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Satanphop Amsupan
Academic Qualifications:
 MSc: Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
 BEng: Welding Engineering Technology
 Diploma: Welding Engineering; Welding and Blacksmithing Trade

Professional Qualifications:
 Council Member of Welding Institute of Malaysia
 Chartered Engineer (CEng, UK)
 Professional Member of the Welding Institute, and the Institute of Materials,
Appreciation of Minerals & Mining Satanphop Amsupan
BEng, MSc, CEng,
Basic NDT  Technical Committee international welding conference MWeldI, MIMMM,
CertIWE
 Certified Welding Engineer
Techniques in  Certified CSWIP (SWI, MT, PT, RI, UT, ACFM)
Welding  Certified API 580 – Risk Based‐Inspection

Satanphop Amsupan
 CQI and IRCA Certified ISO 9001:2015 lead Auditor
Country Manager

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Satanphop Amsupan TWI Global Profile

Background
Over 10 years of experience in life management, risk assessment and plant asset integrity issues for the power
generation, oil & gas and process sectors. Currently based in Thailand as Country Manager, provides consultancy
services throughout South East Asia.
 Membership based RTO
 Established in 1946
Present work  £80M annual turnover
 Develop integrated data management system and risk based inspection software for oil and gas and power
industry sectors;  £75M of R&D in materials joining,
 Implement and conduct risk based‐inspection (RBI) approaches for static equipment, pipeline and facility; structural integrity and NDT
 Develop of Asset Integrity Management (AIM) approach for Offshore Platform, Refinery, Power generator etc.;
 Failure investigation;  Global Network of over 1800
 NDT assessment validation and possibility of detection; Industrial Members in 70 countries
 Welding engineering consultancy (metallic and non‐metallic);
 Independent third party witness and inspection;
 Over 700 consultants, scientists &
 Bespoke TWI software (RISKWISE and Weldspec), replication, welding metallurgy, and welding inspection. engineers

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TWI capabilities & experience TWI Global Members

TWI presence worldwide

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What is NDT?
Non‐destructive testing is the generic title given to
those methods of testing, examination or inspection,
which by virtue of the methods used, do not render the
material, component or structure unfit for further use.
Introduction

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What Can it Achieve? Conventional NDT methods

 Flaw detection and evaluation.  Visual testing.
 Dimensional measurements.  Penetrant testing.
 Magnetic particle inspection.
 Structure and microstructure characterisation.  Ultrasonic testing.
 Estimation of mechanical and physical  Radiographic testing.
properties.  Radiographic interpretation.
 Material sorting and chemical composition
determination.

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Advanced NDT Methods

Not Included in This Discussion Certification Schemes
 Eddy current testing  EN 473/ISO 9712: Central ‐ Third party
 Time of flight diffraction. certification:
 Phased array ultrasonics.  PCN.
 Digital radiography.  CSWIP.
 Alternating current field measurement.  ASNT ACCP: ASNT centralised
 Acoustic emission. certification programme.
 Laser shearography.  Recommended practice SNT‐TC‐1A: In
 Remote field eddy current. house scheme.
 Magnetic flux leakage.  EN4179/NAS410: In house scheme for
aerospace sector.
 BGAS – CSWIP: For pipe‐line inspectors.

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Certification Schemes Product Technology

 Training.  NDT is a tool for finding defects or flaws.

 Experience.  An NDT operator must therefore possess detailed

product awareness.
 Examination.
 He/she is examined on his/her knowledge of product
 Recertification. technology.

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NDT Inspector/Operator Duties Where Defects Come From

Must: Stages in a product life cycle where defects can occur:
Observe
 To observe all relevant actions related to quality throughout  Inherent: Introduced during manufacture.
production.
 Processing: Introduced during installation.
Record
 To record, or log all production inspection points relevant to quality,  In Service: Introduced during use.
including a final report showing all identified imperfections.
Compare
 To compare all recorded information with the acceptance criteria
and any other relevant clauses in the applied application standard.

