Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I

Statistics:
“It’s science of collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
The word Statistics is derived from Latin word status means political state, in German word
Statistik is used. Statistics is called ‫ شماریات‬in Urdu.
Descriptive and inferential statistics:
The branch of Statistics which deals with collection, presentation and analysis of numerical data
is called Descriptive Statistics. It’s also called deductive Statistics.
Inferential statistics is the branch of statistics that deals with drawing inferences about population
on the basis of the sample information and it’s also called inductive statistics.
Population and sample:
A Population consists of the totality of the observations with which we are concerned.
Population is also called as universe. Population size is denoted by N.
A sample is a small part or subset of the population which represents the whole population. A
sample size is denoted by n.
Parameter and statistic:
Any numerical value calculated from population is called parameter or population parameter.
Parameters are constant and usually are unknown. Parameters are denoted by Greek letters.
For example population mean is and population variance is
The four basic functions of statistics:
1) Collection
2) Presentation
3) Analysis
4) Interpretation
Designing a plan for data collection:
 Identify the objective of study
 Identify the population
 How the data will be collected
 Collection of the data
 Analysis of data
 Results
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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
 Making report
 Dissemination of report
Data:
Collections of Raw facts and figures are called data and processed form of data is called
Information.
Type of measurement scales:
There are the four measurement scale and these are:
Nominal Scale:
Nominal scale is a naming scale, where variables are simply “named” or labelled, with no
specific order. The term nominal originates from the Latin word “nomen” and
“nominalis” which implies the meaning “name”. Following the meaning, the nominal scale
categorizes variables into distinct classification. The category is based on nomenclature and not
on ranks or orders. In the case of classification of gender in a survey, male or female is the
example of nominal scale.
Ordinal Scale:
The ordinal scale is the opposite of the nominal scale because in this measurement scale the
variables are arranged into ranks and orders. However, the scale is simply used to put the
variables into ranks and not examine the degree of difference between the variables.
Interval Scale:
The interval scale is a quantitative measurement scale where there is order, the difference
between the two variables is meaningful and equal, and the presence of zero is arbitrary. It
measures variables that exist along a common scale at equal intervals. The measures used to
calculate the distance between the variables are highly reliable.
 The interval scale is preferred to nominal scale or ordinal scale because the latter two are
qualitative scales.
 The interval scale is quantitative in the sense that it can quantify the difference between
values.
 Interval data can be discrete with whole numbers like 8 degrees, 4 years, 2 months, etc.,
or continuous with fractional numbers like 12.2 degrees, 3.5 weeks or 4.2 miles.

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
 You can subtract values between two variables that help understand the difference
between two variables.
 Interval measurement allows you to calculate the mean and median of variables.
 Interval data is especially useful in business, social, and scientific analysis and strategy
because it is straightforward and quantitative.
 This is a preferred scale in statistics because you can assign a numerical value to any
arbitrary assessment, such as feelings and sentiments.
Ratio Scale:
Ratio scale is a type of variable measurement scale which is quantitative in nature. It allows any
researcher to compare the intervals or differences. Ratio scale is the level of measurement
and possesses a zero point or character of origin. This is a unique feature of this scale. For
example, the temperature outside is -degree Celsius. 0 degree doesn’t mean it’s not hot or cold,
it is a value.
Ratio scale has most of the characteristics of the other three variable measurement scale i.e
nominal, ordinal and interval. Nominal variables are used to “name,” or label a series of values.
Ordinal scales provide a sufficiently good amount of information about the order of choices,
such as one would be able to understand from using a customer satisfaction survey. Interval
scales give us the order of values and also about the ability to quantify the difference between
each one. Ratio scale helps to understand the ultimate-order, interval, values, and the true zero
characteristic is an essential factor in calculating ratios.
A ratio scale is the most informative scale as it tends to tell about the order and number of the
object between the values of the scale. The most common examples of this scale are height,
money, age, weight etc. With respect to market research, the common examples that are
observed are sales, price, number of customers, market share etc.
Types of data: Univariate, Bivariate and multivariate data:
Univariate is a term commonly used in statistics to describe a type of data which consists of
observations on only a single characteristic or attribute. A simple example of Univariate data
would be the salaries of workers in GC Burewala, height of the students of BS-English etc.
Bivariate data is data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is
paired with a value of the other variable.

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Univariate statistics summarize only one variable at a time. Bivariate statistics compare two
variables. Multivariate statistics compare more than two variables.
Primary and secondary data:
Primary data is a raw data which is collected from own sources and which have not undergone
any statistical process.
Secondary data is a data which is collected from other sources and which have undergone at least
one statistical work.
Sources of Primary data:
 Personal Interviews
 Indirect oral observations
 Through questionnaire
 Through local sources
 Through enumerators
 Through registration

Sources of Secondary data:

 Government sources
 Semi Government Sources
 Private organizations
 Print and electronic media
 Internet
 Research papers & journals
Quantitative data and qualitative data:
If data/ characteristics are expressed in numbers then is Quantitative data. For example height,
weight, blood pressure etc. Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable.
If a data is countable then it’s discrete data and if a data is measureable then it is continuous data.
If data/ characteristics are not expressed in numbers then is Qualitative data. For example gender,
marital status, religion etc.
Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often in calculations while Qualitative
data can help us to understand why, how, or what happened behind certain behaviours.
Time series, cross-sectional and pooled data:
Time series data:
Time series data is data that is recorded over consistent intervals of time.
Cross-sectional data:

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
Cross-sectional data consists of several variables recorded at the same time.

Pooled data:
Pooled data is a combination of both time series data and cross-sectional data.
Significant digits:
The significant digits in a number are those that represent accurate and meaningful information.

To determine the number of significant figures in a number use the following rules:

1. Non-zero digits are always significant. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

2. Any zeros between two non zeros digits are significant. 509, 3205 etc.
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant. 0.50, 0.290 etc
4. Leading zeros are NOT significant. 0.003, 0.058 etc
5. A final zero or trailing zeros in the non decimal portion are NOT significant. 50, 460, 990

etc.

Examples:
Number Number of Significant digits/figures

45 Two

0.046 Two

7.4220 Five

5002 Four

3800 Two

Two

Define Observation.
Answer:
Any sort of numerically recording of information.
Define data & discrete and continuous variable.
Answer:
Collections of Raw facts and figures are called data.
A quantity that varies from individual to individual is called variable.
A variable which is countable is called discrete variable. Like no. of chairs in classroom, no. of fans
in classroom, no. of trees in garden etc.
A variable which is measureable is called continuous variable. For example height, weight, length etc.

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What is an Error of measurement?

Answer:
The difference between the true value and the measured value is called the error in its
measurement.
Systematic error:
Systematic errors are due to some known causes according to a definite law and are tend to
be in one direction. We can minimize the systematic errors by selecting better instruments,
by improving the experimental techniques.
Random error is a chance difference between the measured and true values. It is also called
as the chance error.

What do you mean by editing of data?

Answer:
The discrepancies and error of field work are removed by editing of data. It is initial step between
collection and presentation of data. By the editing of data, we can check the:
 Completeness of data
 Consistency of data
 Accuracy of data
 Homogeneity of data
MCQs
1. How many forms of data:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
2. Registration is a source of :
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data
(c) Unordered data (d) both (a,c)
3. Parchi system is used for taken the :
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data
(c) Raw data (d) both (a,c)
4. Variable has types:
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
5. Primary and Secondary data are types of data according to:
(a) Collection (b) sources
(c) nature (d) both (a,b)
6. Unprocessed form of information is called:

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(a) Data (b) Facts
(c) Causes (d) information

7. The values of continuous variable vary without any gaps or:

(a) Periods (b) Values
(c) Numbers (d) Jumps
8. Area of a Circle is:
(a) Discrete variable (b)Continuous variable
(c) Qualitative variable (d) Difficult to tell
9. 5 litter Milk is an example of :
(a) Discrete (b) Continuous
(c) Qualitative (d) all
10. If we take the data from NADRA then it’s called :
(a) Primary data (b) Secondary data
(c) Raw data (d) both (a,c)
11. Data taken from Google is a:
(a) Secondary data (b)Primary data
(c) Internet data (d) Intranet Data

12. No. of dot on a line is an example of :

(a) Discrete (b) Continuous
(c) Qualitative (d) (a,b,c)
13. Types of Numerical variable are:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 1
14. Life time of a T.V picture tube is:
(a) Discrete (b) Continuous
(c) Qualitative (d) Constant
15. Constant can take values :
(a) Zero (b) One
(c) fixed (d) moving
16. Counting relates to the:
(a) Discrete (b) Continuous

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(c) Qualitative (d) Constant

