INDIRA GANDHI MEMORIAL HIGH

SCHOOL
DUM DUM

AISSCE-2024-2025
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME : ROUNAK BISWAS
CLASS : XII
ROLL NUMBER :
 CERTIFICATE
I, Rounak Biswas bearing roll number-
hereby
declare that the ‘physics investigatory project’ on the
topic of “Full Wave Centre Tapped Rectifier Circuit”
has been completed by Rounak Biswas of class XII
under the guidance of my physics teachers Ms.Saheli
Bandyopadhyay and Ms.Moumita Sarkar in particular
fulfilment of curriculum of CBSE leading to award of
AISSCE Examination of the year 2024-2025.

_____________ ____________
Signature of Signature of
Internal External
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teachers Ms.Saheli Bandyopadhyay and
Ms.Moumita Sarkar who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic of
“Full Wave Centre Tapped Rectifier Circuit” which
also helped in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about many valuable information which I can be
really be thankful to them.

__________________
Signature of Student
 INDEX

SL NO TOPIC
1. OBJECTIVE
2. INTRODUCTION
3. MATERIALS REQUIRED
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PROCEDURE
6. CALCULATIVE THEORY
7. GRAPHS AND WAVEFROMS
8. APPLICATION
9. MERITS AND DEMERITS
10. COMPARISON BETWEEN FULL
WAVE AND HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.WEBSITES
-www.wikipedia.org
-www.ask.com
-www.circuitbread.com
-www.archive.nptel.ac.in
2.BOOKS
-comprehensive practical manual for class XII
- Physics NCERT Class XII Part II.
- Physics galaxy-EMF and ALTERNATING
CURRENT , Vol-IIIB.
 OBJECTIVE
To construct a full wave centre tapped rectifier circuit
with C filter and show that Alternating Current is
rectified into Direct Current.
 INTRODUCTION
A full wave rectifier device is used to rectify all the
Alternating current components in an alternation supply
and make it purely a direct current. The two alternating
halves of an alternating current are rectified in a full
wave rectifier which is an advantage over a half wave
rectifier. Most electronic devices cannot withstand very
high voltage of alternating current due to its intense
power . The use of batteries in all devices is not
practical as their replacement and durability is a huge
problem as the device has to be dismantled each time
for such a replacement. So, these rectifiers are used in
most of the electronic devices like TV’s, Radios ,
Chargers and Lightings etc.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Cardboard
 Yellow chart paper
 STEP-DOWN Transformer [6-0-6 220V AC to
6V AC 500mA]
 Rectifier P-N Junction Diode [ 1N4007 1A]
 Resistance [ 470 Ohm]
 LED [ 5mm 3V-6V ]
 Capacitor [ 25V 220uF ]
 Connecting Wires
 Connecting Cable
 Electrical Insulation Tapes
 CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM

FULL WAVE CENTRE TAPPED RECTIFIER CIRCUIT WITH C FILTER

 PROCEDURE
CONNECTION DETAILS: connections are done as
in the circuit. The A.C supply is given to both the input
wires of the transformer and the two ends of the
secondary coil is given to the P side of the two rectifier
diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and the
connected to one end of the capacitor and the other end
to the resistor. Further, the other end of the capacitor is
with the diode connection is connected to the other end
of the resistor . The two ends of the resistor in then
connected to the positive and negative terminals of the
LED.

Firstly when I AC is supplied to the transformer , it

steps down 220V main supply to 6V. It has capability
od delivering a current of 500mA. The 6 volt A.C
appearing across the secondary is the RMS value and
the peak value is 8.4 volts. During the 1st half cycle of
the A.C input diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2
is reverse biased hence D2 does not conduct any current
. During the next half cycle , the diode D2 is forward
biased and D1 is reverse biased , so D1 does not
conduct any current. In subsequent half cycles of the
A.C the above processes are repeated.
In both the half cycle it is clear that current flows
through the resistor in only one direction. Even though
the voltage across RL is unidirectional and it will still
contain a few A.C components . This is filtered and
made smooth using a capacitor , which filters 99% of
the A.C current. A resistor is then used to adjust the
voltage. As only one capacitor and resistance are being
used , there will be slight factor of A.C current still left
in the output but it is negligible. The output Direct
Current and voltage will light up the LED without any
flickering .
 CALCULATIVE THEORY
DC or average current -
2π 2π
1
I dc = ∫ ❑i1 d ( ωt ) + 21π ∫ ❑i2 d ( ωt )
2π 0 0
2π
1 1
¿ π
I m sin ωtd ( ωt ) +0+ 0+¿ ∫ ❑ I m sin ωtd ( ωt )
2π 0
2 π∫ ❑
0
Im Im 2Im
¿ + = =0.636 I m
π π π

DC output voltage -
The dc output voltage across load is given by
2 I m RL
V dc =I dc × R L = =0.636 I m R L
π

Thus the dc output voltage is twice that of a half wave rectifier.

RMS CURRENT :
The RMS value of the current is given by

[ ]
π 1
1 2
I rms = ∫ ❑t 2 d (ωt )
π 0

Since current is of the two same form in the two halves

[ ]
2 π 1
Im 2
¿
π 0
∫ ❑ sin ⁡ωtd(ωt) = Im/1.414
2

Rectifier Efficiency-
The rectifier efficiency is defined as
P dc
η=
P ac

Now,
2 2
Pdc =( V dc ) / R L=( 2V m /π )
And,
2
Pac =( V rms )2 / R L=( V m / √ 2 )

Therefore,
2
P dc ( 2V m /π ) 8
η= = =
P ac ( V m / √ 2 )2 π 2
¿ 0.812=81.2 %

Ripple Factor-
The form factor of rectified output voltage of a full wave rectifier is given by

I rms I m / √ 2
F= = =1.11
I dc 2 I m /π

The ripple factor γ is defined as (using ac circuit theory)

[( ) ]
1 1
I rms 2
−1 =( F −1 )
2 2
γ=
I dc
¿

This is a great improvement over the half wave rectifier's ripple factor which
was 1.21.

Regulation-
The dc output voltage is given by
2 I m RL 2V m R L
V dc ¿ =
π π ( R f + R L)
¿ ¿

GRAPHS AND
WAVEFROMS
APPLICATION
  Used to detect the amplitude of modulated
radio signal
 It provides stable DC power to sensitive
measuring equipment like oscilloscopes.
 Full wave rectifiers are used in battery chargers
for laptops and phones.
 Full wave rectifiers are used to supply polarised
voltage in welding.
 Full wave rectifiers are used in motor control
circuits to control components like
relays,solenoids.

MERITS AND
DEMERITS
MERITS:
 The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifier is
double of that a half wave rectifiers
 The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency
so a simple filtering circuit is required
 Higher output voltage , higher output power and
higher TUF in case of a full wave rectifier
 In a full wave rectifier , there is no problem due to
DC saturation of the core as the DC currents in the
two halves of the transformer secondary flow in
opposite directions.

DEMERITS:
 Full wave circuit rectifiers need more electrical
components and is costlier.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FULL WAVE

AND HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 Types of Rectifier
Sl no Parameter Half Wave Full Wave

1. Number of Diodes 1 2

2. V(DC) Vm/π 2Vm/π

3. Peak Inverse Vm 2Vm

Voltage
4. Ripple factor 1.12 0.48

5. Rectifier efficiency 40.6% 81.2%

6. Transformer 0.287 0.693

Utilisation Factor

7. Form factor 1.57 1.11