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Non‐Destructive Testing
Surface crack detection
Conventional NDT methods Introduction  Visual inspection (VI or VT)
Visual inspection  Liquid penetrant (PT or dye‐penetrant).
Penetrant Testing  Magnetic particle inspection (MT or MPI).
Magnetic particle inspection Volumetric inspection
Ultrasonic Testing  Ultrasonics (UT).
Radiographic Testing  Radiography (RT).
Each technique has advantages and disadvantages with
respect to:
 Technical capability and cost.
Note: The choice of NDT techniques is based on consideration of these
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Standard for Visual Inspection

Basic Requirements
BS EN ISO 17637 ‐ Non‐destructive examination of
fusion welds ‐ Visual examination.
Welding Inspection Personnel should:

Visual Inspection  Be familiar with relevant standards, rules and specifications

applicable to the fabrication work to be undertaken.
 Be informed about the welding procedures to be used.
 Have good vision (which should be checked every 12 months).

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Welding Inspection Welding Inspection

Conditions for Visual Inspection (to BS EN ISO 17637) Aids to Visual Inspection (to BS EN ISO 17637)

Illumination:
 350 lux minimum required.  When access is restricted may use:
 (recommends 500 lux ‐ normal shop or office lighting).  A mirrored borescope.
 A fibre optic viewing system.
} usually by agreement
Vision access:
 Eye should be within 600mm of the surface.
 Viewing angle (line from eye to surface) to be not less than 30°. Other aids:
 Welding gauges (for checking bevel angles, weld profile, fillet sizing,
undercut depth).
600mm  Dedicated weld‐gap gauges and linear misalignment (high‐low) gauges.
 Straight edges and measuring tapes.
30°  Magnifying lens (if magnification lens used it should have magnification
between X2 to X5).

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Welding Inspectors Equipment Inspection Equipment

Measuring devices:
 Flexible tape, steel rule.
 Temperature indicating crayons.
 Welding gauges.
 Voltmeter.
 Ammeter.
 Magnifying glass
 Torch/flash light.
 Gas flowmeter.

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Penetrant Testing
Main features:
 Detection of surface breaking defects only.
 This test method uses the forces of capillary action.
 Applicable on any material type, as long they are non
Penetrant Testing (PT) porous.
 Penetrants are available in many different types:
 Water washable contrast.

 Solvent removable contrast.

 Water washable fluorescent.

 Solvent removable fluorescent.

 Post‐emulsifiable fluorescent.

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Penetrant Testing Penetrant Testing

Step 1: Pre‐cleaning Step 2: Apply penetrant
 Ensure surface is very clean normally with the use of a solvent.  After the application, the penetrant is normally left on the components
surface for approximately 15‐20 minutes (dwell time).
 The penetrant enters any defects that may be present by capillary action.

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Penetrant Testing Penetrant Testing

Step 3: Clean off penetrant Step 3: Apply developer
 The penetrant is removed after sufficient penetration time (dwell time).  After the penetrant has be cleaned sufficiently, a thin layer of developer is
 Care must be taken not to wash any penetrant out off any defects present. applied.
 The developer acts as a contrast against the penetrant and allows for
reverse capillary action to take place.

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Penetrant Testing Penetrant Testing

Step 4: Inspection/development time Fluorescent penetrant
 Inspection should take place immediately after the developer has been Bleed out viewed under a
applied. UV‐A light source
 any defects present will show as a bleed out during development time.
 After full inspection has been carried out post cleaning is generally
required.

Bleed out viewed

under white light Colour contrast Penetrant
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Penetrant Testing Penetrant Testing

Comparison with magnetic particle inspection

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages

 Simple to use.  Surface breaking defect only.  Easy to interpret results.
 Inexpensive.  Little indication of depths.  No power requirements.
 Quick results.  Penetrant may contaminate  Relatively little training required.
 Can be used on any non‐porous component.  Can use on all materials.
material.  Surface preparation critical.
 Portability.  Post cleaning required.
Disadvantages
 Low operator skill required.  Potentially hazardous chemicals.
 Can not test unlimited times.  Good surface finish needed.
 Temperature dependant.  Relatively slow.
 Chemicals ‐ health and safety issue.