17. Word statistics derived from

(a) Latin word (b) Italian word
(c) German word (d) all
18. Statistics is used in sense
(a) singular (b) plural
(c) both (a,b) (d) no any one
19. French word is used for statistics is
(a) statista (b) statica
(c) statistik (d) status
20. X is a letter of
(a) German (b) Greek
(c) Latin (d) French
21. 2 is a
(a) statistic (b) parameter
(c) both (a,b) (d) none of above
22. Values that are measurable
(a) continuous (b) discrete
(c) qualitative (d) quantitative
23. Values that are countable
(a) continuous (b) discrete
(c) qualitative (d) quantitative
24. Descriptive statistics is also called
(a) deductive (b) inductive
(c) classic (d) derived
25. Questionnaire is source of
(a) secondary data (b) primary data
(c) both (a,b) (d)none of above
26. First hand data is

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(a) secondary data (b) primary data
(c) both (a,b) (d)none of above
27. Statistics deals with
(a) single value (b) variability
(c) qualitative data (d) none of above
28. Datum is
(a) single fact (b) double fact
(c) triple fact (d) all
29.  is a letter of
(a) Greek (b) German
(c) Latin (d) French
30.Hen lays eggs per year is
(a) discrete (b) continuous
(c) qualitative (d) Categorical
31. Statistics has handicap dealing with:
(a) Qualitative variable (b) Quantitative data
(c) Discrete data (d) All of these
32. Marital status of an individual is the example of:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable
(c) Attribute (d) Both b & c
33. The German word used for the statistics is:
(a) Status (b) Statistik
(c) Statista (d) Statistique
34. The height of student is 60 inches is the example of:
(a) Qualitative data (b) Categorical data
(c) Continuous data (d) All of these
35. Weight of earth is:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable
(c) Qualitative variable (d) Difficult to tell
36. Population is also called:
(a) Universe (b) Survey
(c) Sampling (d) Census
37. The word data is used for:
(a) Appropriate analysis (b) Numerical facts
(c) Mathematical science (d) Practical problem
38. ‘  ’ is a:
(a) Greek letter (b) Latin letter
(c) Arabic letter (d) English letter
4
39. If ‘A’ is constant then Ai  is:
l 1

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(a) A (b) 4A
(c) nA (d) A+4
40. A small part of the population is called:
(a) Data (b) Sample
(c) Survey (d) Variable

41. Census returns are :

(a) Primary data (b) secondary data
(c) grouped data (d) all
42. Statistics is a backbone of:
(a) Mathematics (b) Research
(c) Computer (d) all
43. Village Lambardar collecting data about crops from farmers is the of collection of data by:
(a) Primary data (b) secondary data
(c) grouped data (d) all
44. Polio workers getting information from house to house regarding Polio is source by:
(a) Registration Method (b) Local Sources
(c) Through Enumerators (d) mailed System
45. Hourly temperature is the example of:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable
(c) Attribute (d) categorical variable
46. The number of Road Accident on Motor-Way is the example of:
(a) Discrete variable (b) Continuous variable
(c) Attribute (d) fixed
47. Parameters are:
(a) Fixed (b) Moving Variables
(c) Grouped (d) Not-fixed
48. Data in their original form is called :
(a) Non-Numerical Data (b) Qualitative Data
(c) Primary Data (d) Secondary Data
49. Data published in Newspaper is the example of:
(a) Non-Numerical Data (b) Qualitative Data
(c) Primary Data (d) Secondary Data
50. Journals and Articles are the example of:
(a) Non-Numerical Data (b) Qualitative Data
(c) Primary Data (d) Secondary Data
51. Registration is the source of:
(a) Organized Data (b) Grouped Data
(c) Primary Data (d) Secondary Data
52. Qualification level is the example of:
(a) Numerical Data (b) Categorical Data
(c) Quantitative Data (d) Countable Data
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53. Religion of the people of a Country is the example of:
(a) Numerical Data (b) Categorical Data
(c) Quantitative Data (d) Countable Data
54. Population is denoted by:
(a) N (b) n
(c) Nn (d) Nn

55. Pie is a ………. Letter:

(a) German letter (b) Greek letter
(c) Latin letter (d) French letter
56. Sample is denoted by:
(a) N (b) n
(c) Nn (d) Nn
57. Census is also called :
(a) Pilot Survey (b) Sample Survey
(c) Complete Enumeration (d) Sampling Techniques
58. Statistics is used for :
(a) Collecting the Data (b) Presenting the Data
(c) Classification (d) Comparison
59. Walking of Human is an example of :
(a) Discrete Variable (b) Continuous Variable
(c) Categorical Variable (d) Attributes
60. Data taken in census is an example of:
(a) Secondary Data (b) Primary Data
(c) Simulated Data (d) grouped data
61. NGOs are sources of:
(a) Secondary Data (b) Primary Data
(c) First Hand Data (d) Fresh Data
62. Print and electronic media are sources of:
(a) Secondary Data (b) Primary Data
(c) First Hand Data (d) Fresh Data
63. Union Councilors are:
(a) Observation Method (b) Local Sources
(c) Through Enumerators (d) Questionnaire Method
73. Making an entrance slip in a hospital is the method of collection of data by:
(a) Registration (b) Entry
(c) Correspondents (d) enumerators

Presentation of Data
1) What is presentation of data?
The raw data, which have been collected, are usually very large in quantity. Therefore we have to
organise and summarise the collected data in a form that is easy to understand. This is called
presentation of data.
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2) Write down different methods of presentation of data.
There are the different methods of the presentation of data and these are:
 Classification
 Tabulation
 diagrams
 Graphs.

3) What is classification?
It’s process of arranging the data into classes or groups.

4) Define the types of classification.

 One way classification
 two way classification
 manifold classification or cross classification
One way classification:
When data are classified by one variable it is called one way classification or simple classification.
For example people can be classified by their income poor, average income and rich etc.
Two way classification:
When data are classified by two variables at the same time it is called two way classification. We may
Classify the people on the basis of income and education.
Manifold classification:
When data are classified by many variables it is called manifold classification or cross classification.
We may classify the people on the basis of income, education and on the basis of gender.
5) What are basic principles of classification?
 Classes should be arranged as so that each observation can be placed in one and only
one class.
 The classes should be all inclusive. All inclusive classes that include all the data.
 As far as possible, the conventional classification procedure should b adopted.
 The classification procedure should not be so elaborate as to lead to trivial classes nor
It should be so crude as to concentrate all the data in one or two classes.
6) What is tabulation?
The systematic arrangement of data into rows and columns for comparison and analysis is
called tabulation.
Types of Tabulations:
 Simple Tabulation or One-way Tabulation (one variable)
 Double Tabulation or Two-way Tabulation (two variables)
 Complex Tabulation (more than two variables)

A statistical table has at least four major parts and some other minor parts.

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(1) The Title (main heading, capital letters, not abbreviations)
(2) Prefatory Notes (sub heading, small letters & abbreviations can be used)
(3) The Box Head (column captions) heading of columns
(4) The Stub (row captions) heading of rows
(5) The Body
(6) Foot Notes (written in the bottom of table, it provides explanations concerning individuals)
(7) Source Notes (it tells the source from which the data have been taken.)

Construction of table: General sketch of table is given below:

…………………TITLE………………..
Prefatory notes
COLUMNS CAPTIONS
Box head Units

STUB ……. …….BO DY………. ………… ……… ……… ……..

Footnotes……
Source notes……

7) Describe the main steps in Constructing of a frequency distribution.

Frequency:
The frequency (f) of a particular value is the number of times the value occurs in the data.
Frequency distributions:
Arrangement of data into rows and columns with their respective frequencies is called Frequency
distribution.
Constructing of a frequency distribution:
The important steps involved in construction of frequency distribution are given below:
i. Find range of data. ( R=difference between maximum value and minimum value)
ii. Find the classes: , where
iii. Find class interval.
iv. Make class limits/ class boundaries
v. Frequency column and vertical bar called tally mark or tally bar.
vi. Find class mark/ mid point
vii. Find cumulative frequency
viii. Find relative frequency
Relative Frequency:
Ratio between class frequency and total frequency is called relative frequency.

