Scribd
Upload
88 views27 pages

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

joyce jabile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
88 views27 pages

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

joyce jabile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Mathematics in the Modern World

CHAPTER 4:
Statistics
Mathematics in the Modern World

The Arithmetic Mean


Statistics involves the collection, organization,
summarization, presentation, and interpretation
of data. The branch of statistics that involves the
collection, organization, summarization, and
presentation of data is called descriptive
statistics. The branch that interprets and draws
conclusions from the data is called inferential
statistics.
Mathematics in the Modern World

One of the most basic statistical


concepts involves finding measures
of central tendency of a set of
numerical data. It is often helpful to
find numerical values that locate, in
some sense, the center of a set of
data.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Suppose Elle is a senior at a university. In a few


months she plans to graduate and start a career
as a landscape architect. A survey of five
landscape architects from last year’s senior
class shows that they received job offers with
the following yearly salaries.

$43,750 $39,500 $38,000 $41,250 $44,000


Mathematics in the Modern World

Before Elle interviews for a job, she


wishes to determine an average of these
5 salaries. This average should be a
“central” number around which the
salaries cluster. We will consider three
types of averages, known as the
arithmetic mean, the median, and the
mode. Each of these averages is a
Mathematics in the Modern World

The arithmetic mean is the most commonly


used measure of central tendency. The
arithmetic mean of a set of numbers is often
referred to as simply the mean. To find the
mean for a set of data, find the sum of the
data values and divide by the number of data
values. For instance, to find the mean of the
5 salaries, Elle would divide the sum of the
salaries by 5.
Mathematics in the Modern World
Mathematics in the Modern World

In statistics it is often necessary to find


the sum of a set of numbers. The
traditional symbol used to indicate a
summation is the Greek letter sigma, Σ.
Thus the notation Σx, called summation
notation, denotes the sum of all the
numbers in a given set. We cam define
the mean using summation notation.
Mathematics in the Modern World
Mathematics in the Modern World

Statisticians often collect data from small


portions of a large group in order to determine
information about the group. In such situations
the entire group under consideration is knows as
the population, and any subset of the population
is called a sample. It is traditional to denote the
mean of a sample by x̄ (which is read as “x bar”)
and to denote the mean of a population by the
Greek letter μ (lowercase mu).
Mathematics in the Modern World

Example 1: Find a Mean

Six friends in a biology class of 20


students received test grades of
92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90
Find the mean of these test scores.
Mathematics in the Modern World
Mathematics in the Modern World

The Median
Another type of average is the median.
Essentially, the median is the middle number
or the mean of the two middle numbers in a
list of numbers that have been arranged in
numerical order from smallest to largest or
largest to smallest. Any list of numbers that
is arranged in numerical order from smallest
to largest or largest to smallest is a ranked
Mathematics in the Modern World

Median
The median of a ranked list of n numbers
is:
• the middle number if n is odd
• the mean of the two middle numbers
if n is even.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Example 2: Find a Median

Find the median of the data in the following lists.


a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
Mathematics in the Modern World

Solution:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
= 1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21
=9
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
= 23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108
= 83
Mathematics in the Modern World

The Mode
The mode of a list of numbers is the
number that occurs most frequently.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Some lists of numbers do not have a


mode. For instance, in the list 1, 6, 8, 10,
32, 15, 49, each number occurs exactly
once. Because no number occurs more
than often than the other numbers, there
is no mode.
Mathematics in the Modern World

A list of numerical data can have more


than one mode. For instance, in the list 4,
2, 6, 2, 7, 9, 2, 4, 9, 8, 9, 7, the number 2
occurs three times and the number 9
occurs three times. Each of the other
numbers occurs less than three times.
Thus 2 and 9 are both modes for the data.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Example 3: Find a Mode


Find the mode for the following lists.
a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21
b. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
Mathematics in the Modern World

Solution:
a. 15
b. None
Mathematics in the Modern World

The Weighted Mean


A value called the weighted mean is
often used when some data values more
important than others.
Mathematics in the Modern World
Mathematics in the Modern World

Example 4: Find a Weighted Mean

Many colleges use the 4-point grading system:


A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0
A student’s grade point average (GPA) is
calculated as a weighted mean, where the
student’s grade in each course is given a weight
equal to the number of units (or credits) that
course is worth.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Course grade Course units

English B 4
History A 3
Chemistry D 3
Algebra C 4

The Table shows Dillon’s fall semester


course grades. Use the weighted mean
formula to find Dillon’s GPA for the fall
semester.
Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Course grade Course units

English B 4
History A 3
Chemistry D 3
Algebra C 4
Mathematics in the Modern World

Thank you!

You might also like