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Any Questions

?
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

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Magnetic Particle Testing Magnetic Particle Testing

Main features: Collection
 Surface and slight sub‐surface detection. of ink
 Relies on magnetization of component being tested. particles
 Only ferro‐magnetic materials can be tested. due to
 A magnetic field is introduced into a specimen being tested. leakage
 Methods of applying a magnetic field, yoke, permanent magnet,
prods and flexible cables. field
 Fine particles of iron powder are applied to the test area.
 Any defect which interrupts the magnetic field, will create a Electro‐magnet (yoke) DC or AC
leakage field, which attracts the particles.
 Any defect will show up as either a dark indication or in the case of
fluorescent particles under UV‐A light a green/yellow indication.

Prods DC or AC
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Magnetic Particle Testing Magnetic Particle Testing

A crack like
indication

Alternatively to contrast inks, fluorescent inks may be used for

greater sensitivity. These inks require a UV‐A light source and a
darkened viewing area to inspect the component.

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Magnetic Particle Testing Magnetic Particle Testing

Typical sequence of operations to inspect a weld
 Clean area to be tested. Disadvantages
Advantages
 Apply contrast paint.
 Simple to use.  Surface or slight sub‐
 Apply magnetisism to the component. surface detection only.
 Apply ferro‐magnetic ink to the component during magnatising.
 Inexpensive.
 Magnetic materials only.
 Iterpret the test area.  Rapid results.
 No indication of defects
 Post clean and de‐magnatise if required.  Little surface preparation depths.
required.  Only suitable for linear
 Possible to inspect defects.
through thin coatings.  Detection is required in
two directions.
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Magnetic Particle Testing

Comparison with penetrant testing

Advantages
Any Questions
 Much quicker than PT.
 Instant results.

?
 Can detect near‐surface imperfections (by current flow technique).
 Less surface preparation needed.
Disadvantages
 Only suitable for ferromagnetic materials.
 Electrical power for most techniques.
 May need to de‐magnetise (machine components).

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Ultrasonic Testing
Main features:
 Surface and sub‐surface detection.
 This detection method uses high frequency sound waves, typically above
2MHz to pass through a material.
 A probe is used which contains a piezo electric crystal to transmit and
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) receive ultrasonic pulses and display the signals on a cathode ray tube or
digital display.
 The actual display relates to the time taken for the ultrasonic pulses to
travel the distance to the interface and back.
 An interface could be the back of a plate material or a defect.
 For ultrasound to enter a material a couplant must be introduced between
the probe and specimen.

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Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing

Digital
Pulse echo
UT Set,
signals A scan
display

Compression probe Checking the material Thickness

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Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing

UT set
A scan
display

Angle probe
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Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing

Comparison with radiography
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages
 Rapid results.  Trained and skilled operator  Good for planar defects.
required.
 Both surface and sub‐surface  Good for thick sections.
detection.  Requires high operator skill.
 Instant results.
 Safe.  Good surface finish required.
 Can use on complex joints.
 Capable of measuring the depth of  Defect identification.
defects.  Can automate.
 Couplant may contaminate.
 May be battery powered.  Very portable.
 No permanent record.
 Portable.  No safety problems (parallel working is possible).
 Calibration required.
 Low capital and running costs.
 Ferritic Material (mostly).

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Ultrasonic Testing
Comparison with radiography

Disadvantages
Any Questions
 No permanent record (with standard equipment).

?
 Not suitable for very thin joints <8mm.
 Reliant on operator interpretation.
 Not good for sizing porosity.
 Good/smooth surface profile needed.
 Not suitable for coarse grain materials (eg, castings).
 Ferritic materials (with standard equipment).