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Cumulative Frequency:
The frequency of the first-class interval is added to the frequency of the second class, and this
sum is added to the third class and so on then, frequencies that are obtained this way are known
as cumulative frequency (c.f.). A table that displays the cumulative frequencies that are
distributed over various classes is called a cumulative frequency distribution.
8) Diagrams and Graphs:
 Graph is a representation of information using lines on two or three axes such as x, y, and z,
whereas diagram is a simple pictorial representation of what a thing looks like or how it works.
 Graphs are representations to a scale whereas diagrams need not be to a scale.
 Values of mean and median can be calculated through a graph which is not possible with
diagrams.
 Graphs are drawn on graph paper whereas diagrams do not need a graph paper.
 For frequency distribution, only graphs are used and it cannot be represented through diagrams.
Diagrams
Charts or diagrams give visual representations of the data. Diagrams also show comparisons
between two or more sets of data. Diagrams should be clear and easy to readand understand.
Too much information should not be shown in the same diagram otherwise it might become
confusing.
 Bar Charts
 Rectangle and Sub-divided Rectangle
 Pie Chart or Circle Diagram/ sector diagram

Bar Charts
 Simple bar chart
 Multiple bar charts or cluster chart
 Subdivided bar charts or component bar charts or staked bar charts

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Simple Bar Chart:
This chart consists of vertical or horizontal bars of equal width. The length of the bars represents
the magnitude of the values of the variable i.e. the lengths of the bars vary depending on the size
of data values.

Example 1
The following table gives the population of Punjab. Draw a simple barchart.

Years 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Population 40 45 60 64 68

The following is the required Simple Bar Chart:

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Multiple Bar Charts or Cluster Chart:

By multiple bar charts two or more sets of inter-related data are represented. The technique of simple bar
chart is used to draw this chart but the difference is that we use different shades, colors or dots to
distinguish between different phenomena. Multiple bar charts facilities comparison between more than
one phenomenon.

Example 2

The following table gives the imports and exports of Pakistan for year1992-93 to 1996-97.
Draw a multiple bar chart.
Years Imports Exports
1992-93 8 4
1993-94 10 6
1994-95 12 9
1995-96 18 13
1996-97 20 17

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
The following is the required Multiple Bar Chart:

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97

Construct a Multiple Bar Chart to show the population of the cities givenin the following
table:
Population in Lakes
City 1981 1991 2001
A 70 103 200
B 80 96 160
C 85 99 120

Sub-divided Bar Charts or Component BarCharts or Staked Bar Charts:

A component bar chart is an effective technique in which each bar is sub-divided into two or
more parts. The component parts are shaded or colored differently to increase the overall
effectiveness of the diagram.The following table represents the yearly development in the filed of
industry, transport and agriculture of Pakistan. Construct a Sub-divided Bar Chart:
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Years Industry Transport Agriculture Total

1998 100 80 40 220
1999 120 100 50 270
2000 130 120 55 305

Pie Chart or Circle Diagram/ sector diagram:

A pie-diagram, also known as sector or circle diagram, is a device consisting of a circle divided
into sectors or pie-shaped pieces whose areas are proportional to the various parts into which the
whole quantity is divided. The sectors are shaded or colored differently. The procedure of
constructing a pie chart is very simple; draw a circle of some suitable radius. As a circle consists of
3600, the whole quantity to be displayed is equated to 360. Then divide the circle into different
sectors by constructing angles at the centre by means of a protractor and draw the corresponding
radii.

The angles are calculated by the following formula:

Draw a Pie-diagram for the following data:

Items Expenditure in Rs.

Food 190
Clothing 64
Rent 100
Medical 46
Other 80

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To construct Pie-diagram; first we find Angles and cumulative Angles as givenbelow:
Items Expenditure in Rs. Angles Cum: Angles
Food 190 142.5 142.5
Clothing 64 48 190.5
Rent 100 75 265.5
Medical 46 34.5 300
Other 80 60 360
Total 480 360 --

Graphs:

Data can also be effectively presented by means of graphs. A graph consists of curves or
straight lines. Graphs provide a very good method of showing fluctuations and trends in
statistical data. Graphs can also be used to make predictions and forecasts.
Types of Graphs are:
 Histogram
 Frequency Polygon
 Frequency Curve
 Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
 Graph of Time Series (Historigram)

Histogram:
Graph of class boundaries and frequency is called histogram.
A histogram consists of a set of rectangles having bases on a horizontal axis . X-axis (note

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
that these bases are marked off by class boundaries not class limits) with centers at the class
marks and areas proportional to the class frequencies. If the class intervals sizes are equal then
the heights of the rectangles are also proportional to the class frequencies and are taken
numerically equal to class frequencies.
Method (Equal Class Interval):
 Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
 Take class boundaries on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis.
 Construct joint rectangles. The resulting figure is the required histogram.
Construct Histogram from the following frequency distribution:
Class Limits 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109
Frequency 1 3 4 5 4 2 1
Class Limits Frequency Class-boundaries
40-49 1 39.5-49.5
50-59 3 49.5-59.5
60-69 4 59.5-69.5
70-79 5 69.5-79.5
80-89 4 79.5-89.5
90-99 2 89.5-99.5
100-109 1 99.5-109.5

To draw a Histogram we proceed with the following steps:

 Find class-boundaries.
 Mark class-boundaries along the x-axis and the frequencies along y-axis.
 Construct rectangles having width proportional to class-interval
sizeand heights proportional to class frequencies.
 The resulting graph will be the Histogram as given below.

39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 109.5

Frequency Polygon
Graph of mid points and respective frequencies is called frequency polygon.
A frequency polygon is a many sided closed figure. It is constructed by plotting the class frequencies
against their corresponding class marks (mid-points) and then joining the resulting points by means of
straight lines. It can also be obtained by joining the mid-points of the tops of rectangles in the histograms.
Method:

 Draw X-axis and Y-axis.

 Take class marks on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis.

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
 Join the points by means of straight lines. The resulting figure is
therequired frequency polygon.
Construct Frequency Polygon from the following frequencydistribution:
Class Limits 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
Frequency 5 15 40 20 10

Class Limits Frequency Mid-points

10-19 5 14.5
20-29 15 24.5
30-39 40 34.5
40-49 20 44.5
50-59 10 54.5
To draw a Frequency Polygon we proceed with the following steps:

 Find class-marks (mid-points)

 Mark mid-points along the x-axis and the frequencies along y-axis.
 Place a dot against each mid-point with respect to its class frequency.
 Join the dots by straight lines to get Frequency Polygon as given below.

14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5

Frequency Curve
When the frequency polygon is smoothed out as a curve then it becomes frequency curve. OR when the
mid-points are potted against the frequencies then a smooth curve passes through these points is called a
frequency curve.
Method
 Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
 Take class marks on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis.
 Plot the frequencies against the class marks.
 The plotted points are then joined by a smooth curve, which
givesfrequency curves.

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GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
Construct Frequency Curve from the following frequencydistribution:
Class Limits 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
Frequency 5 15 40 20 10
To draw a Frequency Curve we proceed with the following steps:Find class-marks (mid-points).

Class Limits Frequency Mid-points ( )

10-19 5 14.5
20-29 15 24.5
30-39 40 34.5
40-49 20 44.5
50-59 10 54.5

14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5

Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

When a curve is based on cumulative frequencies then it is called a cumulative frequency polygon or
Ogive.

 Less Than Type

 More Than Type

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GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
Construct Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive) from thefollowing frequency distribution:
Class Limits 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
Frequency 5 25 45 15 1
To draw a Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive) we proceed with the followingsteps:
Cumulative
Class Limits Frequency Frequency Class-boundaries
10-19 5 5 9.5-19.5
20-29 25 30 19.5-29.5
30-39 45 75 29.5-39.5
40-49 15 90 39.5-49.5
50-59 1 100 49.5-59.5

19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5

Graph of Time Series (Historigram)

A curve showing changes in the value of one or more items from one period of time to the next is
known as the graph of time series. This curve is also called historigram. Thus a historigram
displays the variations in time series dealing with prices, production, imports, population etc.
Method
 Draw X-axis and Y-axis.
 Take time (years, months, weeks, etc) along X-axis and thecorresponding values along Y-axis.
Plot the various points.
 Join the plotted points either by a smooth curve or by straight lines.The resulting figure is the
required Historigram.

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
Ogive for Discrete Variable:
When a variable X is discrete, its cumulative frequency polygon consists of horizontal line
segments between any two successive values and has a jump of height at each value of . In
other words, cumulative distribution increases only in jumps and in constant between jumps.
The shape of the cumulative frequency polygon for the discrete is in form of a step, such a
function is called a step function.

Types of frequency curves:

We have four types of frequency curves which include symmetrical curve, U- shaped curve,
J-shaped curve and skewed or asymmetrical curve.

Symmetrical curve
It’s also called normal curve, bell shaped curve and unimodal curve. If values equidistant from
central maximum have the same frequencies. When a data have median, mean and mode are all
equal then it’s called symmetrical.

U-shaped curve
The U-shaped curve usually refers to the nonlinear relationship between two variables, in
particular, a dependent and an independent variable.

J-shaped curve
A J-shaped curve is a curve in the rough shape of the letter J placed on its side, or its mirror
image. These curves tend to have some observations at one end, very few in the middle, and a
large number at the other end.

