Scopus Google Scholar

Cited by (362)

Multi-layer cutting path planning for composite enclosed cavity in additive and
subtractive hybrid manufacturing
2025, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Show abstract

In situ preparation of nano cone-like structures on 3D printed titanium alloy

implants via one-step femtosecond laser manufacturing for better
osseointegration, anti-corrosion, and anti-fatigue
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 63/64
8/3/24, 4:12 PM Surface post-treatments for metal additive manufacturing: Progress, challenges, and opportunities - ScienceDirect

2025, Journal of Materials Science and Technology

Show abstract

Evaluating fatigue onset in metallic materials: Problem, current focus and

future perspectives
2024, International Journal of Fatigue
Show abstract

Privacy-preserving federated transfer learning for defect identification from

highly imbalanced image data in additive manufacturing
2024, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Show abstract

Shot peening coverage effect on laser powder bed fused steel

2024, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
Show abstract

Temperature-induced wear micro-mechanism transition in additively

deposited nickel alloys with different solid lubricants
2024, Wear

Show abstract

View all citing articles on Scopus

View Abstract

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V., its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI
training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221486042030991X?casa_token=reNQXkm-GDUAAAAA:0NWbeyNQxgVLscQV0lLum6GL… 64/64