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Radiographic Testing
The principles of radiography
 X‐ray or Gamma radiation is imposed upon a test object.
 Radiation is transmitted to varying degrees dependant upon the
density of the material through which it is travelling.
Radiographic Testing (RT)  Thinner areas and materials of a less density show as darker
areas on the radiograph.
 Thicker areas and materials of a greater density show as lighter
areas on a radiograph.
 Applicable to metals, non‐metals and composites.

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Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing

Source

Image quality indicator

Radiation beam

X–rays Gamma rays

Electrically generated. Generated by the decay of Test specimen
unstable atoms. Radiographic film

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Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing

Source Density ‐ relates to the degree of darkness.
Image quality indicator
Radiation beam

Densitometer

Test specimen Contrast ‐ relates to the degree of difference.

Definition ‐ relates to the degree of sharpness.

Radiographic film with latent image after exposure Sensitivity ‐ relates to the overall quality of the radiograph.

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Radiographic Sensitivity Radiographic Sensitivity

Step/hole type IQI

7FE12

Wire type IQI

Step/Hole type IQI Wire type IQI
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Radiographic Techniques Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)

Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)
 Film inside, source outside.

Single Wall Single Image (SWSI) panoramic

 Film outside, source inside (internal exposure).
Film

Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

Film
 Film outside, source outside (external exposure).

Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

 Film outside, source outside (elliptical exposure). IQI’s should be placed source side

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Single Wall Single Image Panoramic Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

Film
Film
 IQI’s are placed on the film side.
 IQI’s are placed on the film side.  Source outside film outside (multiple exposure).
 Source inside film outside (single exposure).  This technique is intended for pipe diameters over 100mm.

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Double Wall Single Image (DWSI) Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

Identification
 Unique identification.
EN W10
 IQI placing.
 Pitch marks indicating
readable film length.
A B

ID MR11

Radiograph
Radiograph
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Double Wall Double Image (DWDI) Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

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Identification
 Unique identification. EN W10

 IQI placing.
 Pitch marks indicating
readable film length.
Film 1 2
 IQI’s are placed on the source or film side.
ID MR12
 Source outside film outside (multiple exposure).
 A minimum of two exposures.
Shot A Radiograph
 This technique is intended for pipe diameters less than 100mm.

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Double Wall Double Image (DWDI) Radiography

Penetrating power

4 3 Question: What determines the penetrating power of an X‐ray?

 The kilo‐voltage applied (between anode and cathode).

Question: What determines the penetrating power of a gamma ray?

 The type of isotope (the wavelength of the gamma rays).

1 2

Elliptical radiograph
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Radiography Radiographic Testing

Gamma sources

Isotope Typical thickness range Advantages Disadvantages

 Iridium 192 10 to 50 mm (mostly used)  Permanent record.  Expensive consumables.
 Little surface preparation.  Bulky equipment.
 Cobalt 60 > 50mm
 Defect identification.  Harmful radiation.
 Ytterbium < 10mm
 No material type limitation.  Defect require significant depth in
 Thulium < 10mm relation to the radiation beam (not
 Not so reliant upon operator skill.
 Caesium < 10mm good for planar defects).
 Thin materials.
 Slow results.
 Very little indication of depths.
 Access to both sides required.

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Radiographic Testing Radiographic Testing

Comparison with ultrasonic examination Comparison with ultrasonic examination

Advantages Disadvantages
 Good for non‐planar defects.  Health and safety hazard.
 Good for thin sections.  Not good for thick sections.
 Gives permanent record.  High capital and relatively high running costs.
 Easier for 2nd party interpretation.  Not good for planar defects.
 Can use on all material types.  X‐ray sets not very portable.
 High productivity.  Requires access to both sides of weld.
 Direct image of imperfections.  Frequent replacement of gamma source needed (half life).