Skewed or asymmetrical curve

Departure from symmetry is called skewed. When a data have not median, mean and mode are
all equal then it’s called asymmetrical.

MCQs
1. Histogram is a graph of:
(a) Frequency distribution (b) Time series
(c) Qualitative data (d) Ogive
2. Grouped data and secondary data are:
(a) Same (b) Different
(c) Closed (d) Open
3. The part of the table containing row captions is called:
(a) Dots (b) Dashes
(c) Entry (d) Stub
4. There are necessary parts of a table:
(a) Two (b) Three

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(c) Four (d) Five
5. When we divide a characteristics into many multi-classes it is called:
(a) One-fold division (b) Two fold division
(c) Threefold division (d) Manifold division
6. An arrangement of data according to time is called a:
(a) Time series (b) Histogram
(c) Classification (d) Characteristics
7. How many ways of presentation of data
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
8. The part of the table containing column captions is called:
(a) Box head (b) Dashes
(c) Entry (d) Stub
9. There are maximum parts of a table:
(a) seven (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
10. Temporal classification is also called
(a) Time series (b) Chronological
(c) Spatial (d) both (a,b)
11. Making frequency polygon taking on x-axis along:
(a) midpoint (b) frequency
(c) cumulative frequency (d) class boundaries
12. Types of Graphs are :
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 3 (d) 4
13. Smoothed form of frequency polygon is:
(a) cumulative frequency curve (b) Ogive
(c) frequency curve (d) Historigram
14. Generally classes are b/w:
(a) 2 to 10 (b) 5 to 10
(c) 5 to 15 (d) 5 to 20
15. 6-10 and 11-15 in this data, what will be Range:
(a) 11 (b) 1
(c) 5 (d) 13

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
16. 2-4 and 6-8 in this data, what will be lower class boundary of first class:
(a) 2.5 (b) 1.5
(c) 1 (d) 0
17. Midpoint is another name of :
(a) Mid Mark (b) Class Mark
(c) class Interval (d) both(a,b)
18. When frequency is organized with data in tabular form:
(a) frequency curve (b) frequency Distribution
(c)frequency polygon (d) None of these
19. A graph of cumulative frequency is called:
(a) Histogram (b) Frequency Polygon
(c) Ogive (d) None of these
20. In construction of frequency distribution the first step is:
(a) To calculate the class mark (b) To find range of the data
(c) To find the class boundary (d) decide no. of classes

21. In constructing a histogram, which is to be taken along x-axis:

(a) Midpoint (b) Class limit
(c) Class interval (d) Class boundary
22. In pie diagram, the sector of circle is obtained by:
Componentpart Componentpart
(a)  300 (b)  360
Total Total
Componentpart
(c) 180 (d)
Total
Componentpart
100
Total
23. component bar chart is also called :
(a) Multiple bar chart (b) specular chart
(c) Sub divided bar chart (d) Area chart
24. The cumulative frequency of the last class is less than or equal to:
(a)  f (b)  fx
f
(c) (d) f
f

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25. The average of lower and upper class limit is called:
(a) Class boundary (b) Class frequency
(c) Class Mark (d) Class limit
26. The angle in a pie chart for each sector is denoted by:
(a) Q (b) R
(c) P (d) S
27. Pie Chart is presented by:
(a) Circle (b) Straight Line
(c) Curve (d) Polygon
28. Total Angel of Pie Chart is:
(a) 45 (b) 360
(c) 180 (d) 90
29. How many modes of Classification:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
30. Cumulative frequency is denoted by:
(a) C.f (b) f
(c) r.f (d) all of these
31. Frequency is denoted by:
(a) F (b) C.F
(c) f (d) ∑f
32. It should be in Capital letters:
(a) Title (b) Column Captions
(c) Row Captions (d) Source notes
33. Total of relative frequencies is:
(a) 100 (b) ∑f
(c) c.f (d) 1
34. Total of Percentage frequencies is:
(a) 100 (b) ∑f
(c) c.f (d) 1
35. For total and part of total, Chart used is:
(a) Simple Bar Chart (b) Multiple Bar Chart

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(c) Component Bar Chart (d) Pie Chart

36. It should be top of the Table:

(a) Foot notes (b) Title
(c) Columns Captions (d) Prefatory notes
37. It should be bottom in the Table:
(a) Foot notes (b) Title
(c) Columns Captions (d) prefatory notes
38. Graph of mid points and frequency is:
(a) Ogive (b) Frequency Polygon
(c) Histogram (d) Historigram
39. 1+3.3log(n) is used for calculating the:
(a) No. of Classes (b) frequency
(c) Mid points (d) Range
40. Range consists of:
(a) Maximum and Minimum Value (b) all values
(c) Maximum Frequency (d) different Value
41. When Range divided by No. of Classes then we get :
(a) Class Mark (b) Class Interval
(c) Class frequency (d) Class Boundary
42. Geographical Classification is also called :
(a) Area Classification (b) Spatial
Classification
(c) Temporal Classification (d) both (a,b)
43. Continents Classification Of the world is type of :
(a) Time Series Classification (b) Spatial Classification
(c) Temporal Classification (d) Chronological Classification
44. Students of Statistics classified on the basis of their weights is the example of :
(a) Area Classification (b) Spatial Classification
(c) Temporal Classification (d) Numerical Classification

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
45. Students of Statistics classified on the basis of their gender is the example of :
(a) Qualitative Classification (b) Spatial Classification
(c) Temporal Classification (d) Numerical Classification
46. When the Yield of different Crops are Compared on the basis of every month then it is:
(a) Area Classification (b) Spatial Classification
(c) Temporal Classification (d) Numerical Classification
47. Arrangement of data into rows and columns is known as:
(a) Classification (b) Tabulation
(c) Frequency Distribution (d) Graphs
48. Arrangement of data into rows and columns with their respective frequencies is known as:
(a) Classification (b) Tabulation
(c) Frequency Distribution (d) Graphs
49. Title should not be consist of:
(a) Abbreviations (b) Capital letters
(c) Latin letters (d) should not concise
50. Class Interval is denoted by:
(a) (b)
(c) M (d) both (a, b)
51. Class Limits are also called the:
(a) Inclusive Method (b) Exclusive Method
(c) Both (a, b) (d) none of them
52. Class Boundaries are also called the:
(a) Inclusive Method (b) Exclusive Method
(c) Both (a, b) (d) none of them
53. In Class Limits, both values are:
(a) Included (b) Excluded
(c) Depends on situation (d) difficult to tell
54. In Class Boundaries, both values are:
(a) Included (b) Excluded
(c) Depends on situation (d) difficult to tell
55. When frequency distribution has no specific upper limit or lower limit then it is called:
(a) Loop Class (b) free Hand Class

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(c) Open-end Class (d) Prominent Class

56. Midpoint of 20-24 is:

(a) 22 (b) 20
(c) 4 (d) 24
57. When frequency of a class is divided by total frequency then it is called:
(a) Class frequency (b) relative frequency
(c) Total frequency (d) percentage frequency
58. First cumulative frequency and first frequency is always:
(a) different (b) half of each other
(c) Same (d) two times
59. Cumulative frequency polygon is also called:
(a) Ogive (b) polygon
(c) Histogram (d) Historigram
60. In Histogram, We take along the Y-axis:
(a) midpoints (b) class Mark
(c) Class boundaries (d) frequency
61. In polygon, We take along the X-axis:
(a) midpoints (b) class Limits
(c) Class boundaries (d) frequency
62. In Ogive, We take along the Y-axis:
(a) midpoints (b) Cumulative frequency
(c) Class boundaries (d) frequency
63. Ogive has types:
(a) two (b) three
(c) Four (d) five
64. Polygon is a:
(a) one side figure (b) many sided figure
(c) Two sided figure (d) no sided figure
65. Charts are also called:
(a) Graphs (b) Shapes

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
(c) Arts (d) Diagrams
66. Simple Bar chart is used for:
(a) Single item (b) Two Items
(c) Three Items (d) Ten Items
67. Male and female population in the census can be shown by:
(a) Simple Bar Chart (b) Multiple Bar chart
(c) Sub-Divided Bar chart (d) Component Bar chart
68. Presentation of Statistical Data in picture form is called:
(a) pictograms (b) Graphs
(c) Array Statistics (d) Historigram
69. Presentation of data in Pizza Slices form :
(a) Histogram (b) Polygon
(c) Pictograms (d) pie chart
70. Data Presented from lower to maximum is called :
(a) Descending Order (b) Ascending Order
(c) Order Statistics (d) Array Statistics
71. Data Presented from maximum to minimum is called :
(a) Descending Order (b) Ascending Order
(c) Order Statistics (d) Array Statistics
72. A frequency table can be represented by a :
(a) Historigram (b) Histogram
(c) frequency (d) Tabulation
73. A Histogram has space between its Bar :
(a) zero space (b) one space
(c) two spaces (d) three spaces
74. A Histogram is a Bar Chart :
(a) horizontally (b) vertically
(c) Diagonally (d) none of them
75. Historigram is also called :
(a) Time plot (b) Histogram
(c) Straight line (d) scatter diagram

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
76. Two-fold division is also called :
(a) Dichotomy (b) tracheotomy
(c) many fold (d) one way
77. If range is 40 and classes are 4 then class interval will be :
(a) 160 (b) 10
(c) 36 (d) 44
78. A frequency should be always in:
(a) integer (b) fraction
(c) decimals (d) percentages
79. A frequency table can be represented by a :
(a) Historigram (b) Histogram
(c) frequency (d) Tabulation
80. In Stem and leaf method, leading digit is called :
(a) Stem (b) unique
(c) Outlier (d) leaf
81. Time series is also known as :
(a) Historic series (b) Place
(c) Areal (d) spatial
82. A complex table deals with :
(a) one variable (b) two factors
(c) No variable (d) more than two variables
83. Bar Diagram is a ……dimensional :
(a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) four
84. Pictograms have….. dimensional :
(a) no (b) one
(c) two (d) three
85. Ogive is used for calculating the :
(a) mean (b) median
(c) mode (d) harmonic mean

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Measures of Central Tendency

1) Measures of Central Tendency

An average is a single value, which represents the data. Since the average tends to the lie in
the centre of the data it is called Measure of Central tendency and it’s also called measure of
location and measure of position.
2) Types of Measure of Central tendency
The important types of the Measure of Central tendency are given below:
 Arithmetic mean
 Geometric mean
 Harmonic mean
 Median
 Mode
3) Properties a good average
Properties of the good average are given below:
 It should be clearly defined.
 It should be easy to calculate.
 It should be simple to understand.
 It should be based on all observations.
 It should not be affected by extreme values.

4) Arithmetic mean (mean)

Sum of all values divided by their number of values.
µ is a Greek word and population mean.
is Latin word and sample mean.

Properties of Mean
 Sum of deviation from mean is always zero.
 Sum of square of deviation from mean is always minimum.
 Mean of constant is also constant itself.
 Mean is affected by change of origin.
 Mean is affected by change of scale.

Mean for Raw data

i. (Direct method)

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ii. (shortcut method/deviation method)

iii. (coding/step deviation method)

Mean for Grouped data

i. Direct method

ii. shortcut method/deviation method

,
iii. coding/step deviation method

Mode
 It is most repeated value in data set; most frequently occur value in data set.
 Mode is French word meaning Fashion
 If a data having one mode then it’s called uni-modal data.
 If a data having two modes then it’s called bi-modal data.
 If a data having thee modes then it’s called tri-modal.
 If a data having more than three modes then its multi-modal
Properties of Mode ( its suitable for qualitative data, no need of arranging the data, easy to calculate,
interpretation is so easy )

Median
Central value of the arranged data set is called median.
(it divides the data set into two equal parts, it is also called idea of fifty-fifty)
Properties of Median
 data should be arranged
 Effected by change of origin.
 Effected by change of scale.
Median for raw data

Median for grouped data

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Quantiles:
Quantiles are values that split sorted data into equal parts. In general terms, a m-quantile divides
sorted data into m parts. The most commonly used quantiles have special names:

Quartiles (4-quantiles): Three quartiles split the data into four parts.
Deciles (10-quantiles): Nine deciles split the data into 10 parts.
Percentiles (100-quantiles): 99 percentiles split the data into 100 parts.

For RAW data:

For GROUPED data:

Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and mode

1. When data is symmetrical

2. When data is skewed.

MCQs
1. If x = 10 and y = 5 + 2x, then y is:
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 25 (d) 17
2. For a certain distribution if: ( x  10)  5, ( x  20)  18 and ( x  15)  0 , then value of x
is:
(a) 10 (b) 15
(c) 20 (d) 5

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
3. The sum of deviation is zero, when deviation are taken from:
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Harmonic Mean
4. The mean of 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,5 is:
(a) 5 (b) 25
(c) 30 (d) 0
5. Sum of deviation from median :
(a) One (b) Zero
(c) Least (d) Positive
6. Affected by extreme values:
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Percentiles
7. In symmetrical distribution, the value of mean, median & mode is:
(a) Zero (b) Coincide
(c) Do not coincide (d) Different
8. The sum of deviation of observations from their mean is:
(a) One (b) Zero
(c) Least (d) Positive
9. Types of average are:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
10. The empirical relationship among mean, median and mode is:
(a) Mode = 3 mean – 2 median (b) Mode = 2 mean – 3 median
(c) Mode = 2 median – 3 mean (d) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
11. In symmetrical distribution mean, median and mode are always:
(a) Zero (b) Negative
(c) Different (d) Equal
12. Find mean if:   x 11  6,   x  30  19 and   x 17   0
(a) 11 (b) 17
(c) 30 (d) 14
13. Median will be the arithmetic mean of central values of an arranged data, if the number values of
data are:
(a) Odd (b) Even
(c) Both (a , b) (d) None of these
14. The mean of a symmetrical distribution is , if its median and mode both are 15.25:
(a) 0 (b) 15.25
(c) 10 (d) 25
15. A data having single mode is:
(a) Uni-model (b) Bi-model
(c) Tri-model (d) Multi-model

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16. If X = 5 which is equal to zero:
(a)   x  5 (b)   x  5
2

(c)   x  15 (d)   x  4 

2

17. If A.M is 82 and median is 78 then appropriate value for mode is:
(a) 60 (b) 50
(c) 70 (d) 80
18. The median of A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,E is:
(a) S (b) O
(c) I (d) E
19. The sum of deviation is zero when deviation are taken from:
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) G.M
20. Measure of Central tendency is also called:
(a) Measure of location (b) Measure of spread
(c) Measure of dispersion (d) Measure of Variation
21. X is a :
(a) Latin letter (b) Greek letter
(c) French letter (d) German letter
22. X is a :
(a) Pupation mean (b) Sample mean
(c) mean of means (d) weighted mean
23. X  5 and n=10 then ∑x will be:
(a) 15 (b) 5
(c) 50 (d) 2
24. Mean cannot be suitable Average for:
(a) Skewed Data (b) Quantitative Data
(c) Numerical Data (d) Symmetrical Data
25. For Open-end class, we cannot calculate the :
(a) Mode (b) Median
(c) Percentiles (d) Mean
26. X  a then values are :
(a) a,b,c,d (b) a,a,a,a
(c) b,c,d,a (d) d,c,b,a
27. Arithmetic mean is affected by change of :
(a) origin (b) Scale
(c) Coding (d) both (a, b)
28. If we add 5 in X then :
(a) x1+5,x2+5,x3+5 (b) x1-5,x2-5,x3-5
(c) 5x1,5x2,5x3 (d) x1/5,x2/5,x3/5

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
29. Arithmetic mean, Harmonic mean and Geometric mean are the :
(a) positional Averages (b) Approximated Averages
(c) Mathematical Averages (d) Guess Averages
30. Median is the :
(a)Positional Average (b) Approximated Average
(c) Mathematical Average (d) Guess Average
31. Median is also called the idea of :
(a)twenty-twenty (b) fifty-fifty
(c) thirty-thirty (d) extreme values
32. Median is affected by change of :
(a) origin (b) Scale
(c) Coding (d) both (a, b)
33. Mode is affected by change of :
(a) origin (b) Scale
(c) Coding (d) both (a, b)
34. (a) Median (b) Mode
(c) Weighted Mean (d) Mean
35. For open-end class, the suitable average is :
(a) Median (b) Mode
(c) Weighted Mean (d) Mean
36. When data divide into four equal parts then it is called :
(a) Quartiles (b) quintiles
(c) Deciles (d) Percentiles
37. When data divide into five equal parts then it is called :
(a) Quartiles (b) quintiles
(c) Deciles (d) Percentiles
38. When data divide into ten equal parts then it is called :
(a) Quartiles (b) quintiles
(c) Deciles (d) Percentiles
39. When data divide into hundred equal parts then it is called :
(a) Quartiles (b) quintiles
(c) Deciles (d) Percentiles
40. Mode of the name Aslam is :
(a) m (b) s
(c) A (d) l
41. Mode of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 is :
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 0 (d) no mode
42. Mode of 0,1,2,0,1,2,0,1,2 is :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) no mode