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Any Questions

?
Career Options in Non‐Destructive Testing (NDT)

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NDT – Career Map NDT – Career Map

The career map is divided into 4 parts: The NDT inspection route is divided into two sub‐
categories;
 NDT inspection route  Conventional NDT technician level 2 and;
 Possible career outcomes  Advanced NDT technician level 2.
 Consider other qualifications
 Possible career outcomes Both of these sub categories have further lists of the
type of testing that they support, leading to NDT team
supervisor (conventional) and NDT team supervisor
(advanced), respectively.

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Career Options in NDT Career Options in NDT

These possible career outcomes allow you to explore further
qualifications that include welding inspection levels, plant
inspection levels, NDT level 3 and a degree in engineering.
Not only that, you can also consider:

 Clients representative/ third party inspection

 Welding QC coordination
 Plant inspection engineer (Example: offshore inspection
engineer)
 Quality control manager
 NDT section/department/facility manager
 NDT research and development
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Training Offer
Welder training Plant inspection, site coatings
and qualification Welding inspection Welding coordination and painting inspection

NDT courses offer by TWI Training Services

 Manual metal arc  Visual Welding Inspector  CSWIP QC Coordinator  Plant Inspector
 Plant Inspector
Level 1
 TIG (GTAW) welding  Welding Diploma:  Painting
 Painting
Inspector
 Welding Inspector Level 2  Specialist (IWS) Inspector
 MIG(GMAW)/MAG/FCAW  Site Coatings Inspector
welding  Senior Welding Inspector  Technologist (IWT)  Site Coatings
Level 3  Engineer (IWE)  Inspector
Cathodic Protection
 Oxy‐fuel gas cutting
 Visual welding inspector  Cathodic
 Offshore Visual Inspector
 Practical brazing with practical workshop
 ASME IX Welding (OVI)Protection
Procedure review
appreciation experience  Offshore Visual
 Plastics welding  eLearning options for Inspector
refresher and pre‐learning (OVI)

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Training Offer
Underwater inspection and Health, safety
Conventional NDT Advanced NDT NDT and environmental

Current funding for NDT courses with TWI

 General Appreciation  Time of Flight  NDT Inspection Diver  Management and
 Plant Inspector
Development
 Surface Testing  Diffraction (ToFD)  ROV Inspector  Painting
  Health and Safety
Inspector
 Standard Radiography Phased Array UT  Underwater Inspection

 Site
 Plant Coatings
and Logistics
 Conventional UT Automated UT  Controller Inspector
  Environmental
 ASNT Level III Long Range UT
 ACFM  Cathodic
 Protection
 UT Corrosion Monitoring ACFM
 Wet Welding
 PAUT Corrosion monitoring
 Offshore Visual
 eLearning options for UT Inspector
 Refresher courses
 eLearning options: PAUT & (OVI)
ToFD

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Who can apply?

SEASEP Programme
 Are you a Thai national interested in starting a career in the
Upskilling in Welding and Inspection to Improve Safety areas of welding, welding inspection, QA/QC, non‐destructive
testing (NDT) or health and safety (QHSE) sectors?
TWI and the Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF), a leading UK‐based charity which supports
activities relating to the safety of life and property across the globe, have launched an  Financial support can be
international vocational training initiative to upskill people in south and east Asia provided to enhance your skills
countries with specific focus on improving safety standards in the work environment.
and knowledge for better
employment.
TWI and LRF have a longstanding and very successful relationship. The South East Asia
Skills Enhancement Programme (SEASEP) is a further exciting opportunity to deliver a
programme with international impact, tackle in‐country skills shortages and reduce Female candidates are
occupational fatalities by bringing engineering‐related skills and education to strongly encouraged to
disadvantaged and under‐represented groups
apply
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Courses we offer Application process

 Entry Level Course.
 Visual Welding Inspector
 MT and PT
 IOSH Managing Safely
 Painter/Blaster Operatives
 Welder

 Intermediate Level Course

 BGAS Painting Inspector
 BGAS Site Coating Inspector
 Radiography Interpreter

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Thank you!

Please contact
Satanphop Amsupan
Country Manager
TWI Training & Services Co., Ltd.
E: [email protected]
M: +6638 222 136‐7

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