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
43. For qualitative data, suitable average is :
(a) Harmonic mean (b) Mode
(c) Geometric Mean (d) Mean
44. For symmetrical distribution :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
45. If Mode=20, Median=15 then Mean=? :
(a) 35 (b) 12.5
(c) 5 (d) 17.5
46. P70=? :
(a) D7 (b) Q1
(c) D5 (d) P50
47. If Mean=45, Median=30 then Mode=? :
(a) 75 (b) 0
(c) 90 (d) 45
48. Median divides the data set into parts :
(a) two (b) three
(c) fifty (d) hundred
49. The sum of the first n natural number is:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
50. The mean of the first n natural number is:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
51. Q1=?:
(a) 25 % (b) 50 %
(c) 75 % (d) 100 %
52. Q3=?:
(a) 25 % (b) 50 %
(c) 75 % (d) 100 %
53. If then
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
54. The suitable Average for Averaging men shirt’s collar size :
(a) Weighted Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Mean
55. The suitable Average for Averaging men shirt’s collar size :
(a) Weighted Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Mean

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
56. Mean of a constant “M” is :
(a) 13 (b) 6.5
(c) M (d)
57. Step deviation method and coding method is used for computing the :
(a) Weighted Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Mean
58. The suitable Average for height of students is:
(a) Weighted Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Mean
59. The suitable Average for marks obtained in 10th standard examination is :
(a) Weighted Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Mean
60. If each value is multiplied by 5 then mean will be :
(a) 5 times the original mean (b) not affected
(c) one-fifth the original mean (d) increased by 5
61. If each value is divided by 5 then mean will be :
(a) 5 times the original mean (b) not affected
(c) one-fifth the original mean (d) increased by 5
62. Missing value in the 4, 4,4,4,4,4,44,-,4 when :
(a) (b) 4
(c) (d)
63. In frequency distribution, mode is value which has the:
(a) maximum frequency (b) minimum frequency
(c) odd frequency (d) even frequency
64. Histogram is used for calculating the:
(a) mean (b) median
(c) mode (d) all of these
65. Sum of the first 10 natural numbers is :
(a) 110 (b) 55
(c) 5.5 (d) 50
66. Mean of the first 10 natural numbers is :
(a) 110 (b) 55
(c) 5.5 (d) 50
67. Find mode:
classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
f 14 20 27 35 15
(a) 35 (b) 32.86
(c) 36 (d) 50

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I

Measure of dispersion

Dispersion:
It means variability of value about the average. Dispersion cannot be negative.
Types of dispersion: 2
 Absolute dispersion
When dispersion have same unit of data. Range, Q.D, M.D, Variance, SD are examples
of absolute dispersion.
 Relative dispersion
When dispersion has no unit, it’s a unit free dispersion. Co-Range, Co-Q.D, Co-M.D,
C.V, Co-SD are examples of absolute dispersion

Range:
It is difference between maximum value and minimum value.

Quartile deviation (Q.D)

It is half difference of upper quartile and lower quartile. It is also called semi inter quartile
range.

Variance:
It is average squared deviation from mean. is a population variance.
, for raw data
, for grouped data
Sample variance is denoted by
, for raw data

, for grouped data

Standard deviation (SD)
It is positive square root of variance.

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Properties of variance/SD:
i. Variance/SD of constant is always zero.
ii. Var(X+a)=Var(X)
iii. Var(X-a)=Var(X)
iv. Variance/SD is not changed by change of origin.
v. Variance/SD is changed by change of scale.
vi. Var(aX)=
vii. Var( )=
viii.
ix.
x.

C.V=Coefficient of Variation:
It is percentage ratio between standard deviation and mean.

Moments:
It designates the powers to which deviations are raised before averaging them. Moments are
popularly used to describe the characteristic of a distribution. The four commonly used moments
in statistics are- the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis.

, m1, m2, m3, m4

Moments ratio:

 If then its normal or Mesokurtic distribution.

 If then its leptokurtic distribution.
 If then Platykurtic distribution.
Lack of symmetry is called skewness.
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness:

 Pearson coefficient of skewness=

 Pearson coefficient of skewness=

Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness lies between -3 and +3.

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness:

Bowley’s coefficient of skewness=

Bowley’s coefficient of skewness lies between -1 and +1.

Coefficient of Kurtosis:

MCQs
1. Range is useful measure in:
(a) Large sample (b) Small sample
(c) Population (d) Extreme value
2. Measure of dispersion has types:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
3. If Q1 = 27.5, Q3 = 42.8, then co-efficient of Q.D is:
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.12
(c) 0.22 (d) 0.32
4. Positive square root of variance is called:
(a) Standard deviation (b) Q.D
(c) M.D (d) Frequency
distribution
5. Variance (ay) is equal to:
(a) Variance (y) (b) a2 variance (y)
(c) Variance (ay) (d) a . variance (y)
6. C.V is independent of:
(a) ERROR (b) Units
(c) Calculations (d) Deviation
7. The measures that tell about the shape of the distribution are called:
(a) Co-efficient (b) Moments
(c) Deviation (d) Ratio
8. In moment about zero, the value of ‘a’ is:
(a) Zero (b) 1
(c)  (d) mr
9. Skewness has types:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
11If mean = 25 and S2 = 25 then C.V is:
(a) 100% (b) 25%
(c) 20% (d) 1 %
14) Mean deviation = ………..S.D:
(a) 2/3 (b) 4/5
(c) 5/6 (d) 6/5
15) Standard deviation is always calculated from:
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) All of these
16) If y = x  3 the range of y is:
(a) x + 3 (b) x  3
(c) Range(x) (d) Range (x – 3)
17) The measure of dispersion are changed by the changed of:
(a) Origin (b) Scale
(c) Signs (d) Origin and scale
18) The variance of 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 is:
(a) -5 (b) 2
(c) 10 (d) 0
19) Range of Variance is:
(a) 0 to n (b) 0 to 1
(d) -1 to +1
20) Standard deviation is a :
(a) (b)
(c) 2SD (d)
21) Another name of measure of dispersion is:
(a)Measure of variation (b) measure of spread
(c) Measure of central value (d) both (a, b)
22) Var (x-y)
(a) Var (x)-Var y (b) Var (x). Var (y)
(c) Var (x) + Var (y ) (d) both (a, c)
23) SD (X-y) :
(a) (b) –
(c) (d)
27) Q.D is equal to:
3 4
(a)  (b) 
2 5
5
(c)  (d)
4

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
28) is equal to:
(b)
1
(c) (d) S .D( y )
a2
29) The square root of second moment about mean is:
(a) Variance (b) S.D
(c) Q.D (d) M.D
30) The mean deviation is least if deviation taken from:
(a) Median (b) Mode
(c) G.M (d) Mean
31) The lowest value of variance is:
(a) -1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 2
32) The scatter in a series of values about the average is called:
(a) Averages (b) Dispersion
(c) Kurtosis (d) Skewness
33) The measures used to calculate the variation present among the observations in the unit of the
variable is called:
(a) Averages (b) Relative Dispersion
(c) Kurtosis (d) Absolute Dispersion
34) The measures of dispersion can never be:
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) one
35) If data have extreme values then dispersion will be:
(a) Identical (b) Small
(c) Zero (d) Large
36) It is based on just two extreme values:
(a) Range (b) Skewness
(c) Variance (d) Quartile
37) Unit free dispersion is a:
(a) Absolute Dispersion (b) Relative Dispersion
(c) Coefficient of variation (d) Coefficient of Skewness
38) Relative Dispersion becomes when Absolute dispersion divided by:
(a) Range (b) Skewness
(c) Variance (d) Average
39) To compare the variation of two or more series, we use the:
(a) Absolute Dispersion (b) Relative Dispersion
(c) Variance (d) Quartile
40) Range is used in:
(a) Quality control (b) metrology
(c) Suitable for small sample (d) all of them

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41) Range of -2,-5,-8,-15 and 15 is:
(a) 13 (b) 30
(c) 0 (d) 17
42) Range cannot be calculated of:
(a) Small values (b) large values
(c) Open-end classes (d) Negative Values
43) Half of Quartile range is:
(a) Quartile deviation (b) Inter Quartile range
(c) mean deviation (d) semi Range
44) If Q1=20, Q.D=30, Q3=? :
(a) 50 (b) 10
(c) 80 (d) 600
45) If Q1=81.17, Q3 =88.39, Q.D =? :
(a) 3.61 (b) 5.24
(c) 6.77 (d) 169.56
46) Variance of 2, 4, 6,8,10 is :
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 8 (d) 6
47) Variance of constant “M” is :
(a) M (b) 13
(c) (d) 0
48) Variance is independent of :
(a) Origin (b) Scale
(c) Unit (d) Sign
49) Variance is dependent of :
(a) Origin (b) Scale
(c) Unit (d) Sign
50) Standard deviation of 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5:
(a) 5 (b) 50
(c) 0 (d) 10
51) contains approximately values:
(a) 68.26 % (b) 90 %
(c) 95.45 % (d) 99.73 %
52) contains approximately values:
(a) 68.26 % (b) 90 %
(c) 95.44 % (d) 99.73 %
53) contains approximately values:
(a) 68.26 % (b) 90 %
(c) 95.45 % (d) 99.72 %

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
54) Symmetrical distribution does not touch the :
(a) X-axis (b) Y-axis
(c) XY coordinates (d) all of them
55) When Standard deviation and Variance is equal to each others:
(a) When Variance=0 (b) When Variance=1
(c) When Variance=2 (d) both (a, b)
56) Who introduced the Variance? :
(a) Fisher (b) Pearson
(c) Bernoulli (d) Pascal
57) Who introduced the Standard Deviation? :
(a) Fisher (b) Karl Pearson
(c) Bernoulli (d) Pascal
58) Smaller value of Coefficient of Variation tells about the :
(a) Unbiasedness (b) Consistency
(c) Normality (d) Efficiency
59) If mean=25, C.V=64%, Variance=? :
(a) 89 (b) 25.64
(c) 256 (d) 39
60) For positively skewed data :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
61) For negatively skewed data :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
62) , then :
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Symmetrical (d) Normal
63) , then :
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Symmetrical (d) Normal
64) , then :
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Mesokurtic (d) none of them
65) , then :
(a) Leptokurtic (b) Platykurtic
(c) Symmetrical (d) Mesokurtic
66) , then :
(a) Leptokurtic (b) Platykurtic
(c) Symmetrical (d) Mesokurtic

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67) If mean=10 and mode=15 then distribution is:
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Symmetrical (d) Left Skewed
68) If mean=20 and mode=15 then distribution is:
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Symmetrical (d) Right Skewed
69) Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness lies between:
(a) -1 to 1 (b) 0 to n
(c) 0 to 1 (d) -1 to 0
70) Mean deviation is always:
(a) more than S.D (b) less than S.D
(c) Equal to S.D (d) Zero
71) If the Variance of 2,4,6,8,10 is 8 then Variance of 1002,1004,1006,1008,1010 will be:
(a) 1006 (b) 1000
(c) 1 (d) 8
72) Lack of symmetry is called:
(a) Skewness (b) Kurtosis
(c) Symmetrical (d) Variance
73) Shape of Symmetrical Distribution is:
(a) U-shaped (b) J-shaped
(c) Bell-shaped (d) S-shaped
74) A measure of dispersion is also called:
(a) Scatter (b) Measure of spread
(c) Measure of location (d) both (a, b)
75) The range of the scores -29, 3, -143, -27, -99 is:
(a) 140 (b) 146
(c) 70 (d) 3
76) Unit free dispersion is:
(a) Standard deviation (b) Coefficient of Range
(c) Quartile Deviation (d) Variance
77) If there are ten values each equal to 10, then standard deviation of these values is :
(a) 100 (b) 10
(c) 1 (d) 0
78) Departure from symmetry is called :
(a) Skewness (b) kurtosis
(c) Variance (d) Quartile Deviation
79) If the sum of deviations from median is not zero, then a distribution will be :
(a) Skewed (b) Normal
(c) Symmetrical (d) Bell Shaped

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 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
80) In case of positively skewed distribution, the extreme values lie in the:
(a) Middle (b) Right side
(c) left side (d) anywhere
81) In a Mesokurtic distribution, m4=243, then S.D=? :
(a) 9 (b) 6
(c) 16 (d) 3
82) Standard deviation of single value is :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 100 % (d) 0
83) Coefficient of range of -,0,1 is :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (d) 0

Discrete and continuous probability distributions

Probability:
Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur. Many events are impossible to predict
with absolute certainty. We can only predict the chance of an event occurring, i.e. how likely
they are to occur, using it. Probability can range from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating an impossible
event and 1 indicating a certain event. The probability of all events in a sample space equals
one.
For example, when we toss a coin, either we get Head OR Tail, only two possible outcomes are
possible (H, T). But when two coins are tossed then there will be four possible outcomes,
{(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}.
The probability formula is defined as the possibility of an event to happen is equal to the ratio of
the number of favorable outcomes and the total number of outcomes.
Probability of event = P (A) = Number of favorable outcomes/Total Number of outcomes

Discrete probability distributions:

An arrangement of all possible values of a discrete random variable along with its corresponding
probabilities is called discrete probability distribution or probability function or probability mass
function. Common examples of discrete distribution include the binomial, Poisson, and
Bernoulli, geometric, negative binomial, uniform distributions.

It probability distribution may be presented in the following three forms:

 Table form
 Graphical form
 Mathematical equation form
Continuous probability distributions
If x is a continuous random variable, which can take every possible value in the interval [a, b]
then the probability distribution of X is called as probability density function.

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 A discrete probability distribution is made up of discrete variables, while a continuous
probability distribution is made up of continuous variables.
Experiment:
A well-defined action for getting the yield of data.
Trial & outcome:
Single performance of an experiment is called trial, while results from an experiment is called
outcome.
Bernoulli Trials:
The trails having two possible outcomes are called Bernoulli Trials, like success or failure, alive
or dead, right or wrong, left or right etc
Binomial Random Experiment:
An experiment will be binomial random experiment if it holds given below properties:
 The experiment is repeated a fixed number of times. ( n is fixed)
 Experiment has two outcomes.
 Probability remains constant for all trials. (P is fixed)
 The trails are independent.

Binomial Probability distribution:

If a binomial trail can result in a success with probability p and a failure with probability q, then
the probability distribution of binomial random variable X, the number of success in n
independent trails is:

For x=0, 1, 2, 3,…, n

Binomial distribution is denoted by
 Mean of binomial distribution is .
 Variance of binomial distribution is .
 Standard deviation of binomial distribution is
 When then binomial is symmetrical.
 When then binomial is negatively skewed.
 When then binomial is positively skewed.
 Sum of and is always 1.
 Mean of binomial distribution is always greater than it’s variance.
 Range of binomial distribution from
 Binomial distribution has ) terms.
 Binomial distribution has two parameters

Poisson distribution:
The Poisson distribution is a limiting case of the binomial distribution when the trials are large
and probability of success approaches to zero.
We use Poisson distribution when is less than 0.05 and is 20 or more.
Poisson density function is:

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 e is the Euler's number(e = 2.718)

 poisson distribution has one parameter λ.
 Hence: E(X) = V(X) = λ
 E(X) is the expected value of mean
 V(X) is the variance
 λ>0
 The events are independent.
 The average number of successes in the given period of time alone can occur. No two
events can occur at the same time.
 The Poisson distribution is limited when the number of trials n is indefinitely large.
 mean = variance = λ
 np = λ is finite, where λ is constant.
 The standard deviation is always equal to the square root of the mean λ.
 If the mean is large, then the Poisson distribution is approximately a normal distribution.

Normal Distribution:
Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a continuous probability
distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent
in occurrence than data far from the mean.
Normal distribution is a limiting form of binomial distribution when is large and neither (p or
q) is very small.

Properties of the Normal Distribution

 In graphical form, the normal distribution appears as a "bell curve".

 Normal distributions are symmetrical, but not all symmetrical distributions are normal.
 Many naturally-occurring phenomena tend to approximate the normal distribution.
 First, its mean (average), median (midpoint), and mode (most frequent observation) are
all equal to one another.
 All normal distributions can be described by just two parameters: the mean and the
standard deviation.
 The empirical rule tells you what percentage of your data falls within a certain number of
standard deviations from the mean:

 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean.
 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations of the mean.
 99.7% of the data falls within three standard deviations of the mean
 Skewness=0

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 Kurtosis= 3
 Mean=
 Variance=
 It’s a bell shaped distribution.
 Range of normal distribution is from
 All odd moments are zero.
 M.D=4/5 SD
 Q.D=2/3 SD



Pdf of Normal distribution is:

MCQs

1. A binomial experiment possesses properties:

(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) Five
2. Binomial distribution has parameters:
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Five (d) Four
3. For symmetrical distribution, we have:
(a) p = q = ¼ (b) p = q = ½
(c) p = q = 1/5 (d) p = q = 1/3
4. (q + p)n has standard deviation:
(a) npq (b) np
(c) (d) nqq
5. Binomial random variable is a:
(a) Continuous random variable (b) Discrete random variable
(c) Random variable (d) Chance variable
6. The variance of binomial distribution is:
(a) np (b) nq
(c) npq (d) pq
7. p or q cannot be greater than:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2/3 (d) ½
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8. The parameter of the binomial distribution are:
(a) n and p (b) p and q
(c) np and nq (d) np and n pq
9. In binomial distribution successive trials are:
(a) Independent (b) Dependent
(c) Fixed (d) Not exist
10. The mean of a binomial distribution is always:
(a) Equal to variance (b) Less than variance
(c) Greater than variance (d) None of these
11. If in binomial distribution  = 6, p = 3/5, the number of trial are:
(a) 18 (b) 30
(c) 10 (d) 14
12. The binomial distribution is positively skewed when:
(a) p > q (b) p < q
(c) p = q (d) p=1
13. For a binomial probability distribution n = 10 and the probability of failure (q = 0.8), then mean
of the distribution is:
(a) 0.8 (b) 8.0
(c) 10.8 (d) 2
14. No. of trials are fixed in:
(a) Binomial Distribution (b) Geometric
distribution
(c) Negative Binomial (d) all of these
15. are called the:
(a) Binomial Distribution (b) Binomial expansion
(c) Binomial Coefficients (d) Binomial theorem
16. If in the binomial distribution then binomial distribution is:
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Normal (d) Symmetrical
17. If in the binomial distribution then binomial distribution is:
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Normal (d) Symmetrical
18. If in the binomial distribution then binomial distribution is:
(a) Positively Skewed (b) Negatively Skewed
(c) Skewed (d) Symmetrical
19. Range of Binomial random variable is:
(a) 0 to 1 (b) 0 to n
(c) -1 to +1 (d) 0 to

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20. When Binomial distribution is multiplied by “N” then it is called:
(a) Binomial Distribution (b) Binomial expansion
(c) Binomial frequency distribution (d) Binomial theorem
21. When , , , then find mean and variance of binomial distribution:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
22. When , , , then find p and n:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
23. A paper has 20 questions which are MCQs types with four answers, this paper can be answering
by guesswork is a :
(a) Binomial Experiment (b) Hypergeometric
Experiment
(c) Poisson experiment (d) Geometric
Experiment
24. Binomial Distribution cannot be used when “n” is :
(a) small (b) fixed
(c) Constant (d) Large
25. In Binomial distribution, mean =8 and variance=10, is it true? :
(a) Never (b) sometimes
(c) In certain conditions (d) always
26. Poisson distribution is derived by :
(a) French Mathematician (b) German statistician
(c) Italian Statistician (d) Russian
Mathematician
27. Poisson distribution is derived by French Mathematician named :
(a) Simeˊon Denis Poisson (b) Abraham de Moivre
(c) Gauss Poisson (d) Karl Poisson
28. Simeˊon Denis Poisson published the derivation of Poisson distribution in:
(a) 1836 (b) 1837
(c) 1838 (d) 1839
29. In Binomial distribution, when sample size is large but success is very small then this limiting
form of Binomial distribution is called:
(a) Binomial distribution (b) Normal distribution
(c) Geometric distribution (d) Poisson
30. Poisson approximation when n is 20 or more in Binomial distribution and p is:
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.05 (d) 0.2
31. How many parameter(s) does Poisson distribution have? :
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 3

53
Prepared By: MUJAHID IQBAL
Lecturer (Statistics)
GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
32. A distribution which its mean is equal to its Variance is:
(a) Binomial distribution (b) Normal
distribution
(c) Geometric distribution (d) Poisson
distribution
33. Poison distribution is also called:
(a) Law of small numbers (b) rare events
distribution
(c) Law of large numbers (d) both (a, b)
34. Mean of Poisson distribution depends on:
(a) n (b) p
(c) Variance (d) both (a, b)
35. If X follow the poisson distribution with mean and Y also follow poisson with mean ,
then (X+Y) also follow poisson distribution with parameter:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
36. Range of Poisson distribution is:
(a) 0 to 1
(c) -1 to 1 (d) 0 to n
37. Mean of Poisson distribution is :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
38. Variance of Poisson distribution is :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
39. Sum of poisson random variables is follow to:
(a) Binomial distribution (b) Normal
(c) Geometric distribution (d) Poisson
40. The normal distribution is …………. Distribution:
(a)Positively skewed (b) negatively skewed
(c) Symmetrical (d) Leptokurtic
41. The mean of the standard normal distribution is:
(a) 0 (b)1
(c)100 (d)
42. In a normal distribution   0.6745 covers area:
(a) 50% (b) 68.27%
(c)95.45% (d)99.73%
43. A standard normal curve has maximum ordinate at:
(a)Z = 0 (b)Z = 1
(c)Z = 2 (d)Z = 

54
Prepared By: MUJAHID IQBAL
Lecturer (Statistics)
GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
44. Normal distribution is a:
(a)Discrete probability distribution (b) Continuous probability
distribution
(c)Probability distribution (d) All of these
45. In a normal distribution N (  ,  ) M.D is equal to:
2

(a) 2/3 S.D (b)4/5 S.D

(c)5/4 S.D (d)3/2 S.D
46. The normal random variable is denoted by:
(a)  (b) 
(c) Z (d)X
47. The value of  1 (0.95) is:
(a)1.960 (b)1.645
(c)2.58 (d)2.33
48. X =    and x =    are called:
(a)Moment ratio (b)Asymptotic curve
(c)Point of inflexion (d)Maximum ordinate
49. Standard normal probability density function is denoted by:
(a) F(x) (b) f(x)
(c)Z (d)
50. f(x) is the density (ordinate) at:
(a)x = x (b)x = 0
(c)x = u (d)x = 1
51. In a normal distribution,  is always:
(a)Negative number (b)Zero
(c)Non Negative number (d)Odd number
52. 1  3  5 ......... is equal to:
(a)1 (b)0
(c)-1 (d)2
53. The mean of the standard normal distribution is:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 100 (d) 
54. In a normal distribution , X lies between:
(a)-  and 0 (b)-1 and +1
(c)0 and +  (d)
55. M.D (X) is equal to:
(a)0.8989  (b)0.7979 
(c)0.6969  (d)0.5959 
56. If  = 10. Then the value of Q. D (X) is:
(a)8.745 (b)7.745
(c)4.745 (d)6.745

55
Prepared By: MUJAHID IQBAL
Lecturer (Statistics)
GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
57. Normal distribution is :
(a) Leptokurtic (b) Platykurtic
(c) Mesokurtic (d) Asymmetrical
58. In a normal distribution , the parameter which control the relative flatness of the curve is :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
59. The mean of the Normal distribution is:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 100 (d)
60. Normal distribution has parameter(s):
(a)  (b)
(c)  (d) 
61.  and e are:
(a) Variable (b) Constant
(c) Ordinates (d) Parameters
62. Rx is equal to:
(a) 0 to +  (b) -  to 0
(c) -1 to +1 (d)
63. In a normal distribution, if median = 50, then the value of  is:
(a) 50 (b) 40
(c) 30 (d) 60
64. In a normal distribution p (     x     ) is:
(a) 0.9973 (b) 0.9545
(c) 0.6827 (d) 0.6745
65. Second moment about mean of Normal distribution is called:
(a) Mean (b) Variance
(c) Skewness (d) Standard deviation
66. The normal distribution is:
(a) U- shaped (b) J- shaped
(c) Uniform (d) Bell shaped
67. The total area under the normal curve:
(a) =1 (b) <1
(c) >1 (d)  1
68. Normal distribution is:
(a) Uni-model (b) Bi-model
(c) Tri-model (d) Multi model
th
69. 10 percentile is also denoted by:
(a) X0.70 (b) X10
(c) X0.90 (d)

56
Prepared By: MUJAHID IQBAL
Lecturer (Statistics)
GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA
 Statistics Portion of Quantitative Reasoning-I
70. In a normal distribution , lies between:
(a)-  and 0 (b)-1 and +1
(c)0 and +  (d)-  and + 
71. Keeping constant and decreasing then normal density become the :
(a) Negatively Skewed (b) Flatten
(c) Shapely peaked (d) positively skewed
72. Keeping constant and Increasing then normal density become the :
(a) Negatively Skewed (b) Flatten
(c) Shapely peaked (d) positively skewed
73. Keeping constant and is varied then normal density change the :
(a) Location of (b) Flatten
(c) Shapely peaked (d) none of these
74. If then density is sharply peaked but at Normal density will be :
(a) Location of (b) Flatten
(c) Shapely peaked (d) skewed
75. Total Area under the Normal density curve is :
(a) 1 (b)
(c) 0 (d) -1
76. All odd moments about mean of Normal distribution is :
(a) 1 (b)
(c) 0 (d) -1
77. of Normal distribution is:
(a) (b)
(c)  (d)
78. of normal distribution is:
(a) (b)
(c) 3 (d)
79. :
(a) (b)

(c) (d) D
80. :
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
81. How many peak(s) does Normal curve have? :
(a) 1 (b)
(c) 0 (d) -1

57
Prepared By: MUJAHID IQBAL
Lecturer (Statistics)
GOVT.GRADUATE COLLEGE BUREWALA